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Neves D, Meinen D, Alter TB, Blank LM, Ebert BE. Expanding Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120's acyl-CoA portfolio: Propionate production in mineral salt medium. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14309. [PMID: 37537795 PMCID: PMC10832534 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the main precursors, acetyl-CoA leads to the predominant production of even-chain products. From an industrial biotechnology perspective, extending the acyl-CoA portfolio of a cell factory is vital to producing industrial relevant odd-chain alcohols, acids, ketones and polyketides. The bioproduction of odd-chain molecules can be facilitated by incorporating propionyl-CoA into the metabolic network. The shortest pathway for propionyl-CoA production, which relies on succinyl-CoA catabolism encoded by the sleeping beauty mutase operon, was evaluated in Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120. A single genomic copy of the sleeping beauty mutase genes scpA, argK and scpB combined with the deletion of the methylcitrate synthase PVLB_08385 was sufficient to observe propionyl-CoA accumulation in this Pseudomonas. The chassis' capability for odd-chain product synthesis was assessed by expressing an acyl-CoA hydrolase, which enabled propionate synthesis. Three fed-batch strategies during bioreactor fermentations were benchmarked for propionate production, in which a maximal propionate titre of 2.8 g L-1 was achieved. Considering that the fermentations were carried out in mineral salt medium under aerobic conditions and that a single genome copy drove propionyl-CoA production, this result highlights the potential of Pseudomonas to produce propionyl-CoA derived, odd-chain products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dário Neves
- Institute of Applied Microbiology‐iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology‐ABBtRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Daniel Meinen
- Institute of Applied Microbiology‐iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology‐ABBtRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Tobias B. Alter
- Institute of Applied Microbiology‐iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology‐ABBtRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Lars M. Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology‐iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology‐ABBtRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Birgitta E. Ebert
- Institute of Applied Microbiology‐iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology‐ABBtRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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2
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Yang D, Eun H, Prabowo CPS. Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic Biology Approaches for the Heterologous Production of Aromatic Polyketides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8923. [PMID: 37240269 PMCID: PMC10219323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyketides are a diverse set of natural products with versatile applications as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics, to name a few. Of several types of polyketides, aromatic polyketides comprising type II and III polyketides contain many chemicals important for human health such as antibiotics and anticancer agents. Most aromatic polyketides are produced from soil bacteria or plants, which are difficult to engineer and grow slowly in industrial settings. To this end, metabolic engineering and synthetic biology have been employed to efficiently engineer heterologous model microorganisms for enhanced production of important aromatic polyketides. In this review, we discuss the recent advancement in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies for the production of type II and type III polyketides in model microorganisms. Future challenges and prospects of aromatic polyketide biosynthesis by synthetic biology and enzyme engineering approaches are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsoo Yang
- Synthetic Biology and Enzyme Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (BK21 Four), Korea University, Seoul 02481, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunmin Eun
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Cindy Pricilia Surya Prabowo
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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3
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Aduhene AG, Cui H, Yang H, Liu C, Sui G, Liu C. Poly(3-hydroxypropionate): Biosynthesis Pathways and Malonyl-CoA Biosensor Material Properties. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:646995. [PMID: 33748091 PMCID: PMC7978226 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.646995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Many single-use non-degradable plastics are a threat to life today, and several polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) biopolymers have been developed in the bioplastic industry to place petrochemical-based plastics. One of such is the novel biomaterial poly(3-hydroxypropionate) [poly(3HP)] because of its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and high yield synthesis using engineered strains. To date, many bio-polymer-based functional composites have been developed to increase the value of raw microbial-biopolymers obtained from cheap sources. This review article broadly covers poly(3HP), a comprehensive summary of critical biosynthetic production pathways comparing the yields and titers achieved in different Microbial cell Factories. This article also provides extensive knowledge and highlights recent progress on biosensors' use to optimize poly(3HP) production, some bacteria host adopted for production, chemical and physical properties, life cycle assessment for poly(3HP) production using corn oil as carbon source, and some essential medical applications of poly(3HP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gyapong Aduhene
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongliang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyi Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengwei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangchao Sui
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Changli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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4
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Krink-Koutsoubelis N, Loechner AC, Lechner A, Link H, Denby CM, Vögeli B, Erb TJ, Yuzawa S, Jakociunas T, Katz L, Jensen MK, Sourjik V, Keasling JD. Engineered Production of Short-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme A Esters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:1105-1115. [PMID: 29498824 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain acyl-coenzyme A esters serve as intermediate compounds in fatty acid biosynthesis, and the production of polyketides, biopolymers and other value-added chemicals. S. cerevisiae is a model organism that has been utilized for the biosynthesis of such biologically and economically valuable compounds. However, its limited repertoire of short-chain acyl-CoAs effectively prevents its application as a production host for a plethora of natural products. Therefore, we introduced biosynthetic metabolic pathways to five different acyl-CoA esters into S. cerevisiae. Our engineered strains provide the following acyl-CoAs: propionyl-CoA, methylmalonyl-CoA, n-butyryl-CoA, isovaleryl-CoA and n-hexanoyl-CoA. We established a yeast-specific metabolite extraction protocol to determine the intracellular acyl-CoA concentrations in the engineered strains. Propionyl-CoA was produced at 4-9 μM; methylmalonyl-CoA at 0.5 μM; and isovaleryl-CoA, n-butyryl-CoA, and n-hexanoyl-CoA at 6 μM each. The acyl-CoAs produced in this study are common building blocks of secondary metabolites and will enable the engineered production of a variety of natural products in S. cerevisiae. By providing this toolbox of acyl-CoA producing strains, we have laid the foundation to explore S. cerevisiae as a heterologous production host for novel secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Krink-Koutsoubelis
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Anne C. Loechner
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna Lechner
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Hannes Link
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Charles M. Denby
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Biological System & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bastian Vögeli
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias J. Erb
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Satoshi Yuzawa
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Biological System & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tadas Jakociunas
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Leonard Katz
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Michael K. Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Victor Sourjik
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jay D. Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Biological System & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Zhang J, Barajas JF, Burdu M, Wang G, Baidoo EE, Keasling JD. Application of an Acyl-CoA Ligase from Streptomyces aizunensis for Lactam Biosynthesis. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:884-890. [PMID: 28414905 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ε-Caprolactam and δ-valerolactam are important commodity chemicals used in the manufacture of nylons, with millions of tons produced annually. Biological production of these highly valued chemicals has been limited due to a lack of enzymes that cyclize ω-amino fatty acid precursors to corresponding lactams under ambient conditions. In this study, we demonstrated production of these chemicals using ORF26, an acyl-CoA ligase involved in the biosynthesis of ECO-02301 in Streptomyces aizunensis. This enzyme has a broad substrate spectrum and can cyclize 4-aminobutyric acid into γ-butyrolactam, 5-aminovaleric acid into δ-valerolactam and 6-aminocaproic acid into ε-caprolactam. Recombinant E. coli expressing ORF26 produced valerolactam and caprolactam when 5-aminovaleric acid and 6-aminocaproic acid were added to the culture medium. Upon coexpressing ORF26 with a metabolic pathway that produced 5-aminovaleric acid from lysine, we were able to demonstrate production of δ-valerolactam from lysine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- UCSF-UCB
Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Synthetic
Biology Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jesus F. Barajas
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Mehmet Burdu
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - George Wang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Edward E. Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jay D. Keasling
- UCSF-UCB
Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Synthetic
Biology Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- California
Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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6
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Establishing a synergetic carbon utilization mechanism for non-catabolic use of glucose in microbial synthesis of trehalose. Metab Eng 2017; 39:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Production of acrylic acid and propionic acid by constructing a portion of the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle from Metallosphaera sedula in Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 43:1659-1670. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Acrylic acid and propionic acid are important chemicals requiring affordable, renewable production solutions. Here, we metabolically engineered Escherichia coli with genes encoding components of the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle from Metallosphaera sedula for conversion of glucose to acrylic and propionic acids. To construct an acrylic acid-producing pathway in E. coli, heterologous expression of malonyl-CoA reductase (MCR), malonate semialdehyde reductase (MSR), 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA synthetase (3HPCS), and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase (3HPCD) from M. sedula was accompanied by overexpression of succinyl-CoA synthetase (SCS) from E. coli. The engineered strain produced 13.28 ± 0.12 mg/L of acrylic acid. To construct a propionic acid-producing pathway, the same five genes were expressed, with the addition of M. sedula acryloyl-CoA reductase (ACR). The engineered strain produced 1430 ± 30 mg/L of propionic acid. This approach can be expanded to synthesize many important organic chemicals, creating new opportunities for the production of chemicals by carbon dioxide fixation.
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8
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Reaction kinetic analysis of the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate CO 2 fixation cycle in extremely thermoacidophilic archaea. Metab Eng 2016; 38:446-463. [PMID: 27771364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate (3HP/4HB) cycle fixes CO2 in extremely thermoacidophilic archaea and holds promise for metabolic engineering because of its thermostability and potentially rapid pathway kinetics. A reaction kinetics model was developed to examine the biological and biotechnological attributes of the 3HP/4HB cycle as it operates in Metallosphaera sedula, based on previous information as well as on kinetic parameters determined here for recombinant versions of five of the cycle enzymes (malonyl-CoA/succinyl-CoA reductase, 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA synthetase, 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase, acryloyl-CoA reductase, and succinic semialdehyde reductase). The model correctly predicted previously observed features of the cycle: the 35-65% split of carbon flux through the acetyl-CoA and succinate branches, the high abundance and relative ratio of acetyl-CoA/propionyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and MCR, and the significance of ACC and hydroxybutyryl-CoA synthetase (HBCS) as regulated control points for the cycle. The model was then used to assess metabolic engineering strategies for incorporating CO2 into chemical intermediates and products of biotechnological importance: acetyl-CoA, succinate, and 3-hydroxypropionate.
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9
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Luo H, Zhou D, Liu X, Nie Z, Quiroga-Sánchez DL, Chang Y. Production of 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid via the Propionyl-CoA Pathway Using Recombinant Escherichia coli Strains. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156286. [PMID: 27227837 PMCID: PMC4882031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to produce the commercially promising platform chemical 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) via the propionyl-CoA pathway in genetically engineered Escherichia coli. Recombinant E. coli Ec-P overexpressing propionyl-CoA dehydrogenase (PACD, encoded by the pacd gene from Candida rugosa) under the T7 promoter produced 1.33 mM of 3-HP in a shake flask culture supplemented with 0.5% propionate. When propionate CoA-transferase (PCT, encoded by the pct gene from Megasphaera elsdenii) and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase (HPCD, encoded by the hpcd gene from Chloroflexus aurantiacus) were expressed along with PACD, the 3-HP titer of the resulting E. coli Ec-PPH strain was improved by 6-fold. The effect of the cultivation conditions on the 3-HP yield from propionate in the Ec-PPH strain was also investigated. When cultured at 30°C with 1% glucose in addition to propionate, 3-HP production by Ec-PPH increased 2-fold and 12-fold compared to the cultivation at 37°C (4.23 mM) or without glucose (0.68 mM). Deletion of the ygfH gene encoding propionyl-CoA: succinate CoA-transferase from Ec-PPH (resulting in the strain Ec-△Y-PPH) led to increase of 3-HP production in shake flask experiments (15.04 mM), whereas the strain Ec-△Y-PPH with deletion of the prpC gene (encoding methylcitrate synthase in the methylcitrate cycle) produced 17.76 mM of 3-HP. The strain Ec-△Y-△P-PPH with both ygfH and prpC genes deleted produced 24.14 mM of 3-HP, thus showing an 18-fold increase in the 3-HP titer in compare to the strain Ec-P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Luo
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- * E-mail: (HL); (YC)
| | - Dafeng Zhou
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhihua Nie
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry for High Efficient Mining and Safety in Metal Mine, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Diego Leandro Quiroga-Sánchez
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yanhong Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry for High Efficient Mining and Safety in Metal Mine, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- * E-mail: (HL); (YC)
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10
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hal S. Alper
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712;
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11
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Ammonia-oxidizing archaea use the most energy-efficient aerobic pathway for CO2 fixation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8239-44. [PMID: 24843170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402028111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaea of the phylum Thaumarchaeota are among the most abundant prokaryotes on Earth and are widely distributed in marine, terrestrial, and geothermal environments. All studied Thaumarchaeota couple the oxidation of ammonia at extremely low concentrations with carbon fixation. As the predominant nitrifiers in the ocean and in various soils, ammonia-oxidizing archaea contribute significantly to the global nitrogen and carbon cycles. Here we provide biochemical evidence that thaumarchaeal ammonia oxidizers assimilate inorganic carbon via a modified version of the autotrophic hydroxypropionate/hydroxybutyrate cycle of Crenarchaeota that is far more energy efficient than any other aerobic autotrophic pathway. The identified genes of this cycle were found in the genomes of all sequenced representatives of the phylum Thaumarchaeota, indicating the environmental significance of this efficient CO2-fixation pathway. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of proteins of this pathway suggests that the hydroxypropionate/hydroxybutyrate cycle emerged independently in Crenarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota, thus supporting the hypothesis of an early evolutionary separation of both archaeal phyla. We conclude that high efficiency of anabolism exemplified by this autotrophic cycle perfectly suits the lifestyle of ammonia-oxidizing archaea, which thrive at a constantly low energy supply, thus offering a biochemical explanation for their ecological success in nutrient-limited environments.
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12
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Fuchs G, Berg IA. Unfamiliar metabolic links in the central carbon metabolism. J Biotechnol 2014; 192 Pt B:314-22. [PMID: 24576434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The central carbon metabolism of all organisms is considered to follow a well established fixed scheme. However, recent studies of autotrophic carbon fixation in prokaryotes revealed unfamiliar metabolic links. A new route interconnects acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) via 3-hydroxypropionate with succinyl-CoA. Succinyl-CoA in turn may be metabolized via 4-hydroxybutyrate to two molecules of acetyl-CoA; a reversal of this route would result in the assimilation of two molecules of acetyl-CoA into C4 compounds. C5-dicarboxylic acids are a rather neglected class of metabolites; yet, they play a key role not only in one of the CO2 fixation cycles, but also in two acetate assimilation pathways that replace the glyoxylate cycle. C5 compounds such as ethylmalonate, methylsuccinate, methylmalate, mesaconate, itaconate and citramalate or their CoA esters are thereby linked to the acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, glyoxylate and pyruvate pools. A novel carboxylase/reductase converts crotonyl-CoA into ethylmalonyl-CoA; similar reductive carboxylations apply to other alpha-beta-unsaturated carboxy-CoA thioesters. These unfamiliar metabolic links may provide useful tools for metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Fuchs
- Mikrobiologie, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, D 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Ivan A Berg
- Mikrobiologie, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, D 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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13
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Bologa CG, Ursu O, Oprea TI, Melançon CE, Tegos GP. Emerging trends in the discovery of natural product antibacterials. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:678-87. [PMID: 23890825 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This article highlights current trends and advances in exploiting natural sources for the deployment of novel and potent anti-infective countermeasures. The key challenge is to therapeutically target bacterial pathogens that exhibit a variety of puzzling and evolutionarily complex resistance mechanisms. Special emphasis is given to the strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities in the natural product antibacterial drug discovery arena, and to emerging applications driven by advances in bioinformatics, chemical biology, and synthetic biology in concert with exploiting bacterial phenotypes. These efforts have identified a critical mass of natural product antibacterial lead compounds and discovery technologies with high probability of successful implementation against emerging bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian G Bologa
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA; Translational Informatics Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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14
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Valdehuesa KNG, Liu H, Nisola GM, Chung WJ, Lee SH, Park SJ. Recent advances in the metabolic engineering of microorganisms for the production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid as C3 platform chemical. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:3309-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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