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Tang Q, Li H, Zhao XT, Li ZY, Ma CX, Zhou SQ, Chen DD. Opportunities and Challenges in the Development of Antibody-Drug Conjugate for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: The Diverse Choices and Changing Needs. World J Oncol 2024; 15:527-542. [PMID: 38993251 PMCID: PMC11236369 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous breast cancer subtype, which is also characterized by the aggressive phenotype, high recurrence rate, and poor prognosis. Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a monoclonal antibody with a cytotoxic payload connected by a linker. ADC is gaining more and more attention as a targeted anti-cancer agent. Clinical studies of emerging ADC drugs such as sacituzumab govitecan and trastuzumab deruxtecan in patients with metastatic breast cancer (including TNBC) are progressing rapidly. In view of its excellent clinical efficacy and good tolerability, Sacituzumab govitecan gained accelerated approval by the FDA for the treatment of advanced metastatic TNBC in 2020. This review discusses the treatment status and challenges in TNBC, with an emphasis on the current status of ADC development and clinical trials in TNBC and metastatic breast cancer. We also summarize the clinical experience and future exploration directions of ADC development for TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Yunnan Cancer Hospital/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, China
- These authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Yunnan Cancer Hospital/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, China
- These authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Xin Tong Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Yunnan Cancer Hospital/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, China
- These authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Ze Ying Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Yunnan Cancer Hospital/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Chun Xiao Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, Yunnan Cancer Hospital/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Shao Qiang Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Yunnan Cancer Hospital/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - De Dian Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Yunnan Cancer Hospital/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, China
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Zardavas D. Clinical development of antibody-drug conjugates in triple negative breast cancer: Can we jump higher? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:633-644. [PMID: 35451891 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2070064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive BC subtype, associated with higher rates of relapse in the primary disease setting and shorter overall survival upon metastatic relapse. The advent of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), able to deliver selectively potent chemotherapeutic agents, has demonstrated promising clinical activity, with the first approval of an ADC, i.e. Sacituzumab Govitecan, in the metastatic setting. The main scope of this paper is to provide the most recent data indicating the promise of this novel class of drugs, as potential tools to improve clinical outcomes of patients diagnosed with TNBC. AREAS COVERED In this article, upon review of the main characteristics of TNBC, and those of ADCs, an overview of the data from clinical trials assessing ADCs in TNBC will be provided, including those that led to the first approval of such a drug for patients with metastatic disease; furthermore, several other ADCs targeting different proteins (over)expressed by TNBC undergo clinical development. Combinations of ADCs with other targeted agents are discussed; the most pertinent considerations for improving the chances of successful clinical development of ADCs in TNBC are provided. EXPERT OPINION ADCs are a potent class of targeted anticancer assets, with demonstrated efficacy against metastatic TNBC. Such assets could further improve clinical outcomes of patients with TNBC, and successful development depends upon: i) successful triaging of patients with the right ADC, ii) technical optimization of ADCs to maximize the efficacy, while reducing toxicity, and iii) assess rationally chosen combinations with synergistic antitumor activity and acceptable safety profile.
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Woodall DW, Dillon TM, Kalenian K, Padaki R, Kuhns S, Semin DJ, Bondarenko PV. Non-targeted characterization of attributes affecting antibody-FcγRIIIa V158 (CD16a) binding via online affinity chromatography-mass spectrometry. MAbs 2022; 14:2004982. [PMID: 34978527 PMCID: PMC8741291 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.2004982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies facilitate targeted cell killing by engaging with immune cells such as natural killer cells through weak binding interactions with Fcγ receptors on the cell surface. Here, we evaluate the binding affinity of the receptor FcγRIIIa V158 (CD16a) for several therapeutic antibody classes, isoforms, and Fc-fusion proteins using an immobilized receptor affinity liquid chromatography (LC) approach coupled with online mass spectrometry (MS) detection. Aglycosylated FcγRIIIa was used in the affinity chromatography and compared with published affinities using glycosylated receptors. Affinity LC-MS differentiated the IgG1 antibodies primarily according to their Fc glycosylation patterns, with highly galactosylated species having greater affinity for the immobilized receptors and thus eluting later from the column (M5< G0F < G0 afucosylated ≅ G1F < G2F). Sialylated species bound weaker to their asialylated counterparts as reported previously. High mannose glycoforms bound weaker than G0F, contrary to previously published studies using glycosylated receptors. Also, increased receptor binding affinity associated with afucosylated antibodies was not observed with the aglycosylated FcγRIIIa. This apparent difference from previous findings highlighted the importance of the glycans on the receptors for mediating stronger binding interactions. Characterization of temperature-stressed samples by LC-MS peptide mapping revealed over 200 chemical and post-translational modifications, but only the Fc glycans, deamidation of EU N325, and an unknown modification to either proline or cysteine residues of the hinge region were found to have a statistically significant impact on binding. Abbreviations: Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), dithiothreitol (DTT), electrospray ionization (ESI), hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX), filter aided-sample preparation (FASP), Fcγ receptor (FcγR), fragment crystallizable (Fc), high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), immunoglobulin G (IgG), liquid chromatography (LC), monoclonal antibody (mAb), mass spectrometry (MS), natural killer (NK), N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NGNA), N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA), principal component analysis (PCA), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and extracted mass chromatogram (XMC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Woodall
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Thomas M Dillon
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Kevin Kalenian
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Rupa Padaki
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Scott Kuhns
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - David J Semin
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Pavel V Bondarenko
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
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4
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Bagal D, Gibson BW. Identification of Proteolysis Products in Protein Therapeutics through TMPP N-Terminal Tagging and Electron Transfer Dissociation Product Triggered Collisional Induced Dissociation Fragmentation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1936-1944. [PMID: 33534996 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thorough characterization of protein therapeutics is often challenging due to the heterogeneity arising from primary sequence variants, post-translational modifications, proteolytic clipping, or incomplete processing of the signal peptide. Modern mass spectrometry (MS) techniques are now routinely used to characterize such heterogeneous protein populations. Here, we present an LC-MS/MS method using (N-succinimidyloxycarbonylmethyl)-tris (2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl) phosphonium bromide (TMPP-Ac-OSu) to label any free N-terminal α-amines to rapidly and selectively identify proteolytic clipping events. Electron transfer dissociation (ETD) fragmentation of these chemically tagged peptides generates two unique TMPP product ions, TMPP+ and TMPP-Ac-NH2/c0. The presence of these signature ions following ETD is used to trigger subsequent collisional induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation of the precursor ion. This results in a small subset of CID tandem MS spectra that are used in a customized database search. Using a purified fusion monoclonal antibody (mAb) as an example, we demonstrate how TMPP labeling followed by ETD product ion triggered CID fragmentation is used to accurately identify two undesired clipping sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanashri Bagal
- Amgen Discovery Research, Discovery Attribute Sciences, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bradford W Gibson
- Amgen Discovery Research, Discovery Attribute Sciences, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Lucas AT, Moody A, Schorzman AN, Zamboni WC. Importance and Considerations of Antibody Engineering in Antibody-Drug Conjugates Development from a Clinical Pharmacologist's Perspective. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:30. [PMID: 34449544 PMCID: PMC8395454 DOI: 10.3390/antib10030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) appear to be in a developmental boom, with five FDA approvals in the last two years and a projected market value of over $4 billion by 2024. Major advancements in the engineering of these novel cytotoxic drug carriers have provided a few early success stories. Although the use of these immunoconjugate agents are still in their infancy, valuable lessons in the engineering of these agents have been learned from both preclinical and clinical failures. It is essential to appreciate how the various mechanisms used to engineer changes in ADCs can alter the complex pharmacology of these agents and allow the ADCs to navigate the modern-day therapeutic challenges within oncology. This review provides a global overview of ADC characteristics which can be engineered to alter the interaction with the immune system, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, and therapeutic index of ADCs. In addition, this review will highlight some of the engineering approaches being explored in the creation of the next generation of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Lucas
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.T.L.); (A.N.S.)
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Amber Moody
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Allison N. Schorzman
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.T.L.); (A.N.S.)
| | - William C. Zamboni
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.T.L.); (A.N.S.)
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Glolytics, LLC, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
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6
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Li WQ, Guo HF, Li LY, Zhang YF, Cui JW. The promising role of antibody drug conjugate in cancer therapy: Combining targeting ability with cytotoxicity effectively. Cancer Med 2021; 10:4677-4696. [PMID: 34165267 PMCID: PMC8290258 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Traditional cancer therapy has many disadvantages such as low selectivity and high toxicity of chemotherapy, as well as insufficient efficacy of targeted therapy. To enhance the cytotoxic effect and targeting ability, while reducing the toxicity of antitumor drugs, an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) was developed to deliver small molecular cytotoxic payloads directly to tumor cells by binding to specific antibodies via linkers. Method By reviewing published literature and the current progress of ADCs, we aimed to summarize the basic characteristics, clinical progress, and challenges of ADCs to provide a reference for clinical practice and further research. Results ADC is a conjugate composed of three fundamental components, including monoclonal antibodies, cytotoxic payloads, and stable linkers. The mechanisms of ADC including the classical internalization pathway, antitumor activity of antibodies, bystander effect, and non‐internalizing mechanism. With the development of new drugs and advances in technology, various ADCs have achieved clinical efficacy. To date, nine ADCs have received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in the field of hematologic tumors and solid tumors, which have become routine clinical treatments. Conclusion ADC has changed traditional treatment patterns for cancer patients, which enable the same treatment for pancreatic cancer patients and promote individualized precision treatment. Further exploration of indications could focus on early‐stage cancer patients and combined therapy settings. Besides, the mechanisms of drug resistance, manufacturing techniques, optimized treatment regimens, and appropriate patient selection remain the major topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qian Li
- Department of Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Han-Fei Guo
- Department of Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ling-Yu Li
- Department of Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yong-Fei Zhang
- Department of Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiu-Wei Cui
- Department of Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Hamuro Y, Derebe MG, Venkataramani S, Nemeth JF. The effects of intramolecular and intermolecular electrostatic repulsions on the stability and aggregation of NISTmAb revealed by HDX-MS, DSC, and nanoDSF. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1686-1700. [PMID: 34060159 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The stability and aggregation of NIST monoclonal antibody (NISTmAb) were investigated by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and nano-differential scanning fluorimetry (nanoDSF). NISTmAb was prepared in eight formulations at four different pHs (pH 5, 6, 7, and 8) in the presence and absence of 150 mM NaCl and analyzed by the three methods. The HDX-MS results showed that NISTmAb is more conformationally stable at a pH near its isoelectric point (pI) in the presence of NaCl than a pH far from its pI in the absence of NaCl. The stabilization effects were global and not localized. The midpoint temperature of protein thermal unfolding transition results also showed the CH 2 domain of the protein is more conformationally stable at a pH near its pI. On the other hand, the onset of aggregation temperature results showed that NISTmAb is less prone to aggregate at a pH far from its pI, particularly in the absence of NaCl. These seemingly contradicting results, higher conformational stability yet higher aggregation propensity near the pI than far away from the pI, can be explained by intramolecular and intermolecular electrostatic repulsion using Lumry-Eyring model, which separates folding/unfolding equilibrium and aggregation event. The further a pH from the pI, the higher the net charge of the protein. The higher net charge leads to greater intramolecular and intermolecular electrostatic repulsions. The greater intramolecular electrostatic repulsion destabilizes the protein and the greater intermolecular electrostatic repulsion prevents aggregation of the protein molecules at pH far from the pI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehabaw Getahun Derebe
- Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.,Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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Monoclonal antibody stability can be usefully monitored using the excitation-energy-dependent fluorescence edge-shift. Biochem J 2021; 477:3599-3612. [PMID: 32869839 PMCID: PMC7527260 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Among the major challenges in the development of biopharmaceuticals are structural heterogeneity and aggregation. The development of a successful therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) requires both a highly active and also stable molecule. Whilst a range of experimental (biophysical) approaches exist to track changes in stability of proteins, routine prediction of stability remains challenging. The fluorescence red edge excitation shift (REES) phenomenon is sensitive to a range of changes in protein structure. Based on recent work, we have found that quantifying the REES effect is extremely sensitive to changes in protein conformational state and dynamics. Given the extreme sensitivity, potentially this tool could provide a ‘fingerprint’ of the structure and stability of a protein. Such a tool would be useful in the discovery and development of biopharamceuticals and so we have explored our hypothesis with a panel of therapeutic mAbs. We demonstrate that the quantified REES data show remarkable sensitivity, being able to discern between structurally identical antibodies and showing sensitivity to unfolding and aggregation. The approach works across a broad concentration range (µg–mg/ml) and is highly consistent. We show that the approach can be applied alongside traditional characterisation testing within the context of a forced degradation study (FDS). Most importantly, we demonstrate the approach is able to predict the stability of mAbs both in the short (hours), medium (days) and long-term (months). The quantified REES data will find immediate use in the biopharmaceutical industry in quality assurance, formulation and development. The approach benefits from low technical complexity, is rapid and uses instrumentation which exists in most biochemistry laboratories without modification.
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Criscitiello C, Morganti S, Curigliano G. Antibody-drug conjugates in solid tumors: a look into novel targets. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:20. [PMID: 33509252 PMCID: PMC7844898 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a relatively new class of anticancer agents designed to merge the selectivity of monoclonal antibodies with cell killing properties of chemotherapy. They are commonly described as the "Trojan Horses" of therapeutic armamentarium, because of their capability of directly conveying cytotoxic drug (payloads) into the tumor space, thus transforming chemotherapy into a targeted agent. Three novel ADCs have been recently approved, i.e., trastuzumab deruxtecan, sacituzumab govitecan and enfortumab vedotin, respectively, targeting HER2, Trop2 and Nectin4. Thanks to progressive advances in engineering technologies these drugs rely on, the spectrum of diseases sensitive to these drugs as well as their indications are in continuous expansion. Several novel ADCs are under evaluation, exploring new potential targets along with innovative payloads. This review aims at providing a summary of the technology behind these compounds and at presenting the latest ADCs approved in solid tumors, as well as at describing novel targets for ADCs under investigation and new strategies to optimize their efficacy in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Criscitiello
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Morganti
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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10
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Limpikirati PK, Zhao B, Pan X, Eyles SJ, Vachet RW. Covalent Labeling/Mass Spectrometry of Monoclonal Antibodies with Diethylpyrocarbonate: Reaction Kinetics for Ensuring Protein Structural Integrity. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1223-1232. [PMID: 32310649 PMCID: PMC7370534 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC)-based covalent labeling together with mass spectrometry is a promising tool for the higher-order structural analysis of antibody therapeutics. Reliable information about antibody higher-order structure can be obtained, though, only when the protein's structural integrity is preserved during labeling. In this work, we have evaluated the applicability of DEPC reaction kinetics for ensuring the structural integrity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) during labeling. By monitoring the modification extent of selected proteolytic fragments as a function of DEPC concentration, we find that a common DEPC concentration can be used for different monoclonal antibodies in formulated samples without perturbing their higher-order structure. Under these labeling conditions, we find that the antibodies can accommodate up to four DEPC modifications without being structurally perturbed, indicating that multidomain proteins can withstand more than one label, which contrasts to previously studied single-domain proteins. This more extensive labeling provides a more sensitive measure of structure, making DEPC-based covalent labeling-mass spectrometry suitable for the higher-order structural analyses of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patanachai K. Limpikirati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Xiao Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Stephen J. Eyles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Richard W. Vachet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Corresponding author, Phone: (413) 545-2733 (R.W.V.)
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Botzanowski T, Hernandez-Alba O, Malissard M, Wagner-Rousset E, Deslignière E, Colas O, Haeuw JF, Beck A, Cianférani S. Middle Level IM–MS and CIU Experiments for Improved Therapeutic Immunoglobulin Subclass Fingerprinting. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8827-8835. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Botzanowski
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Martine Malissard
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Elsa Wagner-Rousset
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Evolène Deslignière
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Colas
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Jean-François Haeuw
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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12
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Zhang Z. Complete Extraction of Protein Dynamics Information in Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry Data. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6486-6494. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Zhang
- Process Development, Amgen Incorporated, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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13
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The Impact of Immunoglobulin G1 Fc Sialylation on Backbone Amide H/D Exchange. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040049. [PMID: 31581521 PMCID: PMC6963987 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The usefulness of higher-order structural information provided by hydrogen/deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (H/DX-MS) for the structural impact analyses of chemical and post-translational antibody modifications has been demonstrated in various studies. However, the structure-function assessment for protein drugs in biopharmaceutical research and development is often impeded by the relatively low-abundance (below 5%) of critical quality attributes or by overlapping effects of modifications, such as glycosylation, with chemical amino acid modifications; e.g., oxidation or deamidation. We present results demonstrating the applicability of the H/DX-MS technique to monitor conformational changes of specific Fc glycosylation variants produced by in vitro glyco-engineering technology. A trend towards less H/DX in Fc Cγ2 domain segments correlating with larger glycan structures could be confirmed. Furthermore, significant deuterium uptake differences and corresponding binding properties to Fc receptors (as monitored by SPR) between α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialylated Fc glycosylation variants were verified at sensitive levels.
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14
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Yu B, Liu D. Antibody-drug conjugates in clinical trials for lymphoid malignancies and multiple myeloma. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:94. [PMID: 31500657 PMCID: PMC6734251 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) represent a distinct family of chemoimmunotherapy agents. ADCs are composed of monoclonal antibodies conjugated to cytotoxic payloads via specialized chemical linkers. ADCs therefore combine the immune therapy with targeted chemotherapy. Due to the distinct biomarkers associated with lymphocytes and plasma cells, ADCs have emerged as a promising treatment option for lymphoid malignancies and multiple myeloma. Several ADCs have been approved for clinical applications: brentuximab vedotin, inotuzumab ozogamicin, moxetumomab pasudotox, and polatuzumab vedotin. More novel ADCs are under clinical development. In this article, we summarized the general principles for ADC design, and updated novel ADCs under various stages of clinical trials for lymphoid malignancies and multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Department of Medicine, Lincoln Medical Center, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Delong Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY USA
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15
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Hui GK, Gardener AD, Begum H, Eldrid C, Thalassinos K, Gor J, Perkins SJ. The solution structure of the human IgG2 subclass is distinct from those for human IgG1 and IgG4 providing an explanation for their discrete functions. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10789-10806. [PMID: 31088911 PMCID: PMC6635440 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human IgG2 antibody displays distinct therapeutically-useful properties compared with the IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4 antibody subclasses. IgG2 is the second most abundant IgG subclass, being able to bind human FcγRII/FcγRIII but not to FcγRI or complement C1q. Structural information on IgG2 is limited by the absence of a full-length crystal structure for this. To this end, we determined the solution structure of human myeloma IgG2 by atomistic X-ray and neutron-scattering modeling. Analytical ultracentrifugation disclosed that IgG2 is monomeric with a sedimentation coefficient (s20, w0) of 7.2 S. IgG2 dimer formation was ≤5% and independent of the buffer conditions. Small-angle X-ray scattering in a range of NaCl concentrations and in light and heavy water revealed that the X-ray radius of gyration (Rg ) is 5.2-5.4 nm, after allowing for radiation damage at higher concentrations, and that the neutron Rg value of 5.0 nm remained unchanged in all conditions. The X-ray and neutron distance distribution curves (P(r)) revealed two peaks, M1 and M2, that were unchanged in different buffers. The creation of >123,000 physically-realistic atomistic models by Monte Carlo simulations for joint X-ray and neutron-scattering curve fits, constrained by the requirement of correct disulfide bridges in the hinge, resulted in the determination of symmetric Y-shaped IgG2 structures. These molecular structures were distinct from those for asymmetric IgG1 and asymmetric and symmetric IgG4 and were attributable to the four hinge disulfides. Our IgG2 structures rationalize the existence of the human IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 subclasses and explain the receptor-binding functions of IgG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gar Kay Hui
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Antoni D Gardener
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Halima Begum
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Eldrid
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Thalassinos
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Jayesh Gor
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Perkins
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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16
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Dixit SM, Ruotolo BT. A Semi-Empirical Framework for Interpreting Traveling Wave Ion Mobility Arrival Time Distributions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:956-966. [PMID: 30815838 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The inherent structural heterogeneity of biomolecules is an important biophysical property that is essential to their function, but is challenging to characterize experimentally. We present a workflow that rapidly and quantitatively assesses the conformational heterogeneity of peptides and proteins in the gas phase using traveling wave ion mobility (TWIM) arrival time distributions (ATDs). We have established a set of semi-empirical equations that model the TWIM ATD peak width and resolution across a wide range of wave amplitudes (V) and wave velocities (v). In addition, a conformational broadening parameter, δ, can be extracted from this analysis that reports on the contribution of conformational heterogeneity to the broadening of TWIM ATD peak width during ion mobility separation. We use this δ value to evaluate the conformational heterogeneity of a set of helical peptides, and our analysis correlates well with previous peak width observations reported for these ions. Furthermore, we use molecular dynamics simulations to independently investigate the general flexibility of these peptides in the gas phase, and generate similar trends found in experimental TWIM data. Finally, we extended our analysis to Avidin, a 64-kDa homotetramer, and quantify the structural heterogeneity of this intact complex using TWIM ATD data as a function of cross-linking. We observe an initial reduction in δ values as a function of cross-linker concentration, demonstrating the sensitivity of our δ value analysis to changes in flexibility of the assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugyan M Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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17
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Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M, Lotfinia M, Gharibi T, Mardaneh J, Farhadihosseinabadi B, Larki P, Faghfourian B, Sepehr KS, Abbaszadeh-Goudarzi K, Abbaszadeh-Goudarzi G, Johari B, Zali MR, Bagheri N. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) for cancer therapy: Strategies, challenges, and successes. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5628-5642. [PMID: 30478951 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of therapeutic molecules into cancer cells is considered as a promising strategy to tackle cancer. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), in which a monoclonal antibody (mAb) is conjugated to biologically active drugs through chemical linkers, have emerged as a promising class of anticancer treatment agents, being one of the fastest growing fields in cancer therapy. The failure of early ADCs led researchers to explore strategies to develop more effective and improved ADCs with lower levels of unconjugated mAbs and more-stable linkers between the drug and the antibody, which show improved pharmacokinetic properties, therapeutic indexes, and safety profiles. Such improvements resulted in the US Food and Drug Administration approvals of brentuximab vedotin, trastuzumab emtansine, and, more recently, inotuzumab ozogamicin. In addition, recent clinical outcomes have sparked additional interest, which leads to the dramatically increased number of ADCs in clinical development. The present review explores ADCs, their main characteristics, and new research developments, as well as discusses strategies for the selection of the most appropriate target antigens, mAbs, cytotoxic drugs, linkers, and conjugation chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghdad Abdollahpour-Alitappeh
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Majid Lotfinia
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tohid Gharibi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Mardaneh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Behrouz Farhadihosseinabadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Larki
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Faghfourian
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Koushan Sineh Sepehr
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Ghasem Abbaszadeh-Goudarzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.,Cancer Prevention Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Behrooz Johari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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18
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Liu-Shin LPY, Fung A, Malhotra A, Ratnaswamy G. Evidence of disulfide bond scrambling during production of an antibody-drug conjugate. MAbs 2018; 10:1190-1199. [PMID: 30339473 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1521128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that are formed using thiol-maleimide chemistry are commonly produced by reactions that occur at or above neutral pHs. Alkaline environments can promote disulfide bond scrambling, and may result in the reconfiguration of interchain disulfide bonds in IgG antibodies, particularly in the IgG2 and IgG4 subclasses. IgG2-A and IgG2-B antibodies generated under basic conditions yielded ADCs with comparable average drug-to-antibody ratios and conjugate distributions. In contrast, the antibody disulfide configuration affected the distribution of ADCs generated under acidic conditions. The similarities of the ADCs derived from alkaline reactions were attributed to the scrambling of interchain disulfide bonds during the partial reduction step, where conversion of the IgG2-A isoform to the IgG2-B isoform was favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Pei-Yao Liu-Shin
- a Analytical and Formulation Development , Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc , Santa Monica , CA , USA.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Adam Fung
- a Analytical and Formulation Development , Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc , Santa Monica , CA , USA
| | - Arun Malhotra
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Gayathri Ratnaswamy
- a Analytical and Formulation Development , Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc , Santa Monica , CA , USA
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19
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Resemann A, Liu-Shin L, Tremintin G, Malhotra A, Fung A, Wang F, Ratnaswamy G, Suckau D. Rapid, automated characterization of disulfide bond scrambling and IgG2 isoform determination. MAbs 2018; 10:1200-1213. [PMID: 30277844 PMCID: PMC6284591 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1512328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human antibodies of the IgG2 subclass exhibit complex inter-chain disulfide bonding patterns that result in three structures, namely A, A/B, and B. In therapeutic applications, the distribution of disulfide isoforms is a critical product quality attribute because each configuration affects higher order structure, stability, isoelectric point, and antigen binding. The current standard for quantification of IgG2 disulfide isoform distribution is based on chromatographic or electrophoretic techniques that require additional characterization using mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods to confirm disulfide linkages. Detailed characterization of the IgG2 disulfide linkages often involve MS/MS approaches that include electrospray ionization or electron-transfer dissociation, and method optimization is often cumbersome due to the large size and heterogeneity of the disulfide-bonded peptides. As reported here, we developed a rapid LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF workflow that can both identify the IgG2 disulfide linkages and provide a semi-quantitative assessment of the distribution of the disulfide isoforms. We established signature disulfide-bonded IgG2 hinge peptides that correspond to the A, A/B, and B disulfide isoforms and can be applied to the fast classification of IgG2 isoforms in heterogeneous mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Resemann
- a BioPharma Solutions R&D , BALS, Bruker Daltonik , Bremen , Germany
| | - Lily Liu-Shin
- b Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas , Santa Monica , CA , USA.,c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | | | - Arun Malhotra
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Adam Fung
- b Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas , Santa Monica , CA , USA
| | - Fang Wang
- b Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas , Santa Monica , CA , USA
| | - Gayathri Ratnaswamy
- b Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas , Santa Monica , CA , USA
| | - Detlev Suckau
- a BioPharma Solutions R&D , BALS, Bruker Daltonik , Bremen , Germany
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20
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Shi SY, Lu YW, Richardson J, Min X, Weiszmann J, Richards WG, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Li Y. A systematic dissection of sequence elements determining β-Klotho and FGF interaction and signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11045. [PMID: 30038432 PMCID: PMC6056499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) require Klotho transmembrane proteins as necessary co-receptors to activate FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling. In particular, FGF19 and FGF21 function through β-Klotho to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Recent research has focused on elucidating how these two FGFs interact with β-Klotho and FGFRs to activate downstream signaling. In this study, using hydrogen deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), we identified regions on the β-Klotho protein that likely participate in ligand interaction, and vice versa. Alanine and arginine mutagenesis were carried out to further probe the contributions of individual residues to receptor/ligand interactions. Using biochemical and cell-based signaling assays with full-length proteins, we show that both the KL1 and KL2 domains of β-Klotho participate in ligand interaction, and these binding sites on β-Klotho are shared by FGF19 and FGF21. In addition, we show that two highly conserved regions in the C-terminal tail of FGF19 and FGF21 are responsible for interaction with the co-receptor. Our results are consistent with recent publications on the crystal structures of the Klotho proteins and provide insight into how endocrine FGFs interact with co-receptors for signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Yu Shi
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ya-Wen Lu
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jason Richardson
- Department of Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Xiaoshan Min
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jennifer Weiszmann
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - William G Richards
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Zhulun Wang
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Zhongqi Zhang
- Department of Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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21
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Hernandez-Alba O, Wagner-Rousset E, Beck A, Cianférani S. Native Mass Spectrometry, Ion Mobility, and Collision-Induced Unfolding for Conformational Characterization of IgG4 Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8865-8872. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elsa Wagner-Rousset
- IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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22
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MS-based conformation analysis of recombinant proteins in design, optimization and development of biopharmaceuticals. Methods 2018; 144:134-151. [PMID: 29678586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for analyzing protein higher order structures have gained increasing application in the field of biopharmaceutical development. The predominant methods used in this area include native MS, hydrogen deuterium exchange-MS, covalent labeling, cross-linking and limited proteolysis. These MS-based methods will be briefly described in this article, followed by a discussion on how these methods contribute at different stages of discovery and development of protein therapeutics.
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23
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Liu-Shin L, Fung A, Malhotra A, Ratnaswamy G. Influence of disulfide bond isoforms on drug conjugation sites in cysteine-linked IgG2 antibody-drug conjugates. MAbs 2018; 10:583-595. [PMID: 29436897 PMCID: PMC5973704 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1440165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-linked antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) produced from IgG2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are more heterogeneous than ADCs generated from IgG1 mAbs, as IgG2 ADCs are composed of a wider distribution of molecules, typically containing 0 – 12 drug-linkers per antibody. The three disulfide isoforms (A, A/B, and B) of IgG2 antibodies confer differences in solvent accessibilities of the interchain disulfides and contribute to the structural heterogeneity of cysteine-linked ADCs. ADCs derived from either IgG2-A or IgG2-B mAbs were compared to better understand the role of disulfide isoforms on attachment sites and distribution of conjugated species. Our characterization of these ADCs demonstrated that the disulfide configuration affects the kinetics of disulfide bond reduction, but has minimal effect on the primary sites of reduction. The IgG2-A mAbs yielded ADCs with higher drug-to-antibody ratios (DARs) due to the easier reduction of its interchain disulfides. However, hinge-region cysteines were the primary conjugation sites for both IgG2-A and IgG2-B mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Liu-Shin
- a Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc. , Santa Monica , CA.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL
| | - Adam Fung
- a Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc. , Santa Monica , CA
| | - Arun Malhotra
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL
| | - Gayathri Ratnaswamy
- a Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc. , Santa Monica , CA
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24
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Wei B, Zhang B, Boyes B, Zhang YT. Reversed-phase chromatography with large pore superficially porous particles for high throughput immunoglobulin G 2 disulfide isoform separation. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1526:104-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Terral G, Champion T, Debaene F, Colas O, Bourguet M, Wagner-Rousset E, Corvaia N, Beck A, Cianferani S. Epitope characterization of anti-JAM-A antibodies using orthogonal mass spectrometry and surface plasmon resonance approaches. MAbs 2017; 9:1317-1326. [PMID: 28933642 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1380762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) is an adherens and tight junction protein expressed by endothelial and epithelial cells and associated with cancer progression. We present here the extensive characterization of immune complexes involving JAM-A antigen and three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including hz6F4-2, a humanized version of anti-tumoral 6F4 mAb identified by a functional and proteomic approach in our laboratory. A specific workflow that combines orthogonal approaches has been designed to determine binding stoichiometries along with JAM-A epitope mapping determination at high resolution for these three mAbs. Native mass spectrometry experiments revealed different binding stoichiometries and affinities, with two molecules of JAM-A being able to bind to hz6F4-2 and F11 Fab, while only one JAM-A was bound to J10.4. Surface plasmon resonance indirect competitive binding assays suggested epitopes located in close proximity for hz6F4-2 and F11. Finally, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry was used to precisely identify epitopes for all mAbs. The results obtained by orthogonal biophysical approaches showed a clear correlation between the determined epitopes and JAM-A binding characteristics, allowing the basis for molecular recognition of JAM-A by hz6F4-2 to be definitively established for the first time. Taken together, our results highlight the power of MS-based structural approaches for epitope mapping and mAb conformational characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Terral
- a Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Thierry Champion
- b Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF) , Saint-Julien-en-Genevois , France
| | - François Debaene
- a Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Olivier Colas
- b Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF) , Saint-Julien-en-Genevois , France
| | - Maxime Bourguet
- a Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Elsa Wagner-Rousset
- b Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF) , Saint-Julien-en-Genevois , France
| | - Nathalie Corvaia
- b Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF) , Saint-Julien-en-Genevois , France
| | - Alain Beck
- b Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF) , Saint-Julien-en-Genevois , France
| | - Sarah Cianferani
- a Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178 , Strasbourg , France
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26
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Beck A, Goetsch L, Dumontet C, Corvaïa N. Strategies and challenges for the next generation of antibody-drug conjugates. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:315-337. [PMID: 28303026 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1382] [Impact Index Per Article: 197.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are one of the fastest growing classes of oncology therapeutics. After half a century of research, the approvals of brentuximab vedotin (in 2011) and trastuzumab emtansine (in 2013) have paved the way for ongoing clinical trials that are evaluating more than 60 further ADC candidates. The limited success of first-generation ADCs (developed in the early 2000s) informed strategies to bring second-generation ADCs to the market, which have higher levels of cytotoxic drug conjugation, lower levels of naked antibodies and more-stable linkers between the drug and the antibody. Furthermore, lessons learned during the past decade are now being used in the development of third-generation ADCs. In this Review, we discuss strategies to select the best target antigens as well as suitable cytotoxic drugs; the design of optimized linkers; the discovery of bioorthogonal conjugation chemistries; and toxicity issues. The selection and engineering of antibodies for site-specific drug conjugation, which will result in higher homogeneity and increased stability, as well as the quest for new conjugation chemistries and mechanisms of action, are priorities in ADC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoleon III, 74160 Saint Julien en Genevois, France
| | - Liliane Goetsch
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoleon III, 74160 Saint Julien en Genevois, France
| | - Charles Dumontet
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM, 1052/CNRS, 69000 Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Corvaïa
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoleon III, 74160 Saint Julien en Genevois, France
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27
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Nirudodhi SN, Sperry JB, Rouse JC, Carroll JA. Application of Dual Protease Column for HDX-MS Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2016; 106:530-536. [PMID: 27916388 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A co-immobilized, dual protease column was developed and implemented to more efficiently digest IgG molecules for hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). The low-pH proteolytic enzymes pepsin and type XIII protease from Aspergillus were packed into a single column to most effectively combine the complementary specificities. The method was optimized using an IgG2 monoclonal antibody as a substrate because they are known to be more difficult to efficiently digest. The general applicability of the method was then demonstrated using IgG1 and IgG4 mAbs. The dual protease column and optimized method yielded improved digestion efficiency, as measured by the increased number of smaller, overlapping peptides in comparison with pepsin or type XIII alone, making HDX-MS more suitable for measuring deuterium uptake with higher resolution. The enhanced digestion efficiency and increased sequence coverage enables the routine application of HDX-MS to all therapeutic IgG molecules for investigations of higher order structure, especially when posttranslational and storage-induced modifications are detected, providing further product understanding for structure-function relationships and ultimately ensuring clinical safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin B Sperry
- Pfizer, Inc., BTx Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Jason C Rouse
- Pfizer, Inc., BTx Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andover, Massachusetts 01810
| | - James A Carroll
- Pfizer, Inc., BTx Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri 63017.
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Donnarumma D, Faleri A, Costantino P, Rappuoli R, Norais N. The role of structural proteomics in vaccine development: recent advances and future prospects. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:55-68. [PMID: 26714563 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2016.1121113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are the most effective way to fight infectious diseases saving countless lives since their introduction. Their evolution during the last century made use of the best technologies available to continuously increase their efficacy and safety. Mass spectrometry (MS) and proteomics are already playing a central role in the identification and characterization of novel antigens. Over the last years, we have been witnessing the emergence of structural proteomics in vaccinology, as a major tool for vaccine candidate discovery, antigen design and life cycle management of existing products. In this review, we describe the MS techniques associated to structural proteomics and we illustrate the contribution of structural proteomics to vaccinology discussing potential applications.
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Hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry in biopharmaceutical discovery and development – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 940:8-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Lakbub JC, Clark DF, Shah IS, Zhu Z, Go EP, Tolbert TJ, Desaire H. Disulfide Bond Characterization of Endogenous IgG3 Monoclonal Antibodies Using LC-MS: An Investigation of IgG3 Disulfide-mediated Isoforms. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2016; 8:6046-6055. [PMID: 28989532 PMCID: PMC5629967 DOI: 10.1039/c6ay01248e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for the manufacture of innovator and biosimilar biotherapeutics has increased tremendously in recent years. From a structural perspective, mAbs have high disulfide bond content, and the correct disulfide connectivity is required for proper folding and to maintain their biological activity. Therefore, disulfide linkage mapping is an important component of mAB characterization for ensuring drug safety and efficacy. The native disulfide linkage patterns of all four subclasses of IgG antibodies have been well established since the late 1960s. Among these IgG subtypes, disulfide mediated isoforms have been identified for IgG2 and IgG4, and to a lesser extent in IgG1, which is the most studied IgG subclass. However, no studies have been carried out so far to investigate whether different IgG3 isoforms exist due to alternative disulfide connectivity. In an effort to investigate the presence of disulfide-mediated isoforms in IgG3, we employed a bottom-up mass spectrometry approach to accurately determine the disulfide bond linkages in endogenous human IgG3 monoclonal antibody and our results show that no such alternative disulfide bonds exist. While many antibody-based drugs are developed around IgG1, IgG3 represents a new, and in some cases, more desirable drug candidate. Our data represent the first demonstration that alternative disulfide bond arrangements are not present in endogenous IgG3; and therefore, they should not be present in recombinant forms used as antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude C. Lakbub
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047
| | - Daniel F. Clark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047
| | - Ishan S. Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047
| | - Zhikai Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047
| | - Eden P. Go
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047
| | - Thomas J. Tolbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047
| | - Heather Desaire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047
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Fang J, Richardson J, Du Z, Zhang Z. Effect of Fc-Glycan Structure on the Conformational Stability of IgG Revealed by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange and Limited Proteolysis. Biochemistry 2016; 55:860-8. [PMID: 26812426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human therapeutic immunoglobulin gamma (IgG) molecules contain an N-glycan on each of their Fc CH2 domains. These glycans include high-mannose, hybrid, and complex types. Recombinant IgG molecules containing high-mannose glycans have been shown to clear faster in human blood, and exhibit decreased thermal stability. The molecular mechanism behind these observations, however, is not well understood. In this work, we used hydrogen/deuterium exchange combined with mass spectrometry (HDX MS), as well as proteolytic degradation under a native-like condition, to assess the impact of different glycoforms on the molecular structure and stability of recombinant IgG1 and IgG2 molecules expressed from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Our HDX MS data indicate that the conformation of these IgG molecules was indeed influenced by the glycan structure. IgG molecules containing high-mannose and hybrid glycans showed more conformational flexibility in the CH2 domain. This conclusion was further supported by the analysis of glycopeptides released from these molecules by trypsin digestion under a native-like condition. The higher CH2 conformational flexibility of IgG molecules with high-mannose and hybrid glycans contributes to their decreased thermal stability. IgG molecules containing sialylated glycans in the CH2 domain exhibited similar enzymatic degradation behavior as high-mannose glycans, suggesting decreased CH2-domain stability compared to shorter complex glycans, likely resulting from steric effect that decreased the glycan-CH2 domain interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc. , Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Jason Richardson
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc. , Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Zhimei Du
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc. , Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Zhongqi Zhang
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc. , Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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Fekete S, Guillarme D, Sandra P, Sandra K. Chromatographic, Electrophoretic, and Mass Spectrometric Methods for the Analytical Characterization of Protein Biopharmaceuticals. Anal Chem 2015; 88:480-507. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Pat Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), President Kennedypark 26, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Koen Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), President Kennedypark 26, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
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Cao X, He Y, Smith J, Wirth MJ. Alleviating nonlinear behavior of disulfide isoforms in the reversed-phase liquid chromatography of IgG2. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1410:147-53. [PMID: 26256919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Reversed-phase chromatography is an established method for characterizing the disulfide isoforms of IgG2. This work explores the effect of mobile phase gradient profile and sample concentration on the separation of disulfide isoforms. The acidic mobile phase can alter the relative proportions of disulfide isoforms, but only when the level of the reactive A1 isoform is much higher than for typical conditions of separation and typical IgG2 samples. Otherwise, there is minimal disulfide scrambling. A slower gradient and flow rate modestly improve resolution, but the peaks remain heavily overlapped. Resolution is further improved and nonlinear chromatography lessened when injection is performed under non-stacking conditions. Non-stacking conditions also keep the concentration from spiking at the head of the column, reducing noncovalent associations that can promote disulfide scrambling. The higher resolution from non-stacking injection reveals the presence of at least seven species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yan He
- Pfizer, Inc., AA4 700 Chesterfield Parkway North Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Jacquelynn Smith
- Pfizer, Inc., AA4 700 Chesterfield Parkway North Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Mary J Wirth
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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