1
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Zhang L, Yang J, Xu X, Zhang J, Qiu Z, Ju Y, Luo B, Liu Y, Gou X, Sui J, Chen B, Wang Y, Tao T, He L, Yang T, Luo Y. Discovery and Optimization of Novel SaFabI Inhibitors as Specific Therapeutic Agents for MRSA Infection. J Med Chem 2024; 67:10096-10134. [PMID: 38845361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
As the rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis, Staphylococcus aureus enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (SaFabI) emerges as a compelling target for combating methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections. Herein, compound 1, featuring a 4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-2-one scaffold, was identified as a potent SaFabI inhibitor (IC50 = 976.8 nM) from an in-house library. Subsequent optimization yielded compound n31, with improved inhibitory efficacy on enzymatic activity (IC50 = 174.2 nM) and selective potency against S. aureus (MIC = 1-2 μg/mL). Mechanistically, n31 directly inhibited SaFabI in cellular contexts. Moreover, n31 exhibited favorable safety and pharmacokinetic profiles, and dose-dependently treated MRSA-induced skin infections, outperforming the approved drug, linezolid. The chiral separation of n31 resulted in (S)-n31, with superior activities (IC50 = 94.0 nM, MIC = 0.25-1 μg/mL) and in vivo therapeutic efficacy. In brief, our research proposes (S)-n31 as a promising candidate for SaFabI-targeted therapy, offering specific anti-S. aureus efficacy and potential for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiaxing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Editorial Office of Chinese Journal of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiangnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhiqiang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuan Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Baozhu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xupeng Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Baoyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Institute of traditional Chinese medicine, Sichuan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Institute of traditional Chinese medicine, Sichuan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei He
- Institute of traditional Chinese medicine, Sichuan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapies, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Youfu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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2
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Shahzadi I, Islam M, Saeed H, Haider A, Shahzadi A, Rathore HA, Ul-Hamid A, Abd-Rabboh HSM, Ikram M. Synthesis of curcuma longa doped cellulose grafted hydrogel for catalysis, bactericidial and insilico molecular docking analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126827. [PMID: 37696378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), the primary curcuminoid in turmeric rhizome, has been acknowledged as a bioactive compound for numerous pharmacological activities. Nonetheless, the hydrophobic nature, rapid metabolism, and physicochemical and biological instability of this phenolic compound correspond to its poor bioavailability. So, recent scientific advances have found many components and strategies for enhancing the bioavailability of curcumin with the inclusion of biotechnology and nanotechnology to address its existing limitations. Therefore, In this study, copolymerized aqua-gel was synthesized by graft polymerization of poly-acrylic acid (P-AA) on cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), after that Curcuma longa (Cur) was incorporated as dopant (5, 10, 15, and 25 mg) in hydrogel (Cur/C-P) as a stabilizing agent for evaluation of bacterial potential and sewage treatment. The antioxidant tendency of 25 mg Cur/C-P was much higher (72.21 %) than other samples and displayed a catalytic activity of up to 93.89 % in acidic conditions and optimized bactericidal inclinations toward gram-positive bacterial strains. Furthermore, ligand binding was conducted against targeted protein enoyl-[acylcarrier-protein] reductase (FabI) enzyme to comprehend the putative mechanism of microbicidal action of CNC-PAA (CP), Cur/C-P, and curcumin. Our outcomes suggest that 25 mg Cur/C-P hydrogels are plausible sources for hybrid, multifunctional biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Shahzadi
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Allama Iqbal Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Islam
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Allama Iqbal Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Saeed
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Allama Iqbal Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ali Haider
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef, University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Anum Shahzadi
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Anwar Ul-Hamid
- Core Research Facilities, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham S M Abd-Rabboh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O.Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Ikram
- Solar Cell Applications Research Lab, Department of Physics, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan.
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3
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Ashfaq MH, Imran M, Haider A, Shahzadi A, Mustajab M, Ul-Hamid A, Nabgan W, Medina F, Ikram M. Antimicrobial potential and rhodamine B dye degradation using graphitic carbon nitride and polyvinylpyrrolidone doped bismuth tungstate supported with in silico molecular docking studies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17847. [PMID: 37857696 PMCID: PMC10587107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The environmental-friendly hydrothermal method has been carried out to synthesize Bi2WO6 and g-C3N4/PVP doped Bi2WO6 nanorods (NRs) by incorporating different concentrations of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as well as a specified quantity of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Bi2WO6 doped with g-C3N4 provides structural and chemical stability, reduces charge carriers, degrades dyes, and, owing to lower bandgap energy, is effective for antibacterial, catalytic activity, and molecular docking analysis. The purpose of this research is the treatment of polluted water and to investigate the bactericidal behavior of a ternary system. The catalytic degradation was performed to remove the harmful rhodamine B (RhB) dye using NaBH4 in conjunction with prepared NRs. The specimen compound demonstrated antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) at both high and low concentrations. Higher doped specimens of g-C3N4/PVP-doped Bi2WO6 exhibited a significant improvement in efficient bactericidal potential against E. coli (4.55 mm inhibition zone). In silico experiments were carried out on enoyl-[acylcarrier-protein] reductase (FabI) and β-lactamase enzyme for E. coli to assess the potential of Bi2WO6, PVP doped Bi2WO6, and g-C3N4/PVP-doped Bi2WO6 NRs as their inhibitors and to justify their possible mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hasnain Ashfaq
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Sahiwal Road, Sahiwal, Faisalabad, 57000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Sahiwal Road, Sahiwal, Faisalabad, 57000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ali Haider
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef, University of Agriculture, Multan, 66000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Anum Shahzadi
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mustajab
- Solar Cell Applications Research Lab, Department of Physics, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Ul-Hamid
- Center for Engineering Research, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Walid Nabgan
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Av Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Francisco Medina
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Av Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Muhammad Ikram
- Solar Cell Applications Research Lab, Department of Physics, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Punjab, Pakistan.
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4
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Rasool S, Imran M, Haider A, Shahzadi A, Nabgan W, Shahzadi I, Medina F, Algaradah MM, Fouda AM, Al-Shanini A, Ikram M. Efficient Dye Degradation and Antibacterial Activity of Carbon Dots/Chitosan-Doped La 2O 3 Nanorods: In Silico Molecular Docking Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:25401-25409. [PMID: 37483192 PMCID: PMC10357552 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the degradation of toxic RhB (rhodamine B) dye from polluted water in various pH environments. It assesses the antibacterial action of CDs (carbon dots)/CS (chitosan)-doped La2O3 (lanthanum oxide) NRs (nanorods). CS and CDs have been introduced as dopants to modify the characteristics of La2O3 to achieve efficient outcomes. The influence of doping on the structural, morphological, optical, and elemental properties of synthesized La2O3 NRs was investigated through a number of analytical techniques. The structural analysis of XRD revealed a hexagonal phase. The rod-like structure of pure La2O3 and reduction in the size of NRs upon doping were exhibited by TEM micrographs. From UV-vis spectroscopy, increased absorption upon doping and introduction of redshift that led to reduced bandgap energy were observed. The FTIR spectra indicate the presence of functional groups of pure and integrated samples. The catalytic activity of specimens in basic medium toward dye showed excellent results (94.57%). The inhibition zone of diameter 4.15 mm was evaluated by 6 mL of CDs/CS-doped La2O3 NRs against Escherichia coli once the surface area increased by dopants. In silico experiments were performed for enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (FabI) and DNA gyrase enzymes to assess the potency of CS-doped La2O3 and CDs/CS-doped La2O3 as their inhibitors and to justify their possible mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Rasool
- Department
of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Sahiwal Road, Sahiwal, Punjab 57000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department
of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Sahiwal Road, Sahiwal, Punjab 57000, Pakistan
| | - Ali Haider
- Department
of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Anum Shahzadi
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Walid Nabgan
- Departament
d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Av Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Iram Shahzadi
- Punjab
University College of Pharmacy, University
of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Francisco Medina
- Departament
d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Av Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Ahmed M. Fouda
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid
University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Al-Shanini
- College
of Petroleum and Engineering, Hadhramout
University, Mukalla, Hadhramout, P.O. Box 50511, Yemen
| | - Muhammad Ikram
- Solar
Cell Applications Research Lab, Department of Physics, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
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5
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Hasan S, Kayed K, Ghemrawi R, Bataineh NA, Mahgoub RE, Audeh R, Aldulaymi R, Atatreh N, Ghattas MA. Molecular Modelling Study and Antibacterial Evaluation of Diphenylmethane Derivatives as Potential FabI Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073000. [PMID: 37049763 PMCID: PMC10095751 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The need for new antibiotics has become a major worldwide challenge as bacterial strains keep developing resistance to the existing drugs at an alarming rate. Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductases (FabI) play a crucial role in lipids and fatty acid biosynthesis, which are essential for the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane. Our study aimed to discover small FabI inhibitors in continuation to our previously found hit MN02. The process was initially started by conducting a similarity search to the NCI ligand database using MN02 as a query. Accordingly, ten compounds were chosen for the computational assessment and antimicrobial testing. Most of the compounds showed an antibacterial activity against Gram-positive strains, while RK10 exhibited broad-spectrum activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. All tested compounds were then docked into the saFabI active site followed by 100 ns MD simulations (Molecular Dynamics) and MM-GBSA (Molecular Mechanics with Generalised Born and Surface Area Solvation) calculations in order to understand their fitting and estimate their binding energies. Interestingly, and in line with the experimental data, RK10 was able to exhibit the best fitting with the target catalytic pocket. To sum up, RK10 is a small compound with leadlike characteristics that can indeed act as a promising candidate for the future development of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaima Hasan
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kawthar Kayed
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rose Ghemrawi
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nezar Al Bataineh
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Radwa E. Mahgoub
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rola Audeh
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Raghad Aldulaymi
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noor Atatreh
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad A. Ghattas
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-26133275
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6
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Ikram M, Haider A, Imran M, Haider J, Naz S, Ul-Hamid A, Shahzadi A, Ghazanfar K, Nabgan W, Moeen S, Ali S. Assessment of catalytic, antimicrobial and molecular docking analysis of starch-grafted polyacrylic acid doped BaO nanostructures. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123190. [PMID: 36623614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The removal of cationic dyes from water has received a great attention of researchers considering their influence on environment and ecosystem. In current work, starch-grafted-poly acrylic acid (St-g-PAA) doped BaO nanostrucutures have been synthesized by co-precipitation approach. The aim of this research was to reduce the harmful methylene blue dye and evaluate the antibacterial activity of St-g-PAA doped BaO. XRD spectra exhibited the tetragonal structure of BaO and no variations occurred upon doping. The optical properties of St-g-PAA doped BaO have been evaluated by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The existence of a dopant in the product was verified using EDS spectroscopy. TEM revealed the formation of cubic-shaped NPs of BaO and upon the addition of St-g-PAA, a few nanorod-like structures. The higher concentration of St-g-PAA doped BaO exhibit a remarkable reduction of methylene blue in a basic environment. Furthermore, St-g-PAA doped BaO revealed higher antimicrobial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus in comparison to Escherichia coli. In silico studies were conducted against enoyl-[acylcarrier-protein] reductase (FabI) and beta-lactamase enzyme to evaluate the potential of both St-g-PAA and St-g-PAA doped BaO nanocomposites as their inhibitors and to rationalize their possible mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ikram
- Solar Cell Applications Research Lab, Department of Physics, Government College University Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Ali Haider
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakpattan Road, Sahiwal, Punjab 57000, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Haider
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Sadia Naz
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Anwar Ul-Hamid
- Core Research Facilities, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Anum Shahzadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Kinza Ghazanfar
- Department of Physics, Riphah Institute of Computing and Applied Sciences (RICAS), Riphah International University, 14 Ali Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Walid Nabgan
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Sawaira Moeen
- Solar Cell Applications Research Lab, Department of Physics, Government College University Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Salamat Ali
- Department of Physics, Riphah Institute of Computing and Applied Sciences (RICAS), Riphah International University, 14 Ali Road, Lahore, Pakistan
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Hopf FSM, Roth CD, de Souza EV, Galina L, Czeczot AM, Machado P, Basso LA, Bizarro CV. Bacterial Enoyl-Reductases: The Ever-Growing List of Fabs, Their Mechanisms and Inhibition. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:891610. [PMID: 35814645 PMCID: PMC9260719 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.891610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enoyl-ACP reductases (ENRs) are enzymes that catalyze the last step of the elongation cycle during fatty acid synthesis. In recent years, new bacterial ENR types were discovered, some of them with structures and mechanisms that differ from the canonical bacterial FabI enzymes. Here, we briefly review the diversity of structural and catalytic properties of the canonical FabI and the new FabK, FabV, FabL, and novel ENRs identified in a soil metagenome study. We also highlight recent efforts to use the newly discovered Fabs as targets for drug development and consider the complex evolutionary history of this diverse set of bacterial ENRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda S. M. Hopf
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Candida D. Roth
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo V. de Souza
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiza Galina
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexia M. Czeczot
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pablo Machado
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiz A. Basso
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cristiano V. Bizarro
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Cristiano V. Bizarro,
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8
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Serapian S, Crosby J, Crump MP, van der Kamp MW. Path to Actinorhodin: Regio- and Stereoselective Ketone Reduction by a Type II Polyketide Ketoreductase Revealed in Atomistic Detail. JACS AU 2022; 2:972-984. [PMID: 35557750 PMCID: PMC9088766 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In type II polyketide synthases (PKSs), which typically biosynthesize several antibiotic and antitumor compounds, the substrate is a growing polyketide chain, shuttled between individual PKS enzymes, while covalently tethered to an acyl carrier protein (ACP): this requires the ACP interacting with a series of different enzymes in succession. During biosynthesis of the antibiotic actinorhodin, produced by Streptomyces coelicolor, one such key binding event is between an ACP carrying a 16-carbon octaketide chain (actACP) and a ketoreductase (actKR). Once the octaketide is bound inside actKR, it is likely cyclized between C7 and C12 and regioselective reduction of the ketone at C9 occurs: how these elegant chemical and conformational changes are controlled is not yet known. Here, we perform protein-protein docking, protein NMR, and extensive molecular dynamics simulations to reveal a probable mode of association between actACP and actKR; we obtain and analyze a detailed model of the C7-C12-cyclized octaketide within the actKR active site; and we confirm this model through multiscale (QM/MM) reaction simulations of the key ketoreduction step. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the most thermodynamically stable cyclized octaketide isomer (7R,12R) also gives rise to the most reaction competent conformations for ketoreduction. Subsequent reaction simulations show that ketoreduction is stereoselective as well as regioselective, resulting in an S-alcohol. Our simulations further indicate several conserved residues that may be involved in selectivity of C7-12 cyclization and C9 ketoreduction. Detailed insights obtained on ACP-based substrate presentation in type II PKSs can help design ACP-ketoreductase systems with altered regio- or stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano
A. Serapian
- School
of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - John Crosby
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P. Crump
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Marc W. van der Kamp
- School
of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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9
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Castro-Falcón G, Creamer KE, Chase AB, Kim MC, Sweeney D, Glukhov E, Fenical W, Jensen PR. Structure and Candidate Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of a Manumycin-Type Metabolite from Salinispora pacifica. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:980-986. [PMID: 35263117 PMCID: PMC9209988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A new manumycin-type natural product named pacificamide (1) and its candidate biosynthetic gene cluster (pac) were discovered from the marine actinobacterium Salinispora pacifica CNT-855. The structure of the compound was determined using NMR, electronic circular dichroism, and bioinformatic predictions. The pac gene cluster is unique to S. pacifica and found in only two of the 119 Salinispora genomes analyzed across nine species. Comparative analyses of biosynthetic gene clusters encoding the production of related manumycin-type compounds revealed genetic differences in accordance with the unique pacificamide structure. Further queries of manumycin-type gene clusters from public databases revealed their limited distribution across the phylum Actinobacteria and orphan diversity that suggests additional products remain to be discovered in this compound class. Production of the known metabolite triacsin D is also reported for the first time from the genus Salinispora. This study adds two classes of compounds to the natural product collective isolated from the genus Salinispora, which has proven to be a useful model for natural product research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Castro-Falcón
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kaitlin E Creamer
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Alexander B Chase
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Min Cheol Kim
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Douglas Sweeney
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Evgenia Glukhov
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - William Fenical
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Paul R Jensen
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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10
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Katiki M, Neetu N, Pratap S, Kumar P. Biochemical and structural basis for Moraxella catarrhalis enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI) inhibition by triclosan and estradiol. Biochimie 2022; 198:8-22. [PMID: 35276316 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR) is an established drug target and catalyzes the last reduction step of the fatty acid elongation cycle. Here, we report the crystal structures of FabI from Moraxella catarrhalis (McFabI) in the apo form, binary complex with NAD+ and ternary complex with NAD + -triclosan (TCL) determined at 2.36, 2.12 and 2.22 Å resolutions, respectively. The comparative study of these three structures revealed three different conformational states for the substrate-binding loop (SBL), including an unstructured intermediate, a structured intermediate and a closed conformation in the apo, binary and ternary complex forms, respectively; indicating the flexibility of SBL during the ligand binding. Virtual screening has suggested that estradiol cypionate may be a potential inhibitor of McFabI. Subsequently, estradiol (EST), the natural form of estradiol cypionate, was assessed for its FabI-binding and -inhibition properties. In vitro studies demonstrated that TCL and EST bind to McFabI with high affinity (KD = 0.038 ± 0.004 and 5 ± 0.06 μM respectively) and inhibit its activity (Ki = 62.93 ± 3.95 nM and 25.97 ± 1.93 μM respectively) and suppress the growth of M. catarrhalis. These findings reveal that TCL and EST inhibit the McFabI activity and thereby affect cell growth. This study suggests that estradiol may be exploited as a novel scaffold for the designing and development of more potential FabI inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudhanarao Katiki
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Neetu Neetu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Shivendra Pratap
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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11
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Joyner PM, Tran DP, Zenaidee MA, Loo JA. Characterization of protein-ligand binding interactions of enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI) by native MS reveals allosteric effects of coenzymes and the inhibitor triclosan. Protein Sci 2022; 31:568-579. [PMID: 34882866 PMCID: PMC8862436 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme enoyl-ACP reductase (also called FabI in bacteria) is an essential member of the fatty acid synthase II pathway in plants and bacteria. This enzyme is the target of the antibacterial drug triclosan and has been the subject of extensive studies for the past 20 years. Despite the large number of reports describing the biochemistry of this enzyme, there have been no studies that provided direct observation of the protein and its various ligands. Here we describe the use of native MS to characterize the protein-ligand interactions of FabI with its coenzymes NAD+ and NADH and with the inhibitor triclosan. Measurements of the gas-phase affinities of the enzyme for these ligands yielded values that are in close agreement with solution-phase affinity measurements. Additionally, FabI is a homotetramer and we were able to measure the affinity of each subunit for each coenzyme, which revealed that both coenzymes exhibit a positive homotropic allosteric effect. An allosteric effect was also observed in association with the inhibitor triclosan. These observations provide new insights into this well-studied enzyme and suggest that there may still be gaps in the existing mechanistic models that explain FabI inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Matthew Joyner
- Natural Science DivisionPepperdine UniversityMalibuCaliforniaUSA,Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Denise P. Tran
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA,Sydney Mass SpectrometryThe University of Sydney, Charles Perkins CentreCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Muhammad A. Zenaidee
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA,Australian Proteome Analysis FacilityMacquarie UniversityMacquarieNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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12
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Malekshah RE, Shakeri F, Aallaei M, Hemati M, Khaleghian A. Biological evaluation, proposed molecular mechanism through docking and molecular dynamic simulation of derivatives of chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:948-966. [PMID: 33152362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized Schiff base and its complexes derivatives of chitosan (CS) in order to develop antibiotic compounds based on functionalized-chitosan against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. IR, UV-Vis, AFM, SEM, Melting point, X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis, and 1H NMR techniques were employed to characterize the chemical structures and properties of these compounds. XRD, UV-Vis, and 1H NMR techniques confirmed the formation of Schiff base and its functionalized-chitosan to metals. Subsequently, our antibacterial studies revealed that antibacterial activities of [Zn(Schiff base)(CS)] against S. aureus bacteria increased compared to those of their compounds. In addition, hemolysis test of CS-Schiff base-Cu(II) demonstrated better hemolytic activity than vitamin C, CS-Schiff base, CS-Schiff base-Zn(II), and CS-Schiff base-Ni(II). In a computational strategy, we carried out the optimization of compounds with molecular mechanics (MM+), Semi-emprical (AM1), Abinitio (STO-3G), AMBER, BIO+(CHARMM), and OPLS. Frontier orbital density distributions (HOMO and LUMO), and the optimized computational UV of the compounds were assessed. The optimized computational UV-Vis was similar to the experimental UV-Vis. We applied the docking methods to predict the DNA binding affinity, Staphylococcus aureus enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (ENRs), and Staphylococcus aureus enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (saFabI). Ultimately, the obtained data herein suggested that Schiff base is more selective toward ENRs and saFabI compared to chitosan, its complexes, and metronidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahime Eshaghi Malekshah
- Medical Biomaterial Research Centre (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farideh Shakeri
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Aallaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maral Hemati
- Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Khaleghian
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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13
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Altaf S, Haider A, Naz S, Ul-Hamid A, Haider J, Imran M, Shahzadi A, Naz M, Ajaz H, Ikram M. Comparative Study of Selenides and Tellurides of Transition Metals (Nb and Ta) with Respect to its Catalytic, Antimicrobial, and Molecular Docking Performance. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 15:144. [PMID: 32643064 PMCID: PMC7343698 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-020-03375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The present research is a comparative study that reports an economical and accessible method to synthesize niobium (Nb) and Tantalum (Ta) selenides and tellurides with useful application in the removal of pollutants in textile, paper, and dyeing industries as well as in medical field. In this study, solid-state process was used to generate nanocomposites and various characterization techniques were employed to compare two groups of materials under investigation. Structure, morphology, elemental constitution, and functional groups of synthesized materials were analyzed with XRD, FESEM coupled with EDS, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. HR-TEM images displayed nanoscale particles with tetragonal and monoclinic crystal structures. The optical properties were evaluated in terms of cut-off wavelength and optical band gap using UV-visible spectroscopy. A comparative behavior of both groups of compounds was assessed with regards to their catalytic and microcidal properties. Extracted nanocomposites when used as catalysts, though isomorphs of each other, showed markedly different behavior in catalytic degradation of MB dye in the presence of NaBH4 that was employed as a reducing agent. This peculiar deviation might be attributed to slight structural differences between them. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (G -ve and + ve bacteria, respectively) were designated as model strains for in vitro antibacterial tests of both clusters by employing disk diffusion method. Superior antibacterial efficacy was observed for telluride system (significant inhibition zones of 26-35 mm) compared with selenide system (diameter of inhibition zone ranged from 0.8 mm to 1.9 mm). In addition, molecular docking study was undertaken to ascertain the binding interaction pattern between NPs and active sites in targeted cell protein. The findings were in agreement with antimicrobial test results suggesting NbTe4 to be the best inhibitor against FabH and FabI enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Altaf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - A Haider
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan
| | - S Naz
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - A Ul-Hamid
- Center for Engineering Research, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Haider
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - M Imran
- State key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing Engineering Center for Hierarchical Catalysts, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - A Shahzadi
- University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - M Naz
- Biochemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan
| | - H Ajaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - M Ikram
- Solar Cell Applications Research Lab, Department of Physics, Government College University, Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan.
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14
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Fage CD, Lathouwers T, Vanmeert M, Gao L, Vrancken K, Lammens E, Weir ANM, Degroote R, Cuppens H, Kosol S, Simpson TJ, Crump MP, Willis CL, Herdewijn P, Lescrinier E, Lavigne R, Anné J, Masschelein J. The Kalimantacin Polyketide Antibiotics Inhibit Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in
Staphylococcus aureus
by Targeting the Enoyl‐Acyl Carrier Protein Binding Site of FabI. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Lathouwers
- Laboratory of Gene Technology KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, PO Box 2462 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Michiel Vanmeert
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Rega Institute for Medical Research Herestraat 49, PO Box 1041 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Ling‐Jie Gao
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Rega Institute for Medical Research Herestraat 49, PO Box 1041 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Kristof Vrancken
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology Rega Institute for Medical Research Herestraat 49, PO Box 1037 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Eveline‐Marie Lammens
- Laboratory of Gene Technology KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, PO Box 2462 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Angus N. M. Weir
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Ruben Degroote
- Laboratory of Gene Technology KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, PO Box 2462 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Harry Cuppens
- Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Simone Kosol
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Thomas J. Simpson
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Matthew P. Crump
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Christine L. Willis
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Rega Institute for Medical Research Herestraat 49, PO Box 1041 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Rega Institute for Medical Research Herestraat 49, PO Box 1041 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, PO Box 2462 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Jozef Anné
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology Rega Institute for Medical Research Herestraat 49, PO Box 1037 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Joleen Masschelein
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Rega Institute for Medical Research Herestraat 49, PO Box 1041 3000 Leuven Belgium
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Discovery and Engineering KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, box 2438 3001 Heverlee Belgium
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15
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Radka CD, Frank MW, Yao J, Seetharaman J, Miller DJ, Rock CO. The genome of a Bacteroidetes inhabitant of the human gut encodes a structurally distinct enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI). J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7635-7652. [PMID: 32317282 PMCID: PMC7261799 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI) catalyzes a rate-controlling step in bacterial fatty-acid synthesis and is a target for antibacterial drug development. A phylogenetic analysis shows that FabIs fall into four divergent clades. Members of clades 1-3 have been structurally and biochemically characterized, but the fourth clade, found in members of phylum Bacteroidetes, is uncharacterized. Here, we identified the unique structure and conformational changes that distinguish clade 4 FabIs. Alistipes finegoldii is a prototypical Bacteroidetes inhabitant of the gut microbiome. We found that A. finegoldii FabI (AfFabI) displays cooperative kinetics and uses NADH as a cofactor, and its crystal structure at 1.72 Å resolution showed that it adopts a Rossmann fold as do other characterized FabIs. It also disclosed a carboxyl-terminal extension that forms a helix-helix interaction that links the protomers as a unique feature of AfFabI. An AfFabI·NADH crystal structure at 1.86 Å resolution revealed that this feature undergoes a large conformational change to participate in covering the NADH-binding pocket and establishing the water channels that connect the active site to the central water well. Progressive deletion of these interactions led to catalytically compromised proteins that fail to bind NADH. This unique conformational change imparted a distinct shape to the AfFabI active site that renders it refractory to a FabI drug that targets clade 1 and 3 pathogens. We conclude that the clade 4 FabI, found in the Bacteroidetes inhabitants of the gut, have several structural features and conformational transitions that distinguish them from other bacterial FabIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Radka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Matthew W. Frank
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Jiangwei Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Jayaraman Seetharaman
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Darcie J. Miller
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Charles O. Rock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, To whom correspondence should be addressed:
262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105. Tel.:
901-595-3491; E-mail:
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16
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Fage CD, Lathouwers T, Vanmeert M, Gao L, Vrancken K, Lammens E, Weir ANM, Degroote R, Cuppens H, Kosol S, Simpson TJ, Crump MP, Willis CL, Herdewijn P, Lescrinier E, Lavigne R, Anné J, Masschelein J. The Kalimantacin Polyketide Antibiotics Inhibit Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in
Staphylococcus aureus
by Targeting the Enoyl‐Acyl Carrier Protein Binding Site of FabI. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10549-10556. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Lathouwers
- Laboratory of Gene Technology KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, PO Box 2462 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Michiel Vanmeert
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Rega Institute for Medical Research Herestraat 49, PO Box 1041 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Ling‐Jie Gao
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Rega Institute for Medical Research Herestraat 49, PO Box 1041 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Kristof Vrancken
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology Rega Institute for Medical Research Herestraat 49, PO Box 1037 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Eveline‐Marie Lammens
- Laboratory of Gene Technology KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, PO Box 2462 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Angus N. M. Weir
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Ruben Degroote
- Laboratory of Gene Technology KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, PO Box 2462 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Harry Cuppens
- Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Simone Kosol
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Thomas J. Simpson
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Matthew P. Crump
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Christine L. Willis
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Rega Institute for Medical Research Herestraat 49, PO Box 1041 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Rega Institute for Medical Research Herestraat 49, PO Box 1041 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, PO Box 2462 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Jozef Anné
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology Rega Institute for Medical Research Herestraat 49, PO Box 1037 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Joleen Masschelein
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Rega Institute for Medical Research Herestraat 49, PO Box 1041 3000 Leuven Belgium
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Discovery and Engineering KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, box 2438 3001 Heverlee Belgium
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17
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Kronenberger T, de Oliveira Fernades P, Drumond Franco I, Poso A, Gonçalves Maltarollo V. Ligand- and Structure-Based Approaches of Escherichia coli FabI Inhibition by Triclosan Derivatives: From Chemical Similarity to Protein Dynamics Influence. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1995-2004. [PMID: 31670463 PMCID: PMC6916556 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enoyl‐acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI) is the limiting step to complete the elongation cycle in type II fatty acid synthase (FAS) systems and is a relevant target for antibacterial drugs. E. coli FabI has been employed as a model to develop new inhibitors against FAS, especially triclosan and diphenyl ether derivatives. Chemical similarity models (CSM) were used to understand which features were relevant for FabI inhibition. Exhaustive screening of different CSM parameter combinations featured chemical groups, such as the hydroxy group, as relevant to distinguish between active/decoy compounds. Those chemical features can interact with the catalytic Tyr156. Further molecular dynamics simulation of FabI revealed the ionization state as a relevant for ligand stability. Also, our models point the balance between potency and the occupancy of the hydrophobic pocket. This work discusses the strengths and weak points of each technique, highlighting the importance of complementarity among approaches to elucidate EcFabI inhibitor's binding mode and offers insights for future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales Kronenberger
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology, Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland Faculty of Health Sciences, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Philipe de Oliveira Fernades
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.,Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 -, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Isabella Drumond Franco
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Antti Poso
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology, Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland Faculty of Health Sciences, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Vinícius Gonçalves Maltarollo
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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18
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Maltarollo VG. Classification of Staphylococcus Aureus FabI Inhibitors by Machine Learning Techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4018/ijqspr.2019100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI) is a key enzyme in the fatty acid metabolism of gram-positive bacteria and is considered a potential target for new antibacterial drugs development. Indeed, triclosan is a widely employed antibacterial and AFN-1252 is currently under phase-II clinical trials, both are known as FabI inhibitors. Nowadays, there is an urgent need for new drug discovery due to increasing antibacterial resistance. In the present study, classification models using machine learning techniques were generated to distinguish SaFabI inhibitors from non-inhibitors successfully (e.g., Mathews correlation coefficient values equal to 0.837 and 0.789 calculated with internal and external validations). The interpretation of a selected model indicates that larger compounds, number of N atoms and the distance between central amide and naphthyridinone ring are important to biological activity, corroborating previous studies. Therefore, these obtained information and generated models can be useful for design/discovery of novel bioactive ligands as potential antibacterial agents.
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19
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Narkhede Y, Merget B, Wagner S, Sotriffer C. Activity-based classification circumvents affinity prediction problems for pyrrolidine carboxamide inhibitors of InhA. J Mol Graph Model 2018; 80:76-84. [PMID: 29328993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Developing reliable structure-based activity prediction models for a particular ligand series can be challenging if the target is flexible and the affinity range of the training compounds is narrow. For a data set of 44 pyrrolidine carboxamide inhibitors of the mycobacterial enoyl-ACP-reductase InhA this proved to be case, as scoring methods of various origin and complexity did not succeed in providing practically useful correlations with experimental inhibition data. In contrast, logistic regression models for activity-based classification trained with combinations of scoring functions led to good separation of the more active inhibitors from the weakest compounds. The approach is suggested as an alternative in cases where classical scoring and ranking procedures fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Narkhede
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Merget
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Wagner
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Sotriffer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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20
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Gustafsson C, Vassiliev S, Kürten C, Syrén PO, Brinck T. MD Simulations Reveal Complex Water Paths in Squalene-Hopene Cyclase: Tunnel-Obstructing Mutations Increase the Flow of Water in the Active Site. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:8495-8506. [PMID: 31457386 PMCID: PMC6645472 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Squalene-hopene cyclase catalyzes the cyclization of squalene to hopanoids. A previous study has identified a network of tunnels in the protein, where water molecules have been indicated to move. Blocking these tunnels by site-directed mutagenesis was found to change the activation entropy of the catalytic reaction from positive to negative with a concomitant lowering of the activation enthalpy. As a consequence, some variants are faster and others are slower than the wild type (wt) in vitro under optimal reaction conditions for the wt. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed for the wt and the variants to investigate how the mutations affect the protein structure and the water flow in the enzyme, hypothetically influencing the activation parameters. Interestingly, the tunnel-obstructing variants are associated with an increased flow of water in the active site, particularly close to the catalytic residue Asp376. MD simulations with the substrate present in the active site indicate that the distance for the rate-determining proton transfer between Asp376 and the substrate is longer in the tunnel-obstructing protein variants than in the wt. On the basis of the previous experimental results and the current MD results, we propose that the tunnel-obstructing variants, at least partly, could operate by a different catalytic mechanism, where the proton transfer may have contributions from a Grotthuss-like mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Gustafsson
- Applied
Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 36, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Serguei Vassiliev
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Brock University, Mackenzie Chown F 234, 1812 Sir
Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Charlotte Kürten
- Science
for Life Laboratory, Stockholm—School of Biotechnology, Division
of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Syrén
- Applied
Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 36, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Science
for Life Laboratory, Stockholm—School of Biotechnology, Division
of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Tore Brinck
- Applied
Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 36, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Spyrakis F, Ahmed MH, Bayden AS, Cozzini P, Mozzarelli A, Kellogg GE. The Roles of Water in the Protein Matrix: A Largely Untapped Resource for Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6781-6827. [PMID: 28475332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The value of thoroughly understanding the thermodynamics specific to a drug discovery/design study is well known. Over the past decade, the crucial roles of water molecules in protein structure, function, and dynamics have also become increasingly appreciated. This Perspective explores water in the biological environment by adopting its point of view in such phenomena. The prevailing thermodynamic models of the past, where water was seen largely in terms of an entropic gain after its displacement by a ligand, are now known to be much too simplistic. We adopt a set of terminology that describes water molecules as being "hot" and "cold", which we have defined as being easy and difficult to displace, respectively. The basis of these designations, which involve both enthalpic and entropic water contributions, are explored in several classes of biomolecules and structural motifs. The hallmarks for characterizing water molecules are examined, and computational tools for evaluating water-centric thermodynamics are reviewed. This Perspective's summary features guidelines for exploiting water molecules in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Spyrakis
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Mostafa H Ahmed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23298-0540, United States
| | - Alexander S Bayden
- CMD Bioscience , 5 Science Park, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Pietro Cozzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Laboratorio di Modellistica Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 59/A, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43121 Parma, Italy.,Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Glen E Kellogg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23298-0540, United States
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22
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Studies of Staphylococcus aureus FabI inhibitors: fragment-based approach based on holographic structure-activity relationship analyses. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:135-151. [PMID: 28128979 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM FabI is a key enzyme in the fatty acid metabolism of Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and is an established drug target for known antibiotics such as triclosan. However, due to increasing antibacterial resistance, there is an urgent demand for new drug discovery. Recently, aminopyridine derivatives have been proposed as promising competitive inhibitors of FabI. METHODS In the present study, holographic structure-activity relationship (HQSAR) analyses were employed for determining structural contributions of a series containing 105 FabI inhibitors. RESULTS & CONCLUSION The final HQSAR model was robust and predictive according to statistical validation (q2 and r2pred equal to 0.696 and 0.854, respectively) and could be further employed to generate fragment contribution maps. Then, final HQSAR model together with FabI active site information can be useful for designing novel bioactive ligands.
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23
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Mistry TL, Truong L, Ghosh AK, Johnson ME, Mehboob S. Benzimidazole-Based FabI Inhibitors: A Promising Novel Scaffold for Anti-staphylococcal Drug Development. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:54-61. [PMID: 27756129 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI) enzyme is a well validated target for anti-staphylococcal drug discovery and development. With the goal of finding alternate therapeutics for drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), our previously published series of benzimidazole-based inhibitors of the FabI enzyme from Francisella tularensis (FtFabI) have been evaluated against FabI from S. aureus (SaFabI). We report here the preliminary structure-activity relationship of this series and the prioritization of compounds toward lead optimization. Mutational studies have identified key residues that contribute toward stabilizing the inhibitors in the active site of FabI. Mutations that do not significantly impact enzyme function but destabilize inhibitor binding are more likely to occur in nature as organisms evolve to evade the action of antibiotics leading to resistance. Identifying these residues provides guidance for minimizing susceptibility to resistance. Additionally, we have identified compounds that elicit antibacterial activity through off-target effects and observe that close analogs can display differing modes of action (on-target vs off-target) and need to be individually evaluated early on to prioritize compounds for lead optimization. Overall, our data suggest that the benzimidazole scaffold is a promising scaffold for anti-staphylococcal drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L. Mistry
- Center
for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Lena Truong
- Center
for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Michael E. Johnson
- Center
for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Novalex Therapeutics, 2242 W. Harrison, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Shahila Mehboob
- Novalex Therapeutics, 2242 W. Harrison, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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24
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Daryaee F, Chang A, Schiebel J, Lu Y, Zhang Z, Kapilashrami K, Walker SG, Kisker C, Sotriffer CA, Fisher SL, Tonge PJ. Correlating Drug-Target Kinetics and In vivo Pharmacodynamics: Long Residence Time Inhibitors of the FabI Enoyl-ACP Reductase. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5945-5954. [PMID: 27547299 PMCID: PMC4988406 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc01000h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-target kinetics enable time-dependent changes in target engagement to be quantified as a function of drug concentration. When coupled to drug pharmacokinetics (PK), drug-target kinetics can thus be used to predict in vivo pharmacodynamics (PD). Previously we described a mechanistic PK/PD model that successfully predicted the antibacterial activity of an LpxC inhibitor in a model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. In the present work we demonstrate that the same approach can be used to predict the in vivo activity of an enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI) inhibitor in a model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. This is significant because the LpxC inhibitors are cidal, whereas the FabI inhibitors are static. In addition P. aeruginosa is a Gram-negative organism whereas MRSA is Gram-positive. Thus this study supports the general applicability of our modeling approach across antibacterial space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereidoon Daryaee
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery
, Department of Chemistry
, Stony Brook University
,
Stony Brook
, NY 11794-3400
, USA
.
;
| | - Andrew Chang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery
, Department of Chemistry
, Stony Brook University
,
Stony Brook
, NY 11794-3400
, USA
.
;
| | - Johannes Schiebel
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine
, Institute for Structural Biology
, University of Würzburg
,
D-97080 Würzburg
, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry
, University of Würzburg
,
D-97074 Würzburg
, Germany
| | - Yang Lu
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery
, Department of Chemistry
, Stony Brook University
,
Stony Brook
, NY 11794-3400
, USA
.
;
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery
, Department of Chemistry
, Stony Brook University
,
Stony Brook
, NY 11794-3400
, USA
.
;
| | - Kanishk Kapilashrami
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery
, Department of Chemistry
, Stony Brook University
,
Stony Brook
, NY 11794-3400
, USA
.
;
| | - Stephen G. Walker
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery
, Department of Oral Biology and Pathology
, Stony Brook University
,
Stony Brook
, NY 11794-3400
, USA
| | - Caroline Kisker
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine
, Institute for Structural Biology
, University of Würzburg
,
D-97080 Würzburg
, Germany
| | - Christoph A. Sotriffer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry
, University of Würzburg
,
D-97074 Würzburg
, Germany
| | | | - Peter J. Tonge
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery
, Department of Chemistry
, Stony Brook University
,
Stony Brook
, NY 11794-3400
, USA
.
;
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