1
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Antoniou AI, Pesenti M, Crespi S, Shenoy DS, Penconi M, Bossi A, Pellegrino S. Aggregation-Induced Enhanced Emission of Tetraphenylethene-phenylalanine Hybrids: Synthesis and Characterization. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4733-4740. [PMID: 38520355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emitting (AIE) luminophores are sensitive and easy-to-handle types of probes that allow driving a stimulus-responsive off/on optical tool through the manipulation of the aggregation behavior. In this work, tetraphenylethene (TPE)-phenylalanine derivatives, characterized by strong aggregation-induced luminescence, were obtained through Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. The reaction proved to be straightforwardly applicable in the single amino acid synthesis as well as in the late-stage peptide functionalization by means of both the classical solution-phase reaction and solid-phase synthesis. A comprehensive structural and analytical investigation highlighted the features driving the self-assembly process and its relationship to AIE efficiency. In particular, we showed that the simple slight (asymmetric) extension of the TPE π-systems results in more efficient and brighter emissions, with respect to the simple TPE system itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia I Antoniou
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, IT-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Pesenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, IT-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Crespi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Ardito Desio, Università degli Studi di Milano, IT-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Dhriti S Shenoy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, IT-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Penconi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR-SCITEC; Photoactive Molecular Materials & Devices Group, IT-20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Bossi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR-SCITEC; Photoactive Molecular Materials & Devices Group, IT-20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Pellegrino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, IT-20133 Milan, Italy
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2
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Huang CH, Chen YW, Huang TT, Kao YT. Effects of Distal Mutations on Ligand-Binding Affinity in E. coli Dihydrofolate Reductase. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:26065-26076. [PMID: 34660967 PMCID: PMC8515367 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mutations far from the center of chemical activity in dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) can affect several steps in the catalytic cycle. Mutations at highly conserved positions and the distal distance of the catalytic center (Met-42, Thr-113, and Gly-121) were designed, including single-point and double-point mutations. Upon ligand binding, the fluorescence of the intrinsic optical probe, tryptophan, decreases due to either fluorescence quenching or energy transfer. We demonstrated an optical approach in measuring the equilibrium dissociation constant for enzyme-cofactor, enzyme-substrate, and enzyme-product complexes in wildtype ecDHFR and each mutant. We propose that the effects of these distal mutations on ligand-binding affinity stem from the spatial steric hindrance, the disturbance on the hydrogen network, or the modification of the protein flexibility. The modified N-terminus tag in DHFR acts as a cap on the entrance of the substrate-binding cavity, squeezes the adenosine binding subdomain, and influences the binding of NADPH in some mutants. If the mutation positions are away from the N-terminus tag and the adenosine binding subdomain, the additive effects due to the N-terminus tag were not observed. In the double-mutant-cycle analysis, double mutations show nonadditive properties upon either cofactor or substrate binding. Also, in general, the first point mutation strongly affects the ligand binding compared to the second one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hua Huang
- Institute
of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National
Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yun-Wen Chen
- Institute
of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National
Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsun-Tsao Huang
- Institute
of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National
Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ya-Ting Kao
- Department
of Biological Science and Technology, National
Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute
of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National
Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan, ROC
- Center
For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan, ROC
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3
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Bajaj K, Pidiyara K, Khan S, Jha PN, Sakhuja R, Kumar D. Fluorescent glutamine and asparagine as promising probes for chemical biology. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7695-7700. [PMID: 34524312 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01029h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent probes have become valuable tools in chemical biology, providing interesting inferences for unfolding the complexities of natural biochemical processes. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of fluorescent labelled glutamine (Gln) and asparagine (Asn) derivatives via traceless Staudinger ligation, which exhibited high fluorescence quantum yields, excellent photostabilities and emission of blue fluorescence in the visible region. The successful permeation of these fluorescent amino acids into cellular components proved their potential as fluorescent probes for chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bajaj
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Karishma Pidiyara
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Shahid Khan
- Department of Biology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prabhat N Jha
- Department of Biology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajeev Sakhuja
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Dalip Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India.
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4
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Pagar AD, Patil MD, Flood DT, Yoo TH, Dawson PE, Yun H. Recent Advances in Biocatalysis with Chemical Modification and Expanded Amino Acid Alphabet. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6173-6245. [PMID: 33886302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The two main strategies for enzyme engineering, directed evolution and rational design, have found widespread applications in improving the intrinsic activities of proteins. Although numerous advances have been achieved using these ground-breaking methods, the limited chemical diversity of the biopolymers, restricted to the 20 canonical amino acids, hampers creation of novel enzymes that Nature has never made thus far. To address this, much research has been devoted to expanding the protein sequence space via chemical modifications and/or incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs). This review provides a balanced discussion and critical evaluation of the applications, recent advances, and technical breakthroughs in biocatalysis for three approaches: (i) chemical modification of cAAs, (ii) incorporation of ncAAs, and (iii) chemical modification of incorporated ncAAs. Furthermore, the applications of these approaches and the result on the functional properties and mechanistic study of the enzymes are extensively reviewed. We also discuss the design of artificial enzymes and directed evolution strategies for enzymes with ncAAs incorporated. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives for biocatalysis using the expanded amino acid alphabet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol D Pagar
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Mahesh D Patil
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Dillon T Flood
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tae Hyeon Yoo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Philip E Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
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5
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Fluorescent amino acids as versatile building blocks for chemical biology. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:275-290. [PMID: 37127957 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fluorophores have transformed the way we study biological systems, enabling non-invasive studies in cells and intact organisms, which increase our understanding of complex processes at the molecular level. Fluorescent amino acids have become an essential chemical tool because they can be used to construct fluorescent macromolecules, such as peptides and proteins, without disrupting their native biomolecular properties. Fluorescent and fluorogenic amino acids with unique photophysical properties have been designed for tracking protein-protein interactions in situ or imaging nanoscopic events in real time with high spatial resolution. In this Review, we discuss advances in the design and synthesis of fluorescent amino acids and how they have contributed to the field of chemical biology in the past 10 years. Important areas of research that we review include novel methodologies to synthesize building blocks with tunable spectral properties, their integration into peptide and protein scaffolds using site-specific genetic encoding and bioorthogonal approaches, and their application to design novel artificial proteins, as well as to investigate biological processes in cells by means of optical imaging.
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6
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Ji X, Chen Q, Arutla V, Khdour O, Hu QY, Chen S. Double-component diazeniumdiolate derivatives as anti-cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115405. [PMID: 32156499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized a series of double-component O2-aryl diazeniumdiolate (DDNO) derivatives, of which each molecule can release up to four nitric oxide molecules. These compounds showed cytotoxic activities to cancer cells, such as human leukemia, breast cancer and lung cancer. Among them, compound 1 (DDNO-1) showed the highest specific activity to human leukemia cells. It induced cell apopotosis and arrest cell cycle of G2/M phase. The JNK and p38 protein kinases were activated by compound 1 to induce cancer cell apoptosis. Compound 1 also increased pro-apoptotic Bax level, which is a same function compared to a reported NO donor, JS-K. More interestingly, it decreased the level of an anti-apoptotic member Bcl-2, which is an opposite effect compared to JS-K. Compound 1 could be developed as a new anti-cancer agent since it increases the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio to overcome the drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Ji
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Central Laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Viswanath Arutla
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Omar Khdour
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Qiong-Ying Hu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, PR China; School of Medcine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Shengxi Chen
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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7
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Cortecchia D, Soci C, Cametti M, Petrozza A, Martí-Rujas J. Crystal Engineering of a Two-Dimensional Lead-Free Perovskite with Functional Organic Cations by Second-Sphere Coordination. Chempluschem 2016; 82:681-685. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201600477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cortecchia
- Istituto Italiano de Tecnologia Centre for Nano Science and Technology (CNST@PoliMi); Politecnico di Milano; Via Pascoli 70/3 20133 Milan Italy
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School; Energy Research Institute (ERI@N); Nanyang Technological University; Research Technoplaza Nanyang Drive 639798 Singapore Singapore
| | - Cesare Soci
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Massimo Cametti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali; e Ingegneria Chimica „Giulio Natta“; Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milan Italy
| | - Annamaria Petrozza
- Istituto Italiano de Tecnologia Centre for Nano Science and Technology (CNST@PoliMi); Politecnico di Milano; Via Pascoli 70/3 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Javier Martí-Rujas
- Istituto Italiano de Tecnologia Centre for Nano Science and Technology (CNST@PoliMi); Politecnico di Milano; Via Pascoli 70/3 20133 Milan Italy
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8
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Harkiss AH, Sutherland A. Recent advances in the synthesis and application of fluorescent α-amino acids. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:8911-8921. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01715k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of new fluorescent α-amino acids as well as their application in imaging of biological systems has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H. Harkiss
- WestCHEM
- School of Chemistry
- The Joseph Black Building
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow G12 8QQ
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- WestCHEM
- School of Chemistry
- The Joseph Black Building
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow G12 8QQ
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9
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Talukder P, Chen S, Roy B, Yakovchuk P, Spiering MM, Alam MP, Madathil MM, Bhattacharya C, Benkovic SJ, Hecht SM. Cyanotryptophans as Novel Fluorescent Probes for Studying Protein Conformational Changes and DNA–Protein Interaction. Biochemistry 2015; 54:7457-69. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Talukder
- Center
for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Shengxi Chen
- Center
for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Basab Roy
- Center
for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Petro Yakovchuk
- Center
for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Michelle M. Spiering
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Mohammad P. Alam
- Center
for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Manikandadas M. Madathil
- Center
for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Chandrabali Bhattacharya
- Center
for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Stephen J. Benkovic
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Sidney M. Hecht
- Center
for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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10
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Lampkowski JS, Uthappa DM, Young DD. Site-specific incorporation of a fluorescent terphenyl unnatural amino acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5277-80. [PMID: 26421994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins has a wide range of biological implications. Of particular interest is the incorporation of fluorescent probes as a mechanism to track protein function, transport, and folding. Thus, the development of a novel system for the incorporation of new fluorescent unnatural amino acids has significant utility. Specifically, we have elucidated an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase capable of recognizing a terphenyl UAA derivative, and charging a cognate tRNA with this amino acid for protein incorporation. Moreover, we have successfully incorporated this fluorescent UAA into GFP at several key residues, demonstrating a novel means to modulate fluorescence within the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diya M Uthappa
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA
| | - Douglas D Young
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA
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11
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Fluorescent CD4 probe for potential HIV-1 gp120 protein detection. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1182-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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12
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Cheruku P, Huang JH, Yen HJ, Iyer RS, Rector KD, Martinez JS, Wang HL. Tyrosine-derived stimuli responsive, fluorescent amino acids. Chem Sci 2015; 6:1150-1158. [PMID: 29560202 PMCID: PMC5811119 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02753a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of fluorescent unnatural amino acids (UAAs) bearing stilbene and meta-phenylenevinylene (m-PPV) backbone have been synthesized and their optical properties were studied. These novel UAAs were derived from protected diiodo-l-tyrosine using palladium-catalyzed Heck couplings with a series of styrene analogs. Unlike the other fluorescent UAAs, whose emissions are restricted to a narrow range of wavelengths, these new amino acids display the emission peaks at broad range wavelengths (from 400-800 nm); including NIR with QY of 4% in HEPES buffer. The incorporation of both pyridine and phenol functional groups leads to distinct red, green, and blue (RGB) emission, in its basic, acidic and neutral states, respectively. More importantly, these amino acids showed reversible pH and redox response showing their promise as stimuli responsive fluorescent probes. To further demonstrate the utility of these UAAs in peptide synthesis, one of the amino acids was incorporated into a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) sequence through standard solid phase peptide synthesis. Resultant CPP was treated with two different cell lines and the internalization was monitored by confocal fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Cheruku
- C-PCS, Chemistry Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , USA .
| | - Jen-Huang Huang
- Defense System and Analysis Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , USA
| | - Hung-Ju Yen
- C-PCS, Chemistry Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , USA .
| | - Rashi S Iyer
- Defense System and Analysis Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , USA
| | - Kirk D Rector
- C-PCS, Chemistry Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , USA .
| | - Jennifer S Martinez
- Center of Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT) , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , USA
| | - Hsing-Lin Wang
- C-PCS, Chemistry Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , USA .
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13
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Talukder P, Chen S, Liu CT, Baldwin EA, Benkovic SJ, Hecht SM. Tryptophan-based fluorophores for studying protein conformational changes. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5924-34. [PMID: 25284250 PMCID: PMC4254292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
With the continuing interest in deciphering the interplay between protein function and conformational changes, small fluorescence probes will be especially useful for tracking changes in the crowded protein interior space. Presently, we describe the potential utility of six unnatural amino acid fluorescence donors structurally related to tryptophan and show how they can be efficiently incorporated into a protein as fluorescence probes. We also examine the various photophysical properties of the new Trp analogues, which are significantly redshifted in their fluorescence spectra relative to tryptophan. In general, the Trp analogues were well tolerated when inserted into Escherichia coli DHFR, and did not perturb enzyme activity, although substitution for Trp22 did result in a diminution in DHFR activity. Further, it was demonstrated that D and E at position 37 formed efficient FRET pairs with acridon-2-ylalanine (Acd) at position 17. The same was also true for a DHFR construct containing E at position 79 and Acd at position 17. Together, these findings demonstrate that these tryptophan analogues can be introduced into DHFR with minimal disruption of function, and that they can be employed for the selective study of targeted conformational changes in proteins, even in the presence of unmodified tryptophans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Talukder
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shengxi Chen
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - C Tony Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Edwin A Baldwin
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Stephen J Benkovic
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Sidney M Hecht
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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14
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Yu X, Talukder P, Bhattacharya C, Fahmi NE, Lines JA, Dedkova LM, LaBaer J, Hecht SM, Chen S. Probing of CD4 binding pocket of HIV-1 gp120 glycoprotein using unnatural phenylalanine analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5699-5703. [PMID: 25453804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CD4-gp120 interaction is the first step for HIV-1 entry into host cells. A highly conserved pocket in gp120 protein is an attractive target for developing gp120 inhibitors or novel HIV detection tools. Here we incorporate seven phenylalanine derivatives having different sizes and steric conformations into position 43 of domain 1 of CD4 (mD1.2) to explore the architecture of the 'Phe43 cavity' of HIV-1 gp120. The results show that the conserved hydrophobic pocket in gp120 tolerates a hydrophobic side chain of residue 43 of CD protein, which is 12.2 Å in length and 8.0 Å in width. This result provides useful information for developing novel gp120 inhibitors or new HIV detection tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Yu
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Poulami Talukder
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Chandrabali Bhattacharya
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Nour Eddine Fahmi
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jamie A Lines
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Larisa M Dedkova
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sidney M Hecht
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shengxi Chen
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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