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Korbecki J, Bosiacki M, Gutowska I, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Biosynthesis and Significance of Fatty Acids, Glycerophospholipids, and Triacylglycerol in the Processes of Glioblastoma Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072183. [PMID: 37046844 PMCID: PMC10093493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One area of glioblastoma research is the metabolism of tumor cells and detecting differences between tumor and healthy brain tissue metabolism. Here, we review differences in fatty acid metabolism, with a particular focus on the biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by fatty acid synthase (FASN), elongases, and desaturases. We also describe the significance of individual fatty acids in glioblastoma tumorigenesis, as well as the importance of glycerophospholipid and triacylglycerol synthesis in this process. Specifically, we show the significance and function of various isoforms of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPAT), 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferases (AGPAT), lipins, as well as enzymes involved in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and cardiolipin (CL). This review also highlights the involvement of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT) in triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Due to significant gaps in knowledge, the GEPIA database was utilized to demonstrate the significance of individual enzymes in glioblastoma tumorigenesis. Finally, we also describe the significance of lipid droplets in glioblastoma and the impact of fatty acid synthesis, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on cell membrane fluidity and signal transduction from the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, Zyty 28 Str., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Mateusz Bosiacki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54 Str., 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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2
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Edwards-Hicks J, Apostolova P, Buescher JM, Maib H, Stanczak MA, Corrado M, Klein Geltink RI, Maccari ME, Villa M, Carrizo GE, Sanin DE, Baixauli F, Kelly B, Curtis JD, Haessler F, Patterson A, Field CS, Caputa G, Kyle RL, Soballa M, Cha M, Paul H, Martin J, Grzes KM, Flachsmann L, Mitterer M, Zhao L, Winkler F, Rafei-Shamsabadi DA, Meiss F, Bengsch B, Zeiser R, Puleston DJ, O'Sullivan D, Pearce EJ, Pearce EL. Phosphoinositide acyl chain saturation drives CD8 + effector T cell signaling and function. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:516-530. [PMID: 36732424 PMCID: PMC10908374 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
How lipidome changes support CD8+ effector T (Teff) cell differentiation is not well understood. Here we show that, although naive T cells are rich in polyunsaturated phosphoinositides (PIPn with 3-4 double bonds), Teff cells have unique PIPn marked by saturated fatty acyl chains (0-2 double bonds). PIPn are precursors for second messengers. Polyunsaturated phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) exclusively supported signaling immediately upon T cell antigen receptor activation. In late Teff cells, activity of phospholipase C-γ1, the enzyme that cleaves PIP2 into downstream mediators, waned, and saturated PIPn became essential for sustained signaling. Saturated PIP was more rapidly converted to PIP2 with subsequent recruitment of phospholipase C-γ1, and loss of saturated PIPn impaired Teff cell fitness and function, even in cells with abundant polyunsaturated PIPn. Glucose was the substrate for de novo PIPn synthesis, and was rapidly utilized for saturated PIP2 generation. Thus, separate PIPn pools with distinct acyl chain compositions and metabolic dependencies drive important signaling events to initiate and then sustain effector function during CD8+ T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Edwards-Hicks
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Petya Apostolova
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joerg M Buescher
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hannes Maib
- Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Michal A Stanczak
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mauro Corrado
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Maria Elena Maccari
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matteo Villa
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gustavo E Carrizo
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David E Sanin
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francesc Baixauli
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Beth Kelly
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan D Curtis
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fabian Haessler
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette Patterson
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cameron S Field
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - George Caputa
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ryan L Kyle
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Soballa
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Minsun Cha
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harry Paul
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacob Martin
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katarzyna M Grzes
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lea Flachsmann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Mitterer
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Liang Zhao
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Frances Winkler
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Ali Rafei-Shamsabadi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Meiss
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J Puleston
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David O'Sullivan
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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Morita SY, Ikeda Y. Regulation of membrane phospholipid biosynthesis in mammalian cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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4
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Kim YJ, Sengupta N, Sohn M, Mandal A, Pemberton JG, Choi U, Balla T. Metabolic routing maintains the unique fatty acid composition of phosphoinositides. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54532. [PMID: 35712788 PMCID: PMC9253762 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide lipids (PPIn) are enriched in stearic- and arachidonic acids (38:4) but how this enrichment is established and maintained during phospholipase C (PLC) activation is unknown. Here we show that the metabolic fate of newly synthesized phosphatidic acid (PA), the lipid precursor of phosphatidylinositol (PI), is influenced by the fatty acyl-CoA used with preferential routing of the arachidonoyl-enriched species toward PI synthesis. Furthermore, during agonist stimulation the unsaturated forms of PI(4,5P)2 are replenished significantly faster than the more saturated ones, suggesting a favored recycling of the unsaturated forms of the PLC-generated hydrolytic products. Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol synthase 2 (CDS2) but not CDS1 was found to contribute to increased PI resynthesis during PLC activation. Lastly, while the lipid transfer protein, Nir2 is found to contribute to rapid PPIn resynthesis during PLC activation, the faster re-synthesis of the 38:4 species does not depend on Nir2. Therefore, the fatty acid side-chain composition of the lipid precursors used for PI synthesis is an important determinant of their metabolic fates, which also contributes to the maintenance of the unique fatty acid profile of PPIn lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeun Ju Kim
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nivedita Sengupta
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mira Sohn
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amrita Mandal
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua G Pemberton
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Uimook Choi
- Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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5
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Ventura R, Martínez-Ruiz I, Hernández-Alvarez MI. Phospholipid Membrane Transport and Associated Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051201. [PMID: 35625937 PMCID: PMC9138374 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids are the basic structure block of eukaryotic membranes, in both the outer and inner membranes, which delimit cell organelles. Phospholipids can also be damaged by oxidative stress produced by mitochondria, for instance, becoming oxidized phospholipids. These damaged phospholipids have been related to prevalent diseases such as atherosclerosis or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) because they alter gene expression and induce cellular stress and apoptosis. One of the main sites of phospholipid synthesis is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER association with other organelles through membrane contact sites (MCS) provides a close apposition for lipid transport. Additionally, an important advance in this small cytosolic gap are lipid transfer proteins (LTPs), which accelerate and modulate the distribution of phospholipids in other organelles. In this regard, LTPs can be established as an essential point within phospholipid circulation, as relevant data show impaired phospholipid transport when LTPs are defected. This review will focus on phospholipid function, metabolism, non-vesicular transport, and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Ventura
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.V.); (I.M.-R.)
| | - Inma Martínez-Ruiz
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.V.); (I.M.-R.)
| | - María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.V.); (I.M.-R.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IBUB Universitat de Barcelona—Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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6
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Wang W, Xie Y, Liu L, King GJ, White P, Ding G, Wang S, Cai H, Wang C, Xu F, Shi L. Genetic Control of Seed Phytate Accumulation and the Development of Low-Phytate Crops: A Review and Perspective. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3375-3390. [PMID: 35275483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Breeding low phytic acid (lpa) crops is a strategy that has potential to both improve the nutritional quality of food and feed and contribute to the sustainability of agriculture. Here, we review the lipid-independent and -dependent pathways of phytate synthesis and their regulatory mechanisms in plants. We compare the genetic variation of the phytate concentration and distribution in seeds between dicot and monocot species as well as the associated temporal and spatial expression patterns of the genes involved in phytate synthesis and transport. Quantitative trait loci or significant single nucleotide polymorphisms for the seed phytate concentration have been identified in different plant species by linkage and association mapping, and some genes have been cloned from lpa mutants. We summarize the effects of various lpa mutations on important agronomic traits in crop plants and propose SULTR3;3 and SULTR3;4 as optimal target genes for lpa crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Microelement Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Microelement Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore New South Wales 2480, Australia
| | - Graham J King
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore New South Wales 2480, Australia
| | - Philip White
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Guangda Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Microelement Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheliang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Microelement Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Cai
- Microelement Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Microelement Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangsen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Microelement Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Microelement Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
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7
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Discovery of broad-spectrum fungicides that block septin-dependent infection processes of pathogenic fungi. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1565-1575. [PMID: 32958858 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many pathogenic fungi depend on the development of specialized infection structures called appressoria to invade their hosts and cause disease. Impairing the function of fungal infection structures therefore provides a potential means by which diseases could be prevented. In spite of this extraordinary potential, however, relatively few anti-penetrant drugs have been developed to control fungal diseases, of either plants or animals. In the present study, we report the identification of compounds that act specifically to prevent fungal infection. We found that the organization of septin GTPases, which are essential for appressorium-mediated infection in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, requires very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), which act as mediators of septin organization at membrane interfaces. VLCFAs promote septin recruitment to curved plasma membranes and depletion of VLCFAs prevents septin assembly and host penetration by M. oryzae. We observed that VLCFA biosynthesis inhibitors not only prevent rice blast disease, but also show effective, broad-spectrum fungicidal activity against a wide range of fungal pathogens of maize, wheat and locusts, without affecting their respective hosts. Our findings reveal a mechanism underlying septin-mediated infection structure formation in fungi and provide a class of fungicides to control diverse diseases of plants and animals.
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8
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Bozelli JC, Epand RM. Specificity of Acyl Chain Composition of Phosphatidylinositols. Proteomics 2020; 19:e1900138. [PMID: 31381272 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) lipids have a predominance of a single molecular species present through the organism. In healthy mammals this molecular species is 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl (18:0/20:4) PI. Although the importance of PI lipids for cell physiology has long been appreciated, less is known about the biological role of enriching PI lipids with 18:0/20:4 acyl chains. In conditions with dysfunctional lipid metabolism, the predominance of 18:0/20:4 acyl chains is lost. Recently, molecular mechanisms underpinning the enrichment or alteration of these acyl chains in PI lipids have begun to emerge. In the majority of the cases a common feature is the presence of enzymes bearing substrate acyl chain specificity. However, in cancer cells, it has been shown that one (not the only) of the mechanisms responsible for the loss in this acyl chain enrichment is mutation on the transcription factor p53 gene, which is one of the most highly mutated genes in cancers. There is a compelling need for a global picture of the specificity of the acyl chain composition of PIs. This can be possible once high-resolution spatio-temporal information is gathered in a cellular context; which can ultimately lead to potential novel targets to combat conditions with altered PI acyl chain profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Bozelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Richard M Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
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9
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Bestard-Escalas J, Maimó-Barceló A, Lopez DH, Reigada R, Guardiola-Serrano F, Ramos-Vivas J, Hornemann T, Okazaki T, Barceló-Coblijn G. Common and Differential Traits of the Membrane Lipidome of Colon Cancer Cell Lines and their Secreted Vesicles: Impact on Studies Using Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1293. [PMID: 32443825 PMCID: PMC7281030 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the world. Despite the screening programs, its incidence in the population below the 50s is increasing. Therefore, new stratification protocols based on multiparametric approaches are highly needed. In this scenario, the lipidome is emerging as a powerful tool to classify tumors, including CRC, wherein it has proven to be highly sensitive to cell malignization. Hence, the possibility to describe the lipidome at the level of lipid species has renewed the interest to investigate the role of specific lipid species in pathologic mechanisms, being commercial cell lines, a model still heavily used for this purpose. Herein, we characterize the membrane lipidome of five commercial colon cell lines and their extracellular vesicles (EVs). The results demonstrate that both cell and EVs lipidome was able to segregate cells according to their malignancy. Furthermore, all CRC lines shared a specific and strikingly homogenous impact on ether lipid species. Finally, this study also cautions about the need of being aware of the singularities of each cell line at the level of lipid species. Altogether, this study firmly lays the groundwork of using the lipidome as a solid source of tumor biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Bestard-Escalas
- Lipids in Human Pathology, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Research Unit, University Hospital Son Espases, 07120 Palma, Spain; (J.B.-E.); (A.M.-B.); (D.H.L.); (R.R.)
| | - Albert Maimó-Barceló
- Lipids in Human Pathology, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Research Unit, University Hospital Son Espases, 07120 Palma, Spain; (J.B.-E.); (A.M.-B.); (D.H.L.); (R.R.)
| | - Daniel H. Lopez
- Lipids in Human Pathology, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Research Unit, University Hospital Son Espases, 07120 Palma, Spain; (J.B.-E.); (A.M.-B.); (D.H.L.); (R.R.)
| | - Rebeca Reigada
- Lipids in Human Pathology, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Research Unit, University Hospital Son Espases, 07120 Palma, Spain; (J.B.-E.); (A.M.-B.); (D.H.L.); (R.R.)
| | | | - José Ramos-Vivas
- Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL ), 39011 Santander, Spain;
- Microbiology Unit, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Toshiro Okazaki
- Department of Hematology/Immunity, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan;
| | - Gwendolyn Barceló-Coblijn
- Lipids in Human Pathology, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Research Unit, University Hospital Son Espases, 07120 Palma, Spain; (J.B.-E.); (A.M.-B.); (D.H.L.); (R.R.)
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10
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How is the acyl chain composition of phosphoinositides created and does it matter? Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1291-1305. [PMID: 31657437 PMCID: PMC6824679 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide (PIPn) family of signalling phospholipids are central regulators in membrane cell biology. Their varied functions are based on the phosphorylation pattern of their inositol ring, which can be recognized by selective binding domains in their effector proteins and be modified by a series of specific PIPn kinases and phosphatases, which control their interconversion in a spatial and temporal manner. Yet, a unique feature of PIPns remains largely unexplored: their unusually uniform acyl chain composition. Indeed, while most phospholipids present a range of molecular species comprising acyl chains of diverse length and saturation, PIPns in several organisms and tissues show the predominance of a single hydrophobic backbone, which in mammals is composed of arachidonoyl and stearoyl chains. Despite evolution having favoured this specific PIPn configuration, little is known regarding the mechanisms and functions behind it. In this review, we explore the metabolic pathways that could control the acyl chain composition of PIPns as well as the potential roles of this selective enrichment. While our understanding of this phenomenon has been constrained largely by the technical limitations in the methods traditionally employed in the PIPn field, we believe that the latest developments in PIPn analysis should shed light onto this old question.
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11
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Blunsom NJ, Cockcroft S. CDP-Diacylglycerol Synthases (CDS): Gateway to Phosphatidylinositol and Cardiolipin Synthesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:63. [PMID: 32117988 PMCID: PMC7018664 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) is a key intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and cardiolipin (CL). Both PI and CL have highly specialized roles in cells. PI can be phosphorylated and these phosphorylated derivatives play major roles in signal transduction, membrane traffic, and maintenance of the actin cytoskeletal network. CL is the signature lipid of mitochondria and has a plethora of functions including maintenance of cristae morphology, mitochondrial fission, and fusion and for electron transport chain super complex formation. Both lipids are synthesized in different organelles although they share the common intermediate, CDP-DAG. CDP-DAG is synthesized from phosphatidic acid (PA) and CTP by enzymes that display CDP-DAG synthase activities. Two families of enzymes, CDS and TAMM41, which bear no sequence or structural relationship, have now been identified. TAMM41 is a peripheral membrane protein localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane required for CL synthesis. CDS enzymes are ancient integral membrane proteins found in all three domains of life. In mammals, they provide CDP-DAG for PI synthesis and for phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and CL synthesis in prokaryotes. CDS enzymes are critical for maintaining phosphoinositide levels during phospholipase C (PLC) signaling. Hydrolysis of PI (4,5) bisphosphate by PLC requires the resynthesis of PI and CDS enzymes catalyze the rate-limiting step in the process. In mammals, the protein products of two CDS genes (CDS1 and CDS2) localize to the ER and it is suggested that CDS2 is the major CDS for this process. Expression of CDS enzymes are regulated by transcription factors and CDS enzymes may also contribute to CL synthesis in mitochondria. Studies of CDS enzymes in protozoa reveal spatial segregation of CDS enzymes from the rest of the machinery required for both PI and CL synthesis identifying a key gap in our understanding of how CDP-DAG can cross the different membrane compartments in protozoa and in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shamshad Cockcroft
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Pemberton JG, Kim YJ, Balla T. Integrated regulation of the phosphatidylinositol cycle and phosphoinositide-driven lipid transport at ER-PM contact sites. Traffic 2019; 21:200-219. [PMID: 31650663 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Among the structural phospholipids that form the bulk of eukaryotic cell membranes, phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) is unique in that it also serves as the common precursor for low-abundance regulatory lipids, collectively referred to as polyphosphoinositides (PPIn). The metabolic turnover of PPIn species has received immense attention because of the essential functions of these lipids as universal regulators of membrane biology and their dysregulation in numerous human pathologies. The diverse functions of PPIn lipids occur, in part, by orchestrating the spatial organization and conformational dynamics of peripheral or integral membrane proteins within defined subcellular compartments. The emerging role of stable contact sites between adjacent membranes as specialized platforms for the coordinate control of ion exchange, cytoskeletal dynamics, and lipid transport has also revealed important new roles for PPIn species. In this review, we highlight the importance of membrane contact sites formed between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membrane (PM) for the integrated regulation of PPIn metabolism within the PM. Special emphasis will be placed on non-vesicular lipid transport during control of the PtdIns biosynthetic cycle as well as toward balancing the turnover of the signaling PPIn species that define PM identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Pemberton
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yeun Ju Kim
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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13
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Khan MSS, Basnet R, Islam SA, Shu Q. Mutational Analysis of OsPLDα1 Reveals Its Involvement in Phytic Acid Biosynthesis in Rice Grains. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11436-11443. [PMID: 31553599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids and phytic acid are important phosphorus (P)-containing compounds in rice grains. Phytic acid is considered as a major antinutrient, because the negatively charged phytic acid chelates cations, including essential micronutrients, and decreases their bioavailability to human beings and monogastric animals. To gain an insight into the interplay of these two kinds of phosphorus-containing metabolites, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate mutants of a phospholipase D gene (OsPLDα1) and analyzed the mutational effect on metabolites, including phytic acid in rice grains. Metabolic profiling of two ospldα1 mutants revealed depletion in the phosphatidic acid production and lower accumulation of cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol. The mutants also showed significantly reduced phytic acid content as compared to their wild-type parent, and the expression of the key genes involved in the phytic acid biosynthesis was altered in the mutants. These results demonstrate that OsPLDα1 not only plays an important role in phospholipid metabolism but also is involved in phytic acid biosynthesis, most probably through the lipid-dependent pathway, and thus revealed a potential new route to regulate phytic acid biosynthesis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Shoaib Khan
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Grain Industry , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , China
| | - Rasbin Basnet
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Grain Industry , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , China
| | - Shah Ashadul Islam
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Grain Industry , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , China
| | - Qingyao Shu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Grain Industry , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
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Tsuji T, Morita SY, Ikeda Y, Terada T. Enzymatic fluorometric assays for quantifying all major phospholipid classes in cells and intracellular organelles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8607. [PMID: 31197208 PMCID: PMC6565719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membrane phospholipids regulate various biological functions. We previously reported enzymatic fluorometric methods for quantifying phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin. In the present report, a new enzymatic fluorometric assay was developed for quantifying phosphatidylinositol. These simple, sensitive and high-throughput methods enabled us to quantify all major phospholipid classes in cultured cells and intracellular organelles. By conducting comprehensive quantitative analyses of major phospholipid classes, we demonstrated that the contents of phospholipid classes in HEK293 cells changed with cell density and that overexpression of phosphatidylinositol synthase or CDP-diacylglycerol synthase significantly affected the phospholipid compositions of microsomal and mitochondrial membranes. These enzymatic fluorometric assays for measuring all major phospholipid classes may be applicable to tissues, fluids, lipoproteins, extracellular vesicles and intracellular organelles of many organisms and will further our understanding of cellular, physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuji Tsuji
- Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu City, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Shin-Ya Morita
- Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu City, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Yoshito Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu City, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Terada
- Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu City, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
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15
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Blunsom NJ, Cockcroft S. Phosphatidylinositol synthesis at the endoplasmic reticulum. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158471. [PMID: 31173893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is a minor phospholipid with a characteristic fatty acid profile; it is highly enriched in stearic acid at the sn-1 position and arachidonic acid at the sn-2 position. PI is phosphorylated into seven specific derivatives, and individual species are involved in a vast array of cellular functions including signalling, membrane traffic, ion channel regulation and actin dynamics. De novo PI synthesis takes place at the endoplasmic reticulum where phosphatidic acid (PA) is converted to PI in two enzymatic steps. PA is also produced at the plasma membrane during phospholipase C signalling, where hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) leads to the production of diacylglycerol which is rapidly phosphorylated to PA. This PA is transferred to the ER to be also recycled back to PI. For the synthesis of PI, CDP-diacylglycerol synthase (CDS) converts PA to the intermediate, CDP-DG, which is then used by PI synthase to make PI. The de novo synthesised PI undergoes remodelling to acquire its characteristic fatty acid profile, which is altered in p53-mutated cancer cells. In mammals, there are two CDS enzymes at the ER, CDS1 and CDS2. In this review, we summarise the de novo synthesis of PI at the ER and the enzymes involved in its subsequent remodelling to acquire its characteristic acyl chains. We discuss how CDS, the rate limiting enzymes in PI synthesis are regulated by different mechanisms. During phospholipase C signalling, the CDS1 enzyme is specifically upregulated by cFos via protein kinase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Blunsom
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Shamshad Cockcroft
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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16
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Bone LN, Dayam RM, Lee M, Kono N, Fairn GD, Arai H, Botelho RJ, Antonescu CN. The acyltransferase LYCAT controls specific phosphoinositides and related membrane traffic. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 28:161-172. [PMID: 28035047 PMCID: PMC5221620 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-09-0668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIPs) control membrane traffic. PIPs have an acyl profile unique among phospholipids. The acyltransferase LYCAT localizes to phosphatidylinositol synthase vesicles, selectively regulates levels and locale of PIPs, and controls related membrane traffic, indicating that dynamic acyl remodeling selectively controls certain PIPs. Phosphoinositides (PIPs) are key regulators of membrane traffic and signaling. The interconversion of PIPs by lipid kinases and phosphatases regulates their functionality. Phosphatidylinositol (PI) and PIPs have a unique enrichment of 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonyl acyl species; however, the regulation and function of this specific acyl profile remains poorly understood. We examined the role of the PI acyltransferase LYCAT in control of PIPs and PIP-dependent membrane traffic. LYCAT silencing selectively perturbed the levels and localization of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] and phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate and the membrane traffic dependent on these specific PIPs but was without effect on phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate or biosynthetic membrane traffic. The acyl profile of PI(4,5)P2 was selectively altered in LYCAT-deficient cells, whereas LYCAT localized with phosphatidylinositol synthase. We propose that LYCAT remodels the acyl chains of PI, which is then channeled into PI(4,5)P2. Our observations suggest that the PIP acyl chain profile may exert broad control of cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie N Bone
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.,Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Roya M Dayam
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.,Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Minhyoung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Nozomu Kono
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada .,Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Costin N Antonescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada .,Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
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17
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Epand RM. Features of the Phosphatidylinositol Cycle and its Role in Signal Transduction. J Membr Biol 2016; 250:353-366. [PMID: 27278236 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-016-9909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol cycle (PI-cycle) has a central role in cell signaling. It is the major pathway for the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol and its phosphorylated forms. In addition, some lipid intermediates of the PI-cycle, including diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid, are also important lipid signaling agents. The PI-cycle has some features that are important for the understanding of its role in the cell. As a cycle, the intermediates will be regenerated. The PI-cycle requires a large amount of metabolic energy. There are different steps of the cycle that occur in two different membranes, the plasma membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum. In order to complete the PI-cycle lipid must be transferred between the two membranes. The role of the Nir proteins in the process has recently been elucidated. The lipid intermediates of the PI-cycle are normally highly enriched with 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl molecular species in mammals. This enrichment will be retained as long as the intermediates are segregated from other lipids of the cell. However, there is a significant fraction (>15 %) of lipids in the PI-cycle of normal cells that have other acyl chains. Phosphatidylinositol largely devoid of arachidonoyl chains are found in cancer cells. Phosphatidylinositol species with less unsaturation will not be as readily converted to phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate, the lipid required for the activation of Akt with resulting effects on cell proliferation. Thus, the cyclical nature of the PI-cycle, its dependence on acyl chain composition and its requirement for lipid transfer between two membranes, explain many of the biological properties of this cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
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18
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Kimura T, Jennings W, Epand RM. Roles of specific lipid species in the cell and their molecular mechanism. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 62:75-92. [PMID: 26875545 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of different molecular species of lipids are present within a single cell, being involved in modulating the basic processes of life. The vast number of different lipid species can be organized into a number of different lipid classes, which may be defined as a group of lipids with a common chemical structure, such as the headgroup, apart from the nature of the hydrocarbon chains. Each lipid class has unique biological roles. In some cases, a relatively small change in the headgroup chemical structure can result in a drastic change in function. Such phenomena are well documented, and largely understood in terms of specific interactions with proteins. In contrast, there are observations that the entire structural specificity of a lipid molecule, including the hydrocarbon chains, is required for biological activity through specific interactions with membrane proteins. Understanding of these phenomena represents a fundamental change in our thinking of the functions of lipids in biology. There are an increasing number of diverse examples of roles for specific lipids in cellular processes including: Signal transduction; trafficking; morphological changes; cell division. We are gaining knowledge and understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. They are of growing importance in both basic and applied sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - William Jennings
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Richard M Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Anderson KE, Juvin V, Clark J, Stephens LR, Hawkins PT. Investigating the effect of arachidonate supplementation on the phosphoinositide content of MCF10a breast epithelial cells. Adv Biol Regul 2015; 62:18-24. [PMID: 26639089 PMCID: PMC5061326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides in primary mammalian tissue are highly enriched in a stearoyl/arachidonyl (C38:4) diacylgycerol backbone. However, mammalian cells grown in culture typically contain more diverse molecular species of phosphoinositides, characterised by a reduction in arachidonyl content in the sn-2 position. We have analysed the phosphoinositide species in MCF10a cells grown in culture by mass spectrometry. Under either serum or serum starved conditions the most abundant species of PI, PIP, PIP2 and PIP3 had masses which corresponded to C36:2, C38:4, C38:3, C38:2 and C36:1 diacylglycerol backbones and the relative proportions of each molecular species were broadly similar between each phosphoinositide class (approx. 50%, 25%, 10%, 10% and 10% respectively, for the species listed above). Supplementing the culture medium with BSA-loaded arachidonic acid promoted a rapid increase in the proportion of the C38:4 species in all phosphoinositide classes (from approx. 25%-60% of total species within 24 h), but the total amount of all combined species for each class remained remarkably constant. Stimulation of cells, cultured in either normal or arachidonate-enriched conditions, with 2 ng/ml EGF for 90 s caused substantial activation of Class I PI3K and accumulation of PIP3. Despite the increased proportion of C38:4 PIP3 under the arachidonate-supplemented conditions, the total amount of all combined PIP3 species accumulating in response to EGF was the same, with or without arachidonate supplementation; there were however small but significant preferences for the conversion of some PIP2 species to PIP3, with the polyunsaturated C38:4 and C38:3 species being more favoured over other species. These results suggest the enzymes which interconvert phosphoinositides are able to act on several different molecular species and homoeostatic mechanisms are in place to deliver similar phosphoinositide pool sizes under quite different conditions of arachidonate availability. They also suggest enzymes regulating PIP3 levels downstream of growth factor stimulation (i.e. PI3Ks and PIP3-phosphatases) show some acyl selectivity and further work should be directed at assessing whether different acyl species of PIP3 exhibit differing signalling potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Anderson
- Inositide Laboratory and Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge, CB223AT, UK.
| | - Veronique Juvin
- Inositide Laboratory and Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge, CB223AT, UK.
| | - Jonathan Clark
- Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB223AT, UK.
| | - Len R Stephens
- Inositide Laboratory and Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge, CB223AT, UK.
| | - Phillip T Hawkins
- Inositide Laboratory and Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge, CB223AT, UK.
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