1
|
Al-Attar S, Rendon J, Sidore M, Duneau JP, Seduk F, Biaso F, Grimaldi S, Guigliarelli B, Magalon A. Gating of Substrate Access and Long-Range Proton Transfer in Escherichia coli Nitrate Reductase A: The Essential Role of a Remote Glutamate Residue. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Al-Attar
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne (UMR7283), IMM, IM2B, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Julia Rendon
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines (UMR7281), IMM, IM2B, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Marlon Sidore
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (UMR7255), IMM, IM2B, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Duneau
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (UMR7255), IMM, IM2B, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Farida Seduk
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne (UMR7283), IMM, IM2B, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Biaso
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines (UMR7281), IMM, IM2B, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Grimaldi
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines (UMR7281), IMM, IM2B, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Guigliarelli
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines (UMR7281), IMM, IM2B, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Axel Magalon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne (UMR7283), IMM, IM2B, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, 13402 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arias-Cartin R, Uzel A, Seduk F, Gerbaud G, Pierrel F, Broc M, Lebrun R, Guigliarelli B, Magalon A, Grimaldi S, Walburger A. Identification and characterization of a non-canonical menaquinone-linked formate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101384. [PMID: 34748728 PMCID: PMC8808070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Molybdenum/Tungsten-bispyranopterin guanine dinucleotides (Mo/W-bisPGD) family of Formate Dehydrogenases (FDHs) plays roles in several metabolic pathways ranging from carbon fixation to energy harvesting owing to their reaction with a wide variety of redox partners. Indeed, this metabolic plasticity results from the diverse structures, cofactor content, and substrates employed by partner subunits interacting with the catalytic hub. Here, we unveiled two non-canonical FDHs in Bacillus subtilis which are organized into two-subunit complexes with unique features, ForCE1 and ForCE2. We show that the ForC catalytic subunit interacts with an unprecedented partner subunit, ForE, and that its amino acid sequence within the active site deviates from the consensus residues typically associated with FDH activity, as a histidine residue is naturally substituted with a glutamine. The ForE essential subunit mediates the utilization of menaquinone as an electron acceptor as shown by the formate:menadione oxidoreductase activity of both enzymes, their copurification with menaquinone, and the distinctive detection of a protein-bound neutral menasemiquinone radical by multifrequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments on the purified enzymes. Moreover, EPR characterization of both FDHs reveals the presence of several [Fe-S] clusters with distinct relaxation properties and a weakly anisotropic Mo(V) EPR signature, consistent with the characteristic Mo/bisPGD cofactor of this enzyme family. Altogether, this work enlarges our knowledge of the FDH family by identifying a non-canonical FDH, which differs in terms of architecture, amino acid conservation around the Mo cofactor, and reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Arias-Cartin
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne (UMR7283), IMM, IM2B, 13009 Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines (UMR7281), IMM, IM2B, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Alexandre Uzel
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines (UMR7281), IMM, IM2B, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Farida Seduk
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne (UMR7283), IMM, IM2B, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Gerbaud
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines (UMR7281), IMM, IM2B, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Fabien Pierrel
- Grenoble Alpes Université, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marianne Broc
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne (UMR7283), IMM, IM2B, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Régine Lebrun
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Plateforme Protéomique de l'IMM, IM2B Marseille Protéomique (MaP), 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Guigliarelli
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines (UMR7281), IMM, IM2B, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Axel Magalon
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne (UMR7283), IMM, IM2B, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Grimaldi
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines (UMR7281), IMM, IM2B, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Anne Walburger
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne (UMR7283), IMM, IM2B, 13009 Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zeamari K, Gerbaud G, Grosse S, Fourmond V, Chaspoul F, Biaso F, Arnoux P, Sabaty M, Pignol D, Guigliarelli B, Burlat B. Tuning the redox properties of a [4Fe-4S] center to modulate the activity of Mo-bisPGD periplasmic nitrate reductase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1860:402-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
4
|
Srivastava AP, Hardy EP, Allen JP, Vaccaro BJ, Johnson MK, Knaff DB. Identification of the Ferredoxin-Binding Site of a Ferredoxin-Dependent Cyanobacterial Nitrate Reductase. Biochemistry 2017; 56:5582-5592. [PMID: 28520412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An in silico model for the 1:1 ferredoxin (Fd)/nitrate reductase (NR) complex, using the known structure of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Fd and the in silico model of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 NR, is used to map the interaction sites that define the interface between Fd and NR. To test the electrostatic interactions predicted by the model complex, five positively charged NR amino acids (Arg43, Arg46, Arg197, Lys201, and Lys614) and a negatively charged amino acid (Glu219) were altered using site-directed mutagenesis and characterized by activity measurements, metal analysis, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies. All of the charge replacement variants retained wild-type levels of activity with reduced methyl viologen (MV), but a significant decrease in activity was observed for the R43Q, R46Q, K201Q, and K614Q variants when reduced Fd served as the electron donor. EPR analysis as well as the Fe and Mo analyses showed that loss of activity observed with these variants was not the consequence of perturbation of the Mo center or [4Fe-4S] cluster. Therefore, the loss of the Fd-linked specific activity observed with these variants can be explained only by invoking a role for Arg43, Arg46, Lys201, and Lys614 in Fd binding. The R43Q, R46Q, K201Q, and K614Q NR variants also showed a decreased binding affinity for Fd, compared to that of wild-type NR, supporting a key role of these four positively charged residues in the productive binding of Fd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag P Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Emily P Hardy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - James P Allen
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Brian J Vaccaro
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Metalloenzyme Studies, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Michael K Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Metalloenzyme Studies, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - David B Knaff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409-3132, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kalimuthu P, Ringel P, Kruse T, Bernhardt PV. Direct electrochemistry of nitrate reductase from the fungus Neurospora crassa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1506-1513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
6
|
Cerqueira NMFSA, Gonzalez PJ, Fernandes PA, Moura JJG, Ramos MJ. Periplasmic nitrate reductase and formate dehydrogenase: similar molecular architectures with very different enzymatic activities. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:2875-84. [PMID: 26509703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It is remarkable how nature has been able to construct enzymes that, despite sharing many similarities, have simple but key differences that tune them for completely different functions in living cells. Periplasmic nitrate reductase (Nap) and formate dehydrogenase (Fdh) from the DMSOr family are representative examples of this. Both enzymes share almost identical three-dimensional protein foldings and active sites, in terms of coordination number, geometry and nature of the ligands. The substrates of both enzymes (nitrate and formate) are polyatomic anions that also share similar charge and stereochemistry. In terms of the catalytic mechanism, both enzymes have a common activation mechanism (the sulfur-shift mechanism) that ensures a constant coordination number around the metal ion during the catalytic cycle. In spite of these similarities, they catalyze very different reactions: Nap abstracts an oxygen atom from nitrate releasing nitrite, whereas FdH catalyzes a hydrogen atom transfer from formate and releases carbon dioxide. In this Account, a critical analysis of structure, function, and catalytic mechanism of the molybdenum enzymes periplasmic nitrate reductase (Nap) and formate dehydrogenase (Fdh) is presented. We conclude that the main structural driving force that dictates the type of reaction, catalyzed by each enzyme, is a key difference on one active site residue that is located in the top region of the active sites of both enzymes. In both enzymes, the active site is centered on the metal ion of the cofactor (Mo in Nap and Mo or W in Fdh) that is coordinated by four sulfur atoms from two pyranopterin guanosine dinucleotide (PGD) molecules and by a sulfido. However, while in Nap there is a Cys directly coordinated to the Mo ion, in FdH there is a SeCys instead. In Fdh there is also an important His that interacts very closely with the SeCys, whereas in Nap the same position is occupied by a Met. The role of Cys in Nap and SeCys in FdH is similar in both enzymes; however, Met and His have different roles. His participates directly on catalysis, and it is therefore detrimental for the catalytic cycle of FdH. Met only participates in substrate binding. We concluded that this small but key difference dictates the type of reaction that is catalyzed by each enzyme. In addition, it allows explaining why formate can bind in the Nap active site in the same way as the natural substrate (nitrate), but the reaction becomes stalled afterward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M. F. S. A. Cerqueira
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO,
Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pablo J. Gonzalez
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO,
Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José J. G. Moura
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria João Ramos
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO,
Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Nitrate reduction to ammonia via nitrite occurs widely as an anabolic process through which bacteria, archaea, and plants can assimilate nitrate into cellular biomass. Escherichia coli and related enteric bacteria can couple the eight-electron reduction of nitrate to ammonium to growth by coupling the nitrate and nitrite reductases involved to energy-conserving respiratory electron transport systems. In global terms, the respiratory reduction of nitrate to ammonium dominates nitrate and nitrite reduction in many electron-rich environments such as anoxic marine sediments and sulfide-rich thermal vents, the human gastrointestinal tract, and the bodies of warm-blooded animals. This review reviews the regulation and enzymology of this process in E. coli and, where relevant detail is available, also in Salmonella and draws comparisons with and implications for the process in other bacteria where it is pertinent to do so. Fatty acids may be present in high levels in many of the natural environments of E. coli and Salmonella in which oxygen is limited but nitrate is available to support respiration. In E. coli, nitrate reduction in the periplasm involves the products of two seven-gene operons, napFDAGHBC, encoding the periplasmic nitrate reductase, and nrfABCDEFG, encoding the periplasmic nitrite reductase. No bacterium has yet been shown to couple a periplasmic nitrate reductase solely to the cytoplasmic nitrite reductase NirB. The cytoplasmic pathway for nitrate reduction to ammonia is restricted almost exclusively to a few groups of facultative anaerobic bacteria that encounter high concentrations of environmental nitrate.
Collapse
|
8
|
Srivastava AP, Allen JP, Vaccaro BJ, Hirasawa M, Alkul S, Johnson MK, Knaff DB. Identification of Amino Acids at the Catalytic Site of a Ferredoxin-Dependent Cyanobacterial Nitrate Reductase. Biochemistry 2015; 54:5557-68. [PMID: 26305228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An in silico model of the ferredoxin-dependent nitrate reductase from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942, and information about active sites in related enzymes, had identified Cys148, Met149, Met306, Asp163, and Arg351 as amino acids likely to be involved in either nitrate binding, prosthetic group binding, or catalysis. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to alter each of these residues, and differences in enzyme activity and substrate binding of the purified variants were analyzed. In addition, the effects of these replacements on the assembly and properties of the Mo cofactor and [4Fe-4S] centers were investigated using Mo and Fe determinations, coupled with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The C148A, M149A, M306A, D163N, and R351Q variants were all inactive with either the physiological electron donor, reduced ferredoxin, or the nonphysiological electron donor, reduced methyl viologen, as the source of electrons, and all exhibited changes in the properties of the Mo cofactor. Charge-conserving D163E and R351K variants were also inactive, suggesting that specific amino acids are required at these two positions. The implications for the role of these five conserved active-site residues in light of these new results and previous structural, spectroscopic, and mutagenesis studies for related periplasmic nitrate reductases are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag P Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - James P Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Brian J Vaccaro
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Metalloenzyme Studies, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Masakazu Hirasawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Suzanne Alkul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Michael K Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Metalloenzyme Studies, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - David B Knaff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409-3132, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sparacino-Watkins C, Stolz JF, Basu P. Nitrate and periplasmic nitrate reductases. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:676-706. [PMID: 24141308 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60249d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nitrate anion is a simple, abundant and relatively stable species, yet plays a significant role in global cycling of nitrogen, global climate change, and human health. Although it has been known for quite some time that nitrate is an important species environmentally, recent studies have identified potential medical applications. In this respect the nitrate anion remains an enigmatic species that promises to offer exciting science in years to come. Many bacteria readily reduce nitrate to nitrite via nitrate reductases. Classified into three distinct types--periplasmic nitrate reductase (Nap), respiratory nitrate reductase (Nar) and assimilatory nitrate reductase (Nas), they are defined by their cellular location, operon organization and active site structure. Of these, Nap proteins are the focus of this review. Despite similarities in the catalytic and spectroscopic properties Nap from different Proteobacteria are phylogenetically distinct. This review has two major sections: in the first section, nitrate in the nitrogen cycle and human health, taxonomy of nitrate reductases, assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate reduction, cellular locations of nitrate reductases, structural and redox chemistry are discussed. The second section focuses on the features of periplasmic nitrate reductase where the catalytic subunit of the Nap and its kinetic properties, auxiliary Nap proteins, operon structure and phylogenetic relationships are discussed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Reductive activation in periplasmic nitrate reductase involves chemical modifications of the Mo-cofactor beyond the first coordination sphere of the metal ion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1837:277-86. [PMID: 24212053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In Rhodobacter sphaeroides periplasmic nitrate reductase NapAB, the major Mo(V) form (the "high g" species) in air-purified samples is inactive and requires reduction to irreversibly convert into a catalytically competent form (Fourmond et al., J. Phys. Chem., 2008). In the present work, we study the kinetics of the activation process by combining EPR spectroscopy and direct electrochemistry. Upon reduction, the Mo (V) "high g" resting EPR signal slowly decays while the other redox centers of the protein are rapidly reduced, which we interpret as a slow and gated (or coupled) intramolecular electron transfer between the [4Fe-4S] center and the Mo cofactor in the inactive enzyme. Besides, we detect spin-spin interactions between the Mo(V) ion and the [4Fe-4S](1+) cluster which are modified upon activation of the enzyme, while the EPR signatures associated to the Mo cofactor remain almost unchanged. This shows that the activation process, which modifies the exchange coupling pathway between the Mo and the [4Fe-4S](1+) centers, occurs further away than in the first coordination sphere of the Mo ion. Relying on structural data and studies on Mo-pyranopterin and models, we propose a molecular mechanism of activation which involves the pyranopterin moiety of the molybdenum cofactor that is proximal to the [4Fe-4S] cluster. The mechanism implies both the cyclization of the pyran ring and the reduction of the oxidized pterin to give the competent tricyclic tetrahydropyranopterin form.
Collapse
|
11
|
Detrimental effect of the 6 His C-terminal tag on YedY enzymatic activity and influence of the TAT signal sequence on YedY synthesis. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 14:28. [PMID: 24180491 PMCID: PMC4228395 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-14-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background YedY, a molybdoenzyme belonging to the sulfite oxidase family, is found in most Gram-negative bacteria. It contains a twin-arginine signal sequence that is cleaved after its translocation into the periplasm. Despite a weak reductase activity with substrates such as dimethyl sulfoxide or trimethylamine N-oxide, its natural substrate and its role in the cell remain unknown. Although sequence conservation of the YedY family displays a strictly conserved hydrophobic C-terminal residue, all known studies on Escherichia coli YedY have been performed with an enzyme containing a 6 histidine-tag at the C-terminus which could hamper enzyme activity. Results In this study, we demonstrate that the tag fused to the C-terminus of Rhodobacter sphaeroides YedY is detrimental to the enzyme’s reductase activity and results in an eight-fold decrease in catalytic efficiency. Nonetheless this C-terminal tag does not influence the properties of the molybdenum active site, as assayed by EPR spectroscopy. When a cleavable His-tag was fused to the N-terminus of the mature enzyme in the absence of the signal sequence, YedY was expressed and folded with its cofactor. However, when the signal sequence was added upstream of the N-ter tag, the amount of enzyme produced was approximately ten-fold higher. Conclusion Our study thus underscores the risk of using a C-terminus tagged enzyme while studying YedY, and presents an alternative strategy to express signal sequence-containing enzymes with an N-terminal tag. It brings new insights into molybdoenzyme maturation in R. sphaeroides showing that for some enzymes, maturation can occur in the absence of the signal sequence but that its presence is required for high expression of active enzyme.
Collapse
|
12
|
Induced peroxidase activity of haem containing nitrate reductases revealed by protein film electrochemistry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
13
|
The prokaryotic Mo/W-bisPGD enzymes family: a catalytic workhorse in bioenergetic. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:1048-85. [PMID: 23376630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, prominent importance of molybdenum-containing enzymes in prokaryotes has been put forward by studies originating from different fields. Proteomic or bioinformatic studies underpinned that the list of molybdenum-containing enzymes is far from being complete with to date, more than fifty different enzymes involved in the biogeochemical nitrogen, carbon and sulfur cycles. In particular, the vast majority of prokaryotic molybdenum-containing enzymes belong to the so-called dimethylsulfoxide reductase family. Despite its extraordinary diversity, this family is characterized by the presence of a Mo/W-bis(pyranopterin guanosine dinucleotide) cofactor at the active site. This review highlights what has been learned about the properties of the catalytic site, the modular variation of the structural organization of these enzymes, and their interplay with the isoprenoid quinones. In the last part, this review provides an integrated view of how these enzymes contribute to the bioenergetics of prokaryotes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Metals in Bioenergetics and Biomimetics Systems.
Collapse
|
14
|
Gonzalez PJ, Rivas MG, Mota CS, Brondino CD, Moura I, Moura JJ. Periplasmic nitrate reductases and formate dehydrogenases: Biological control of the chemical properties of Mo and W for fine tuning of reactivity, substrate specificity and metabolic role. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
15
|
Zeng YF, Lee J, Si YX, Yan L, Kim TR, Qian GY, Lü ZR, Ye ZM, Yin SJ. Inhibitory effect of Zn2+ on α-glucosidase: Inhibition kinetics and molecular dynamics simulation. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
16
|
Biaso F, Burlat B, Guigliarelli B. DFT Investigation of the Molybdenum Cofactor in Periplasmic Nitrate Reductases: Structure of the Mo(V) EPR-Active Species. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:3409-19. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201533p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Biaso
- Unité de Bioénergétique
et Ingénierie des Protéines, UMR 7281, Centre National
de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée,
and Aix-Marseille University, 31 Chemin
Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Bénédicte Burlat
- Unité de Bioénergétique
et Ingénierie des Protéines, UMR 7281, Centre National
de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée,
and Aix-Marseille University, 31 Chemin
Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Bruno Guigliarelli
- Unité de Bioénergétique
et Ingénierie des Protéines, UMR 7281, Centre National
de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée,
and Aix-Marseille University, 31 Chemin
Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang TH, Chen YH, Huang JY, Liu KC, Ke SC, Chu HA. Enzyme kinetics, inhibitors, mutagenesis and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis of dual-affinity nitrate reductase in unicellular N(2)-fixing cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:1369-1376. [PMID: 21821424 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The assimilatory nitrate reductase (NarB) of N(2)-fixing cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801 is a monomeric enzyme with dual affinity for substrate nitrate. We purified the recombinant NarB of Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801 and further investigated it by enzyme kinetics analysis, site-directed mutagenesis, inhibitor kinetics analysis, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The NarB showed 2 kinetic regimes at pH 10.5 or 8 and electron-donor conditions methyl viologen or ferredoxin (Fd). Fd-dependent NR assay revealed NarB with very high affinity for nitrate (K(m)1, ∼1μM; K(m)2, ∼270μM). Metal analysis and EPR results showed that NarB contains a Mo cofactor and a [4Fe-4S] cluster. In addition, the R352A mutation on the proposed nitrate-binding site of NarB greatly altered both high- and low-affinity kinetic components. Furthermore, the effect of azide on the NarB of Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801 was more complex than that on the NarB of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 with its single kinetic regime. With 1mM azide, the kinetics of the wild-type NarB was transformed from 2 kinetic regimes to hyperbolic kinetics, and its activity was enhanced significantly under medium nitrate concentrations. Moreover, EPR results also suggested a structural difference between the two NarBs. Taken together, our results show that the NarB of Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801 contains only a single Mo-catalytic center, and we rule out that the enzyme has 2 independent, distinct catalytic sites. In addition, the NarB of Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801 may have a regulatory nitrate-binding site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Hei Wang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Magalon A, Fedor JG, Walburger A, Weiner JH. Molybdenum enzymes in bacteria and their maturation. Coord Chem Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
19
|
Gates AJ, Kemp GL, To CY, Mann J, Marritt SJ, Mayes AG, Richardson DJ, Butt JN. The relationship between redox enzyme activity and electrochemical potential—cellular and mechanistic implications from protein film electrochemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:7720-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02887h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
20
|
Fourmond V, Burlat B, Dementin S, Sabaty M, Arnoux P, Étienne É, Guigliarelli B, Bertrand P, Pignol D, Léger C. Dependence of Catalytic Activity on Driving Force in Solution Assays and Protein Film Voltammetry: Insights from the Comparison of Nitrate Reductase Mutants. Biochemistry 2010; 49:2424-32. [DOI: 10.1021/bi902140e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fourmond
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 9036, Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, and Aix-Marseille Université, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Bénédicte Burlat
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 9036, Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, and Aix-Marseille Université, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Sébastien Dementin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 9036, Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, and Aix-Marseille Université, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Monique Sabaty
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, DSV, IBEB, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6191, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementale, and Aix-Marseille Université, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Pascal Arnoux
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, DSV, IBEB, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6191, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementale, and Aix-Marseille Université, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Émilien Étienne
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 9036, Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, and Aix-Marseille Université, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Bruno Guigliarelli
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 9036, Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, and Aix-Marseille Université, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Patrick Bertrand
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 9036, Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, and Aix-Marseille Université, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - David Pignol
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, DSV, IBEB, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6191, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementale, and Aix-Marseille Université, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Christophe Léger
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 9036, Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, and Aix-Marseille Université, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fourmond V, Sabaty M, Arnoux P, Bertrand P, Pignol D, Léger C. Reassessing the Strategies for Trapping Catalytic Intermediates during Nitrate Reductase Turnover. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:3341-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp911443y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fourmond
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 9036, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, DSV, IBEB, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6191, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementale, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, and Aix-Marseille
| | - Monique Sabaty
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 9036, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, DSV, IBEB, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6191, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementale, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, and Aix-Marseille
| | - Pascal Arnoux
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 9036, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, DSV, IBEB, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6191, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementale, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, and Aix-Marseille
| | - Patrick Bertrand
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 9036, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, DSV, IBEB, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6191, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementale, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, and Aix-Marseille
| | - David Pignol
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 9036, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, DSV, IBEB, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6191, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementale, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, and Aix-Marseille
| | - Christophe Léger
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 9036, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, DSV, IBEB, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6191, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementale, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, and Aix-Marseille
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fourmond V, Lautier T, Baffert C, Leroux F, Liebgott PP, Dementin S, Rousset M, Arnoux P, Pignol D, Meynial-Salles I, Soucaille P, Bertrand P, Léger C. Correcting for electrocatalyst desorption and inactivation in chronoamperometry experiments. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2962-8. [PMID: 19298055 DOI: 10.1021/ac8025702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronoamperometric experiments with adsorbed electrocatalysts are commonly performed either for analytical purposes or for studying the catalytic mechanism of a redox enzyme. In the context of amperometric sensors, the current may be recorded as a function of time while the analyte concentration is being increased to determine a linearity range. In mechanistic studies of redox enzymes, chronoamperometry proved powerful for untangling the effects of electrode potential and time, which are convoluted in cyclic voltammetric measurements, and for studying the energetics and kinetics of inhibition. In all such experiments, the fact that the catalyst's coverage and/or activity decreases over time distorts the data. This may hide meaningful features, introduce systematic errors, and limit the accuracy of the measurements. We propose a general and surprisingly simple method for correcting for electrocatalyst desorption and inactivation, which greatly increases the precision of chronoamperometric experiments. Rather than subtracting a baseline, this consists in dividing the current, either by a synthetic signal that is proportional to the instant electroactive coverage or by the signal recorded in a control experiment. In the latter, the change in current may result from film loss only or from film loss plus catalyst inactivation. We describe the different strategies for obtaining the control signal by analyzing various data recorded with adsorbed redox enzymes: nitrate reductase, NiFe hydrogenase, and FeFe hydrogenase. In each case we discuss the trustfulness and the benefit of the correction. This method also applies to experiments where electron transfer is mediated, rather than direct, providing the current is proportional to the time-dependent concentration of catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fourmond
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, IMM, UPR 9036, CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fourmond V, Burlat B, Dementin S, Arnoux P, Sabaty M, Boiry S, Guigliarelli B, Bertrand P, Pignol D, Léger C. Major Mo(V) EPR Signature of Rhodobacter sphaeroides Periplasmic Nitrate Reductase Arising from a Dead-End Species That Activates upon Reduction. Relation to Other Molybdoenzymes from the DMSO Reductase Family. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:15478-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jp807092y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fourmond
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, IBSM, UPR 9036, CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Aix-Marseille Université, 3 Place Victor Hugo, F-13333 Marseilles Cedex 3, France, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, SBVME, IBEB, CEA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, and Laboratoire de Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, UMR 6191, CNRS, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Bénédicte Burlat
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, IBSM, UPR 9036, CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Aix-Marseille Université, 3 Place Victor Hugo, F-13333 Marseilles Cedex 3, France, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, SBVME, IBEB, CEA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, and Laboratoire de Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, UMR 6191, CNRS, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Sébastien Dementin
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, IBSM, UPR 9036, CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Aix-Marseille Université, 3 Place Victor Hugo, F-13333 Marseilles Cedex 3, France, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, SBVME, IBEB, CEA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, and Laboratoire de Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, UMR 6191, CNRS, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Pascal Arnoux
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, IBSM, UPR 9036, CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Aix-Marseille Université, 3 Place Victor Hugo, F-13333 Marseilles Cedex 3, France, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, SBVME, IBEB, CEA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, and Laboratoire de Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, UMR 6191, CNRS, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Monique Sabaty
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, IBSM, UPR 9036, CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Aix-Marseille Université, 3 Place Victor Hugo, F-13333 Marseilles Cedex 3, France, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, SBVME, IBEB, CEA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, and Laboratoire de Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, UMR 6191, CNRS, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Séverine Boiry
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, IBSM, UPR 9036, CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Aix-Marseille Université, 3 Place Victor Hugo, F-13333 Marseilles Cedex 3, France, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, SBVME, IBEB, CEA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, and Laboratoire de Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, UMR 6191, CNRS, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Bruno Guigliarelli
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, IBSM, UPR 9036, CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Aix-Marseille Université, 3 Place Victor Hugo, F-13333 Marseilles Cedex 3, France, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, SBVME, IBEB, CEA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, and Laboratoire de Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, UMR 6191, CNRS, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Patrick Bertrand
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, IBSM, UPR 9036, CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Aix-Marseille Université, 3 Place Victor Hugo, F-13333 Marseilles Cedex 3, France, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, SBVME, IBEB, CEA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, and Laboratoire de Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, UMR 6191, CNRS, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - David Pignol
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, IBSM, UPR 9036, CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Aix-Marseille Université, 3 Place Victor Hugo, F-13333 Marseilles Cedex 3, France, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, SBVME, IBEB, CEA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, and Laboratoire de Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, UMR 6191, CNRS, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Christophe Léger
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, IBSM, UPR 9036, CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Aix-Marseille Université, 3 Place Victor Hugo, F-13333 Marseilles Cedex 3, France, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, SBVME, IBEB, CEA, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, and Laboratoire de Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, UMR 6191, CNRS, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Léger C, Bertrand P. Direct Electrochemistry of Redox Enzymes as a Tool for Mechanistic Studies. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2379-438. [DOI: 10.1021/cr0680742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 594] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|