1
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Wych DC, Aoto PC, Vu L, Wolff AM, Mobley DL, Fraser JS, Taylor SS, Wall ME. Molecular-dynamics simulation methods for macromolecular crystallography. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2023; 79:50-65. [PMID: 36601807 PMCID: PMC9815100 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322011871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is investigated whether molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations can be used to enhance macromolecular crystallography (MX) studies. Historically, protein crystal structures have been described using a single set of atomic coordinates. Because conformational variation is important for protein function, researchers now often build models that contain multiple structures. Methods for building such models can fail, however, in regions where the crystallographic density is difficult to interpret, for example at the protein-solvent interface. To address this limitation, a set of MD-MX methods that combine MD simulations of protein crystals with conventional modeling and refinement tools have been developed. In an application to a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase at room temperature, the procedure improved the interpretation of ambiguous density, yielding an alternative water model and a revised protein model including multiple conformations. The revised model provides mechanistic insights into the catalytic and regulatory interactions of the enzyme. The same methods may be used in other MX studies to seek mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Wych
- Computer, Computational and Statistical Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Phillip C. Aoto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lily Vu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexander M. Wolff
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David L. Mobley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - James S. Fraser
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Susan S. Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael E. Wall
- Computer, Computational and Statistical Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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2
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Solorza J, Recabarren R, Alzate-Morales J. Molecular Insights into the Trapping Effect of Ca 2+ in Protein Kinase A: A Molecular Dynamics Study. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:898-914. [PMID: 31804819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase A has become a model system for the study of kinases, and therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms in its catalytic cycle is of crucial importance. One of the aspects that has received recent attention is the role that metal cofactors play in the catalytic cycle. Although Mg2+ is the well-known physiological ion used by protein kinases, Ca2+ ions can also assist the phosphoryl transfer reaction but with lower catalytic activities. This inhibitory effect has been attributed to the ability of Ca2+ to trap the reaction products at the active site, and it has been proposed as a possible regulatory mechanism of the enzyme. Thus, in order to get a clearer understanding of these molecular events, computational simulations in the product state of PKA, in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions, were performed through molecular dynamics (MD). Different protonation states of the active site were considered in order to model the different mechanistic pathways that have been proposed. Our results show that different protonation states of the phosphorylated serine residue at the peptide substrate (pSer21), as well as the protonation state of residue Asp166, can have a marked influence on the flexibility of regions surrounding the active site. This is the case of the glycine-rich loop, a structural motif that is directly involved in the release of the products from the PKA active site. MD simulations were capable to reproduce the crystallographic conformations but also showed other conformations not previously reported in the crystal structures that may be involved in enhancing the affinity of pSP20 to PKA in the presence of Ca2+. Hydrogen bonding interactions at the PKA-pSP20 interface were influenced whether by the protonation state of the active site or by the metal cofactor used by the enzyme. Altogether, our results provide molecular aspects into the inhibitory mechanism of Ca2+ in PKA and suggest which is the most probable protonation state of the phosphorylated product at the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Solorza
- Centro de Bioinformática, Simulación y Modelado (CBSM), Facultad de Ingeniería , Universidad de Talca , 1 Poniente 1141 , Talca , Chile
| | - Rodrigo Recabarren
- Centro de Bioinformática, Simulación y Modelado (CBSM), Facultad de Ingeniería , Universidad de Talca , 1 Poniente 1141 , Talca , Chile
| | - Jans Alzate-Morales
- Centro de Bioinformática, Simulación y Modelado (CBSM), Facultad de Ingeniería , Universidad de Talca , 1 Poniente 1141 , Talca , Chile
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3
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Gerlits O, Weiss KL, Blakeley MP, Veglia G, Taylor SS, Kovalevsky A. Zooming in on protons: Neutron structure of protein kinase A trapped in a product complex. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav0482. [PMID: 30906862 PMCID: PMC6426457 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The question vis-à-vis the chemistry of phosphoryl group transfer catalyzed by protein kinases remains a major challenge. The neutron diffraction structure of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA-C) provides a more complete chemical portrait of key proton interactions at the active site. By using a high-affinity protein kinase substrate (PKS) peptide, we captured the reaction products, dephosphorylated nucleotide [adenosine diphosphate (ADP)] and phosphorylated PKS (pPKS), bound at the active site. In the complex, the phosphoryl group of the peptide is protonated, whereas the carboxyl group of the catalytic Asp166 is not. Our structure, including conserved waters, shows how the peptide links the distal parts of the cleft together, creating a network that engages the entire molecule. By comparing slow-exchanging backbone amides to those determined by the NMR analysis of PKA-C with ADP and inhibitor peptide (PKI), we identified exchangeable amides that likely distinguish catalytic and inhibited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Gerlits
- Bredesen Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Kevin L. Weiss
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Matthew P. Blakeley
- Large Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble Cedex 9, 38042, France
| | - Gianluigi Veglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Susan S. Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrey Kovalevsky
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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4
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Wang Y, V S M, Kim J, Li G, Ahuja LG, Aoto P, Taylor SS, Veglia G. Globally correlated conformational entropy underlies positive and negative cooperativity in a kinase's enzymatic cycle. Nat Commun 2019; 10:799. [PMID: 30778078 PMCID: PMC6379427 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes accelerate the rate of chemical transformations by reducing the activation barriers of uncatalyzed reactions. For signaling enzymes, substrate recognition, binding, and product release are often rate-determining steps in which enthalpy-entropy compensation plays a crucial role. While the nature of enthalpic interactions can be inferred from structural data, the molecular origin and role of entropy in enzyme catalysis remains poorly understood. Using thermocalorimetry, NMR, and MD simulations, we studied the conformational landscape of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, a ubiquitous phosphoryl transferase involved in a myriad of cellular processes. Along the enzymatic cycle, the kinase exhibits positive and negative cooperativity for substrate and nucleotide binding and product release. We found that globally coordinated changes of conformational entropy activated by ligand binding, together with synchronous and asynchronous breathing motions of the enzyme, underlie allosteric cooperativity along the kinase's cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Manu V S
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jonggul Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Geoffrey Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Lalima G Ahuja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Pharmacology University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Philip Aoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Pharmacology University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Pharmacology University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gianluigi Veglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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5
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Harrington L, Alexander LT, Knapp S, Bayley H. Single-Molecule Protein Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation by Nanopore Enzymology. ACS NANO 2019; 13:633-641. [PMID: 30588793 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation plays a crucial and ubiquitous role in the control of almost all cellular processes. The interplay of protein kinases and phosphatases acting in opposition ensures tight dynamic control of protein phosphorylation states within the cell. Previously, engineered α-hemolysin pores bearing kinase substrate peptides have been developed as single-molecule stochastic sensors for protein kinases. Here, we have used these pores to observe, label-free, the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of a single substrate molecule. Further, we investigated the effect of Mg2+ and Mn2+ upon substrate and product binding and found that Mn2+ relaxes active-site specificity toward nucleotides and enhances product binding. In doing so, we demonstrate the power and versatility of nanopore enzymology to scrutinize a critical post-translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Harrington
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Leila T Alexander
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium and Target Discovery Institute , University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 7DQ , United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium and Target Discovery Institute , University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 7DQ , United Kingdom
| | - Hagan Bayley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
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6
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Lee S, Devamani T, Song HD, Sandhu M, Larsen A, Sommese R, Jain A, Vaidehi N, Sivaramakrishnan S. Distinct structural mechanisms determine substrate affinity and kinase activity of protein kinase Cα. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16300-16309. [PMID: 28821615 PMCID: PMC5625059 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.804781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase Cα (PKCα) belongs to the family of AGC kinases that phosphorylate multiple peptide substrates. Although the consensus sequence motif has been identified and used to explain substrate specificity for PKCα, it does not inform the structural basis of substrate-binding and kinase activity for diverse substrates phosphorylated by this kinase. The transient, dynamic, and unstructured nature of this protein-protein interaction has limited structural mapping of kinase-substrate interfaces. Here, using multiscale MD simulation-based predictions and FRET sensor-based experiments, we investigated the conformational dynamics of the kinase-substrate interface. We found that the binding strength of the kinase-substrate interaction is primarily determined by long-range columbic interactions between basic (Arg/Lys) residues located N-terminally to the phosphorylated Ser/Thr residues in the substrate and by an acidic patch in the kinase catalytic domain. Kinase activity stemmed from conformational flexibility in the region C-terminal to the phosphorylated Ser/Thr residues. Flexibility of the substrate-kinase interaction enabled an Arg/Lys two to three amino acids C-terminal to the phosphorylated Ser/Thr to prime a catalytically active conformation, facilitating phosphoryl transfer to the substrate. The structural mechanisms determining substrate binding and catalytic activity formed the basis of diverse binding affinities and kinase activities of PKCα for 14 substrates with varying degrees of sequence conservation. Our findings provide insight into the dynamic properties of the kinase-substrate interaction that govern substrate binding and turnover. Moreover, this study establishes a modeling and experimental method to elucidate the structural dynamics underlying substrate selectivity among eukaryotic kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangbae Lee
- From the Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Titu Devamani
- the Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and
| | - Hyun Deok Song
- From the Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Manbir Sandhu
- From the Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Adrien Larsen
- From the Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Ruth Sommese
- the Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and
| | - Abhinandan Jain
- the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
| | - Nagarajan Vaidehi
- From the Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010,
| | - Sivaraj Sivaramakrishnan
- the Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and
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7
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Pérez-Gallegos A, Garcia-Viloca M, González-Lafont À, Lluch JM. Understanding how cAMP-dependent protein kinase can catalyze phosphoryl transfer in the presence of Ca2+and Sr2+: a QM/MM study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:10377-10394. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00666g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical results demonstrate for the first time at the molecular level that the overall PKAc-catalyzed phosphoryl-transfer reaction is plausible with Ca2+and Sr2+, alkaline earth metal ions other than Mg2+, which is in good agreement with experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayax Pérez-Gallegos
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona)
- Spain
| | - Mireia Garcia-Viloca
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona)
- Spain
| | - Àngels González-Lafont
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona)
- Spain
| | - José M. Lluch
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona)
- Spain
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8
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Phosphorylation of the dimeric cytoplasmic domain of the phytosulfokine receptor, PSKR1. Biochem J 2016; 473:3081-98. [PMID: 27487840 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phytosulfokines (PSKs) are plant peptide hormones that co-regulate plant growth, differentiation and defense responses. PSKs signal through a plasma membrane localized leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (phytosulfokine receptor 1, PSKR1) that also contains a functional cytosolic guanylate cyclase with its cyclase catalytic center embedded within the kinase domain. To functionally characterize this novel type of overlapping dual catalytic function, we investigated the phosphorylation of PSKR1 in vitro Tandem mass spectrometry of the cytoplasmic domain of PSKR1 (PSKR1cd) revealed at least 11 phosphorylation sites (8 serines, 2 threonines and 1 tyrosine) within the PSKR1cd. Phosphomimetic mutations of three serine residues (Ser686, Ser696 and Ser698) in tandem at the juxta-membrane position resulted in enhanced kinase activity in the on-mutant that was suppressed in the off-mutant, but both mutations reduced guanylate cyclase activity. Both the on and off phosphomimetic mutations of the phosphotyrosine (Tyr888) residue in the activation loop suppressed kinase activity, while neither mutation affected guanylate cyclase activity. Size exclusion and analytical ultracentrifugation analysis of the PSKR1cd suggest that it is reversibly dimeric in solution, which was further confirmed by biflourescence complementation. Taken together, these data suggest that in this novel type of receptor domain architecture, specific phosphorylation and dimerization are possibly essential mechanisms for ligand-mediated catalysis and signaling.
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9
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Caldwell SJ, Huang Y, Berghuis AM. Antibiotic Binding Drives Catalytic Activation of Aminoglycoside Kinase APH(2″)-Ia. Structure 2016; 24:935-45. [PMID: 27161980 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
APH(2″)-Ia is a widely disseminated resistance factor frequently found in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and pathogenic enterococci, where it is constitutively expressed. APH(2″)-Ia confers high-level resistance to gentamicin and related aminoglycosides through phosphorylation of the antibiotic using guanosine triphosphate (GTP) as phosphate donor. We have determined crystal structures of the APH(2″)-Ia in complex with GTP analogs, guanosine diphosphate, and aminoglycosides. These structures collectively demonstrate that aminoglycoside binding to the GTP-bound kinase drives conformational changes that bring distant regions of the protein into contact. These changes in turn drive a switch of the triphosphate cofactor from an inactive, stabilized conformation to a catalytically competent active conformation. This switch has not been previously reported for antibiotic kinases or for the structurally related eukaryotic protein kinases. This catalytic triphosphate switch presents a means by which the enzyme can curtail wasteful hydrolysis of GTP in the absence of aminoglycosides, providing an evolutionary advantage to this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane J Caldwell
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Albert M Berghuis
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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10
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Kim J, Li G, Walters MA, Taylor SS, Veglia G. Uncoupling Catalytic and Binding Functions in the Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase A. Structure 2016; 24:353-63. [PMID: 26833386 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The canonical function of kinases is to transfer a phosphoryl group to substrates, initiating a signaling cascade; while their non-canonical role is to bind other kinases or substrates, acting as scaffolds, competitors, and signal integrators. Here, we show how to uncouple kinases' dual function by tuning the binding cooperativity between nucleotide (or inhibitors) and substrate allosterically. We demonstrate this new concept for the C subunit of protein kinase A (PKA-C). Using thermocalorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance, we found a linear correlation between the degree of cooperativity and the population of the closed state of PKA-C. The non-hydrolyzable ATP analog (ATPγC) does not follow this correlation, suggesting that changing the chemical groups around the phosphoester bond can uncouple kinases' dual function. Remarkably, this uncoupling was also found for two ATP-competitive inhibitors, H89 and balanol. Since the mechanism for allosteric cooperativity is not conserved in different kinases, these results may suggest new approaches for designing selective kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonggul Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Geoffrey Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael A Walters
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gianluigi Veglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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11
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Das A, Gerlits O, Parks JM, Langan P, Kovalevsky A, Heller WT. Protein Kinase A Catalytic Subunit Primed for Action: Time-Lapse Crystallography of Michaelis Complex Formation. Structure 2015; 23:2331-2340. [PMID: 26585512 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKAc) catalyzes the transfer of the γ-phosphate of bound Mg2ATP to a serine or threonine residue of a protein substrate. Here, time-lapse X-ray crystallography was used to capture a series of complexes of PKAc with an oligopeptide substrate and unreacted Mg2ATP, including the Michaelis complex, that reveal important geometric rearrangements in and near the active site preceding the phosphoryl transfer reaction. Contrary to the prevailing view, Mg(2+) binds first to the M1 site as a complex with ATP and is followed by Mg(2+) binding to the M2 site. Concurrently, the target serine hydroxyl of the peptide substrate rotates away from the active site toward the bulk solvent, which breaks the hydrogen bond with D166. Lastly, the serine hydroxyl of the substrate rotates back toward D166 to form the Michaelis complex with the active site primed for phosphoryl transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Das
- Biology & Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | - Oksana Gerlits
- Biology & Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jerry M Parks
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Paul Langan
- Biology & Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Andrey Kovalevsky
- Biology & Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - William T Heller
- Biology & Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
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12
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Knape MJ, Ahuja LG, Bertinetti D, Burghardt NC, Zimmermann B, Taylor SS, Herberg FW. Divalent Metal Ions Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ Have Distinct Effects on Protein Kinase A Activity and Regulation. ACS Chem Biol 2015. [PMID: 26200257 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is regulated primarily in response to physiological signals while nucleotides and metals may provide fine-tuning. PKA can use different metal ions for phosphoryl transfer, yet some, like Ca(2+), do not support steady-state catalysis. Fluorescence Polarization (FP) and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) were used to study inhibitor and substrate interactions with PKA. The data illustrate how metals can act differentially as a result of their inherent coordination properties. We found that Ca(2+), in contrast to Mg(2+), does not induce high-affinity binding of PKA to pseudosubstrate inhibitors. However, Ca(2+) works in a single turnover mode to allow for phosphoryl-transfer. Using a novel SPR approach, we were able to directly monitor the interaction of PKA with a substrate in the presence of Mg(2+)ATP. This allows us to depict the entire kinase reaction including complex formation as well as release of the phosphorylated substrate. In contrast to Mg(2+), Ca(2+) apparently slows down the enzymatic reaction. A focus on individual reaction steps revealed that Ca(2+) is not as efficient as Mg(2+) in stabilizing the enzyme:substrate complex. The opposite holds true for product dissociation where Mg(2+) easily releases the phospho-substrate while Ca(2+) traps both reaction products at the active site. This explains the low steady-state activity in the presence of Ca(2+). Furthermore, Ca(2+) is able to modulate kinase activity as well as inhibitor binding even in the presence of Mg(2+). We therefore hypothesize that the physiological metal ions Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) both play a role in kinase activity and regulation. Since PKA is localized close to calcium channels and may render PKA activity susceptible to Ca(2+), our data provide a possible mechanism for novel crosstalk between cAMP and calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J. Knape
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Lalima G. Ahuja
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | | | | | - Susan S. Taylor
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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13
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Pérez-Gallegos A, Garcia-Viloca M, González-Lafont À, Lluch JM. SP20 Phosphorylation Reaction Catalyzed by Protein Kinase A: QM/MM Calculations Based on Recently Determined Crystallographic Structures. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayax Pérez-Gallegos
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Garcia-Viloca
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels González-Lafont
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M. Lluch
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications in cell regulatory mechanisms. Dimerization plays also a crucial role in the kinase activity of many kinases, including RAF, CDK2 (cyclin-dependent kinase 2) and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), with heterodimers often being the most active forms. However, the structural and mechanistic details of how phosphorylation affects the activity of homo- and hetero-dimers are largely unknown. Experimentally, synthesizing protein samples with fully specified and homogeneous phosphorylation states remains a challenge for structural biology and biochemical studies. Typically, multiple changes in phosphorylation lead to activation of the same protein, which makes structural determination methods particularly difficult. It is also not well understood how the occurrence of phosphorylation and dimerization processes synergize to affect kinase activities. In the present article, we review available structural data and discuss how MD simulations can be used to model conformational transitions of RAF kinase dimers, in both their phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms.
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15
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Gerlits O, Tian J, Das A, Langan P, Heller WT, Kovalevsky A. Phosphoryl Transfer Reaction Snapshots in Crystals: INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISM OF PROTEIN KINASE A CATALYTIC SUBUNIT. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15538-15548. [PMID: 25925954 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.643213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the catalytic mechanism of phosphorylation catalyzed by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) a structure of the enzyme-substrate complex representing the Michaelis complex is of specific interest as it can shed light on the structure of the transition state. However, all previous crystal structures of the Michaelis complex mimics of the PKA catalytic subunit (PKAc) were obtained with either peptide inhibitors or ATP analogs. Here we utilized Ca(2+) ions and sulfur in place of the nucleophilic oxygen in a 20-residue pseudo-substrate peptide (CP20) and ATP to produce a close mimic of the Michaelis complex. In the ternary reactant complex, the thiol group of Cys-21 of the peptide is facing Asp-166 and the sulfur atom is positioned for an in-line phosphoryl transfer. Replacement of Ca(2+) cations with Mg(2+) ions resulted in a complex with trapped products of ATP hydrolysis: phosphate ion and ADP. The present structural results in combination with the previously reported structures of the transition state mimic and phosphorylated product complexes complete the snapshots of the phosphoryl transfer reaction by PKAc, providing us with the most thorough picture of the catalytic mechanism to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Gerlits
- From the Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Jianhui Tian
- From the Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Amit Das
- From the Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Paul Langan
- From the Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - William T Heller
- From the Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831.
| | - Andrey Kovalevsky
- From the Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831.
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16
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Lopata A, Jambrina PG, Sharma PK, Brooks BR, Toth J, Vertessy BG, Rosta E. Mutations Decouple Proton Transfer from Phosphate Cleavage in the dUTPase Catalytic Reaction. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs502087f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lopata
- Institute
of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H1113, Hungary
| | - Pablo G. Jambrina
- Department
of Chemistry, King’s College London, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Pankaz K. Sharma
- College
of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Bernard R. Brooks
- Laboratory
of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892-9314, United States
| | - Judit Toth
- Institute
of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H1113, Hungary
| | - Beata G. Vertessy
- Institute
of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H1113, Hungary
- Department
of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest H1111, Hungary
| | - Edina Rosta
- Department
of Chemistry, King’s College London, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
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17
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Jin HX, Go ML, Yin P, Qiu XT, Zhu P, Yan XJ. Determining the Functions of HIV-1 Tat and a Second Magnesium Ion in the CDK9/Cyclin T1 Complex: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124673. [PMID: 25909811 PMCID: PMC4409394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current paradigm of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) regulation based on the well-established CDK2 has been recently expanded. The determination of CDK9 crystal structures suggests the requirement of an additional regulatory protein, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat, to exert its physiological functions. In most kinases, the exact number and roles of the cofactor metal ions remain unappreciated, and the repertoire has thus gained increasing attention recently. Here, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were implemented on CDK9 to explore the functional roles of HIV-1 Tat and the second Mg2+ ion at site 1 (Mg12+). The simulations unveiled that binding of HIV-1 Tat to CDK9 not only stabilized hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between ATP and hinge residues Asp104 and Cys106, as well as between ATP and invariant Lys48, but also facilitated the salt bridge network pertaining to the phosphorylated Thr186 at the activation loop. By contrast, these H-bonds cannot be formed in CDK9 owing to the absence of HIV-1 Tat. MD simulations further revealed that the Mg12+ ion, coupled with the Mg22+ ion, anchored to the triphosphate moiety of ATP in its catalytic competent conformation. This observation indicates the requirement of the Mg12+ ion for CDK9 to realize its function. Overall, the introduction of HIV-1 Tat and Mg12+ ion resulted in the active site architectural characteristics of phosphorylated CDK9. These data highlighted the functional roles of HIV-1 Tat and Mg12+ ion in the regulation of CDK9 activity, which contributes an important complementary understanding of CDK molecular underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Mei-Lin Go
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Pérez-Gallegos A, Garcia-Viloca M, González-Lafont À, Lluch JM. A QM/MM study of Kemptide phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinase A. The role of Asp166 as a general acid/base catalyst. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 17:3497-511. [PMID: 25535906 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03579h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work a theoretical study of the γ-phosphoryl group transfer from ATP to Ser17 of the synthetic substrate Kemptide (LRRASLG) in protein kinase A (PKA) has been carried out with a solvated model of the PKA-Mg2ATP-Kemptide system based on the X-ray crystallographic structure. We have used high levels (B3LYP/MM and MP2/MM) of theory to determine the overall reaction paths of the so-called concerted loose mechanism trying to clarify some aspects of that mechanism still under debate. Our calculations demonstrate for the first time in a complete model of the ternary system the viability of the final step of the catalytic mechanism in which the protonation of the phosphokemptide product by Asp166 takes place. Asp166 is a base catalyst that abstracts the HγSer17 of Kemptide thus facilitating the phosphoryl transfer, but it also acts as an acid catalyst by donating the proton just accepted from Ser17 to the O2γATP atom of the phosphoryl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayax Pérez-Gallegos
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.
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19
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Pérez-Gallegos A, Garcia-Viloca M, González-Lafont À, Lluch JM. A QM/MM study of the associative mechanism for the phosphorylation reaction catalyzed by protein kinase A and its D166A mutant. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2014; 28:1077-91. [PMID: 25129483 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-014-9786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Here we analyze in detail the possible catalytic role of the associative mechanism in the γ-phosphoryl transfer reaction in the catalytic subunit of the mammalian cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) enzyme and its D166A mutant. We have used a complete solvated model of the ATP-Mg2-Kemptide/PKA system and good levels of theory (B3LYP/MM and MP2/MM) to determine several potential energy paths from different MD snapshots, and we present a deep analysis of the interaction distances and energies between ligands, metals and enzyme residues. We have also tested the electrostatic stabilization of the transition state structures localized herein with the charge balance hypothesis. Overall, the results obtained in this work reopen the discussion about the plausibility of the associative reaction pathway and highlight the proposed role of the catalytic triad Asp166-Lys168-Thr201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayax Pérez-Gallegos
- Departament de Química, Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Gerlits O, Das A, Keshwani MM, Taylor S, Waltman MJ, Langan P, Heller WT, Kovalevsky A. Metal-free cAMP-dependent protein kinase can catalyze phosphoryl transfer. Biochemistry 2014; 53:3179-86. [PMID: 24786636 PMCID: PMC4030786 DOI: 10.1021/bi5000965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
X-ray structures of several ternary product complexes of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKAc) have been determined with no bound metal ions and with Na(+) or K(+) coordinated at two metal-binding sites. The metal-free PKAc and the enzyme with alkali metals were able to facilitate the phosphoryl transfer reaction. In all studied complexes, the ATP and the substrate peptide (SP20) were modified into the products ADP and the phosphorylated peptide. The products of the phosphotransfer reaction were also found when ATP-γS, a nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue, reacted with SP20 in the PKAc active site containing no metals. Single turnover enzyme kinetics measurements utilizing (32)P-labeled ATP confirmed the phosphotransferase activity of the enzyme in the absence of metal ions and in the presence of alkali metals. In addition, the structure of the apo-PKAc binary complex with SP20 suggests that the sequence of binding events may become ordered in a metal-free environment, with SP20 binding first to prime the enzyme for subsequent ATP binding. Comparison of these structures reveals conformational and hydrogen bonding changes that might be important for the mechanism of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Gerlits
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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21
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Zinnel NF, Russell DH. Size-to-charge dispersion of collision-induced dissociation product ions for enhancement of structural information and product ion identification. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4791-8. [PMID: 24754452 DOI: 10.1021/ac403929u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility is used to disperse product ions formed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) on the basis of charge state and size-to-charge ratio. We previously described an approach for combining CID with ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) for dispersing fragment ions along charge state specific trend lines (Zinnel, N. F.; Pai, P. J.; Russell, D. H. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 3390; Sowell, R. A.; Koeniger, S. L.; Valentine, S. J.; Moon, M. H.; Clemmer, D. E. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2004, 15, 1341; McLean, J. A.; Ruotolo, B. T.; Gillig, K. J.; Russell, D. H. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2005, 240, 301), and this approach was used to assign metal ion binding sites for human metallothionein protein MT-2a (Chen, S. H.; Russell, W. K.; Russell, D. H. Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 3229). Here, we use this approach to distinguish b-type N-terminal fragment ions from both internal fragment ions and y-type C-terminal fragment ions. We also show that in some cases specific secondary structural elements, viz., extended coils or helices, can be obtained for the y-type fragment ions series. The advantage of this approach is that product ion identity can be correlated to gas-phase ion structure, which provides rapid identification of the onset and termination of extended coil structure in peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael F Zinnel
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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22
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Leigh KN, Webster CE. Theoretical studies of cyclic adenosine monophosphate dependent protein kinase: native enzyme and ground-state and transition-state analogues. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:3039-43. [PMID: 24202867 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52358f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of phosphoryl transfer enzymes have garnered considerable attention. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) catalyzes the transfer of the γ phosphoryl group of ATP to the serine hydroxyl group of a peptide chain. Metal-containing fluoro species have been used as transition-state and ground-state analogues in a variety of phosphoryl transfer enzymes and have shed light on the nature of the requirements in the active site to catalyze phosphoryl transfer. For cAPK, we present computational studies of the mechanism of phosphoryl transfer and the structure and (19)F NMR spectra of various ground- (BeF3(-)) and transition-state (MgF3(-), AlF4(-), and AlF3(0)) analogues. With native substrate, the phosphoryl transfer proceeds through a five-coordinate phosphorane transition state, i.e., there is not a five-coordinate phosphorane intermediate. Comparisons of simulated and experimental (19)F NMR spectra show cAPK prefers a monoanionic analogue (MgF3(-) or AlF4(-)) over a neutral analogue (AlF3), supporting the charge balance hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA.
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