1
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The development of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 inhibitors since 2018. Microbiol Res 2022; 261:127079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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2
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Rate and Product Studies with 1-Adamantyl Chlorothioformate under Solvolytic Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147394. [PMID: 34299023 PMCID: PMC8306509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was carried out on the solvolysis of 1-adamantyl chlorothioformate (1-AdSCOCl, 1) in hydroxylic solvents. The rate constants of the solvolysis of 1 were well correlated using the Grunwald–Winstein equation in all of the 20 solvents (R = 0.985). The solvolyses of 1 were analyzed as the following two competing reactions: the solvolysis ionization pathway through the intermediate (1-AdSCO)+ (carboxylium ion) stabilized by the loss of chloride ions due to nucleophilic solvation and the solvolysis–decomposition pathway through the intermediate 1-Ad+Cl− ion pairs (carbocation) with the loss of carbonyl sulfide. In addition, the rate constants (kexp) for the solvolysis of 1 were separated into k1-Ad+Cl− and k1-AdSCO+Cl− through a product study and applied to the Grunwald–Winstein equation to obtain the sensitivity (m-value) to change in solvent ionizing power. For binary hydroxylic solvents, the selectivities (S) for the formation of solvolysis products were very similar to those of the 1-adamantyl derivatives discussed previously. The kinetic solvent isotope effects (KSIEs), salt effects and activation parameters for the solvolyses of 1 were also determined. These observations are compared with those previously reported for the solvolyses of 1-adamantyl chloroformate (1-AdOCOCl, 2). The reasons for change in reaction channels are discussed in terms of the gas-phase stabilities of acylium ions calculated using Gaussian 03.
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3
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Thomas PW, Cammarata M, Brodbelt JS, Monzingo AF, Pratt RF, Fast W. A Lysine-Targeted Affinity Label for Serine-β-Lactamase Also Covalently Modifies New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1). Biochemistry 2019; 58:2834-2843. [PMID: 31145588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The divergent sequences, protein structures, and catalytic mechanisms of serine- and metallo-β-lactamases hamper the development of wide-spectrum β-lactamase inhibitors that can block both types of enzymes. The O-aryloxycarbonyl hydroxamate inactivators of Enterobacter cloacae P99 class C serine-β-lactamase are unusual covalent inhibitors in that they target both active-site Ser and Lys residues, resulting in a cross-link consisting of only two atoms. Many clinically relevant metallo-β-lactamases have an analogous active-site Lys residue used to bind β-lactam substrates, suggesting a common site to target with covalent inhibitors. Here, we demonstrate that an O-aryloxycarbonyl hydroxamate inactivator of serine-β-lactamases can also serve as a classical affinity label for New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1). Rapid dilution assays, site-directed mutagenesis, and global kinetic fitting are used to map covalent modification at Lys211 and determine KI (140 μM) and kinact (0.045 min-1) values. Mass spectrometry of the intact protein and the use of ultraviolet photodissociation for extensive fragmentation confirm stoichiometric covalent labeling that occurs specifically at Lys211. A 2.0 Å resolution X-ray crystal structure of inactivated NDM-1 reveals that the covalent adduct is bound at the substrate-binding site but is not directly coordinated to the active-site zinc cluster. These results indicate that Lys-targeted affinity labels might be a successful strategy for developing compounds that can inactivate both serine- and metallo-β-lactamases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - R F Pratt
- Department of Chemistry , Wesleyan University , Middletown , Connecticut 06459 , United States
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4
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Specificity of extended O-aryloxycarbonyl hydroxamates as inhibitors of a class C β-lactamase. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1430-1436. [PMID: 30792103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Class C β-lactamases have previously been shown to be efficiently inactivated by O-aryloxycarbonyl hydroxamates. O-Phenoxycarbonyl-N-benzyloxycarbonylhydroxylamine (1) and O-phenoxycarbonyl-N-(R)-[(4-amino-4-carboxy-1-butyl)oxycarbonyl]hydroxylamine (2), for example, were found to be effective inactivators. The present paper describes a structure-activity study of these molecules to better define the important structural elements for high inhibitory activity. The results show that a well-positioned hydrophobic element (which may interact with the Tyr221 residue of the enzyme) and a negatively charged element, e.g. a carboxylate group (which may interact with Arg204), are required for high reactivity with the enzyme. The new compounds were found to inactivate by forming a carbonyl cross-linked enzyme (probably Ser64OCONHLys 315) as for 1 rather than the inert hydroxamoyl derivative observed with 2.
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5
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Adediran SA, Wang PF, Shilabin AG, Baron CA, McLeish MJ, Pratt RF. Specificity and mechanism of mandelamide hydrolase catalysis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 618:23-31. [PMID: 28129982 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The best-studied amidase signature (AS) enzyme is probably fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Closely related to FAAH is mandelamide hydrolase (MAH), whose substrate specificity and mechanism of catalysis are described in this paper. First, we developed a convenient chromogenic substrate, 4-nitrophenylacetamide, for MAH. The lack of reactivity of MAH with the corresponding ethyl ester confirmed the very limited size of the MAH leaving group site. The reactivity of MAH with 4-nitrophenyl acetate and methyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonate, therefore, suggested formation of an "inverse" acyl-enzyme where the small acyl-group occupies the normal leaving group site. We have interpreted the specificity of MAH for phenylacetamide substrates and small leaving groups in terms of its active site structure, using a homology model based on a FAAH crystal structure. The relevant structural elements were compared with those of FAAH. Phenylmethylboronic acid is a potent inhibitor of MAH (Ki = 27 nM), presumably because it forms a transition state analogue structure with the enzyme. O-Acyl hydroxamates were not irreversible inactivators of MAH but some were found to be transient inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Adediran
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Pan-Fen Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Abbas G Shilabin
- Department of Chemistry, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Charles A Baron
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Michael J McLeish
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - R F Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
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6
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Adediran SA, Pratt RF. Penicillin acylase and O-aryloxycarbonyl hydroxamates: Two acyl-enzymes, one leading to hydrolysis, the other to inactivation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 614:65-71. [PMID: 28038956 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
O-Aryloxycarbonyl hydroxamates have previously been shown to covalently inactivate serine/amine amidohydrolases such as class C β-lactamases and a N-terminal hydrolase, the proteasome. We report here reactions between O-aryloxycarbonyl hydroxamates and another N-terminal hydrolase, penicillin acylase. O-Aryloxycarbonyl hydroxamates, as non-symmetric carbonates, have two different leaving groups attached to the reactive central carbonyl group. We propose that these compounds can bind to the active site in either of two orientations and that either leaving group can be displaced from either orientation. In the present case we detected from kinetics experiments two distinct acyl-enzymes, one of which is subject to normal hydrolysis and the other to inactivation. Non-symmetric carbonates therefore can be very versatile enzyme inactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Adediran
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - R F Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
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7
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The analysis of the antibiotic resistome offers new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:1133-51. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most efforts in the development of antimicrobials have focused on the screening of lethal targets. Nevertheless, the constant expansion of antimicrobial resistance makes the antibiotic resistance determinants themselves suitable targets for finding inhibitors to be used in combination with antibiotics. Among them, inhibitors of antibiotic inactivating enzymes and of multidrug efflux pumps are suitable candidates for improving the efficacy of antibiotics. In addition, the application of systems biology tools is helping to understand the changes in bacterial physiology associated to the acquisition of resistance, including the increased susceptibility to other antibiotics displayed by some antibiotic-resistant mutants. This information is useful for implementing novel strategies based in metabolic interventions or combination of antibiotics for improving the efficacy of antibacterial therapy.
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8
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Tilvawala R, Cammarata M, Adediran SA, Brodbelt JS, Pratt RF. A New Covalent Inhibitor of Class C β-Lactamases Reveals Extended Active Site Specificity. Biochemistry 2015; 54:7375-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Tilvawala
- Department
of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Michael Cammarata
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - S. A. Adediran
- Department
of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Brodbelt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - R. F. Pratt
- Department
of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
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9
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Dzhekieva L, Adediran SA, Pratt RF. Interactions of "bora-penicilloates" with serine β-lactamases and DD-peptidases. Biochemistry 2014; 53:6530-8. [PMID: 25302576 PMCID: PMC4204886 DOI: 10.1021/bi500970f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Specific
boronic acids are generally powerful tetrahedral intermediate/transition
state analogue inhibitors of serine amidohydrolases. This group of
enzymes includes bacterial β-lactamases and DD-peptidases where
there has been considerable development of boronic acid inhibitors.
This paper describes the synthesis, determination of the inhibitory
activity, and analysis of the results from two α-(2-thiazolidinyl)
boronic acids that are closer analogues of particular tetrahedral
intermediates involved in β-lactamase and DD-peptidase catalysis
than those previously described. One of them, 2-[1-(dihydroxyboranyl)(2-phenylacetamido)methyl]-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic
acid, is a direct analogue of the deacylation tetrahedral intermediates
of these enzymes. These compounds are micromolar inhibitors of class
C β-lactamases but, very unexpectedly, not inhibitors of class
A β-lactamases. We rationalize the latter result on the basis
of a new mechanism of boronic acid inhibition of the class A enzymes.
A stable inhibitory complex is not accessible because of the instability
of an intermediate on its pathway of formation. The new boronic acids
also do not inhibit bacterial DD-peptidases (penicillin-binding proteins).
This result strongly supports a central feature of a previously proposed
mechanism of action of β-lactam antibiotics, where deacylation
of β-lactam-derived acyl-enzymes is not possible because of
unfavorable steric interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Dzhekieva
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University , Lawn Avenue, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
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10
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Tilvawala R, Pratt RF. Kinetics of Action of a Two-Stage Pro-Inhibitor of Serine β-Lactamases. Biochemistry 2013; 52:7060-70. [DOI: 10.1021/bi400873r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Tilvawala
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Lawn Avenue, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - R. F. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Lawn Avenue, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
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11
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Tilvawala R, Pratt RF. Covalent Inhibition of Serine β-Lactamases by Novel Hydroxamic Acid Derivatives. Biochemistry 2013; 52:3712-20. [DOI: 10.1021/bi4003887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Tilvawala
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Lawn Avenue, Middletown, Connecticut
06459, United States
| | - R. F. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Lawn Avenue, Middletown, Connecticut
06459, United States
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12
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Olivares J, Bernardini A, Garcia-Leon G, Corona F, B Sanchez M, Martinez JL. The intrinsic resistome of bacterial pathogens. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:103. [PMID: 23641241 PMCID: PMC3639378 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically resistant bacteria have emerged as a relevant health problem in the last years. Those bacterial species, several of them with an environmental origin, present naturally low-level susceptibility to several drugs. It has been proposed that intrinsic resistance is mainly the consequence of the impermeability of cellular envelopes, the activity of multidrug efflux pumps or the lack of appropriate targets for a given family of drugs. However, recently published articles indicate that the characteristic phenotype of susceptibility to antibiotics of a given bacterial species depends on the concerted activity of several elements, what has been named as intrinsic resistome. These determinants comprise not just classical resistance genes. Other elements, several of them involved in basic bacterial metabolic processes, are of relevance for the intrinsic resistance of bacterial pathogens. In the present review we analyze recent publications on the intrinsic resistomes of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We present as well information on the role that global regulators of bacterial metabolism, as Crc from P. aeruginosa, may have on modulating bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics. Finally, we discuss the possibility of searching inhibitors of the intrinsic resistome in the aim of improving the activity of drugs currently in use for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Olivares
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
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13
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Adediran SA, Lin G, Pelto RB, Pratt RF. Crossover inhibition as an indicator of convergent evolution of enzyme mechanisms: a β-lactamase and a N-terminal nucleophile hydrolase. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:4186-9. [PMID: 23098756 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
O-Aryloxycarbonyl hydroxamates and 1,3,4-oxathiazol-2-ones have been identified as covalent inhibitors of β-lactamases and proteasomes, respectively. The products of these inhibition reactions are remarkably similar, involving carbonyl cross-linking of the active sites. We have cross-checked these inhibitors, showing that the former inhibit proteasomes and the latter β-lactamases, to form the same inactive carbonyl adducts. These results are discussed in terms of similarities of the active site structures and catalytic mechanisms. It is likely that a mechanistic imperative has led to convergent evolution of these enzyme active sites, of a β-lactam-recognizing enzyme and a N-terminal protease belonging to different amidohydrolase superfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Adediran
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
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14
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The antibiotic resistome: challenge and opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:347-59. [PMID: 22393941 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the relevance of infectious disease as main causes of human morbidity and mortality, the development of new antibacterials is not among the highest priorities for pharmaceutical companies. Regulatory and economic issues, together with the lack of novel targets, might justify the reduced rate of discovery of new antimicrobials. With the increasing number of antibiotic resistant pathogens, the mechanisms of resistance appear as appealing alternatives for developing new drugs. Defining the elements that contribute to the characteristic phenotype of susceptibility to antibiotics of a given bacterial species, will serve to find those targets. Recent information on the elements forming part of bacterial intrinsic resistomes and on the inhibitors of resistance currently under development are presented. The possibility of developing new therapeutic procedures based on the administration, together with antibiotics of specific metabolic intermediates capable of increasing the susceptibility to antibiotics by altering bacterial physiology, are also discussed.
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15
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Pelto RB, Pratt RF. Serendipitous discovery of α-hydroxyalkyl esters as β-lactamase substrates. Biochemistry 2010; 49:10496-506. [PMID: 21087009 DOI: 10.1021/bi101071r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
O-(1-Carboxy-1-alkyloxycarbonyl) hydroxamates were found to spontaneously decarboxylate in aqueous neutral buffer to form O-(2-hydroxyalkylcarbonyl) hydroxamates. While the former molecules do not react rapidly with serine β-lactamases, the latter are quite good substrates of representative class A and C, but not D, enzymes, and particularly of a class C enzyme. The enzymes catalyze hydrolysis of these compounds to a mixture of the α-hydroxy acid and hydroxamate. Analogous compounds containing aryloxy leaving groups rather that hydroxamates are also substrates. Structure-activity experiments showed that the α-hydroxyl group was required for any substantial substrate activity. Although both d- and l-α-hydroxy acid derivatives were substrates, the former were preferred. The response of the class C activity to pH and to alternative nucleophiles (methanol and d-phenylalanine) suggested that the same active site functional groups participated in catalysis as for classical substrates. Molecular modeling was employed to explore how the α-hydroxy group might interact with the class C β-lactamase active site. Incorporation of the α-hydroxyalkyl moiety into novel inhibitors will be of considerable interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Pelto
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
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16
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Bebrone C, Lassaux P, Vercheval L, Sohier JS, Jehaes A, Sauvage E, Galleni M. Current challenges in antimicrobial chemotherapy: focus on ß-lactamase inhibition. Drugs 2010; 70:651-79. [PMID: 20394454 DOI: 10.2165/11318430-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The use of the three classical beta-lactamase inhibitors (clavulanic acid, tazobactam and sulbactam) in combination with beta-lactam antibacterials is currently the most successful strategy to combat beta-lactamase-mediated resistance. However, these inhibitors are efficient in inactivating only class A beta-lactamases and the efficiency of the inhibitor/antibacterial combination can be compromised by several mechanisms, such as the production of naturally resistant class B or class D enzymes, the hyperproduction of AmpC or even the production of evolved inhibitor-resistant class A enzymes. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of novel inhibitors. For serine active enzymes (classes A, C and D), derivatives of the beta-lactam ring such as 6-beta-halogenopenicillanates, beta-lactam sulfones, penems and oxapenems, monobactams or trinems seem to be potential starting points to design efficient molecules (such as AM-112 and LK-157). Moreover, a promising non-beta-lactam molecule, NXL-104, is now under clinical development. In contrast, an ideal inhibitor of metallo-beta-lactamases (class B) remains to be found, despite the huge number of potential molecules already described (biphenyl tetrazoles, cysteinyl peptides, mercaptocarboxylates, succinic acid derivatives, etc.). The search for such an inhibitor is complicated by the absence of a covalent intermediate in their catalytic mechanisms and the fact that beta-lactam derivatives often behave as substrates rather than as inhibitors. Currently, the most promising broad-spectrum inhibitors of class B enzymes are molecules presenting chelating groups (thiols, carboxylates, etc.) combined with an aromatic group. This review describes all the types of molecules already tested as potential beta-lactamase inhibitors and thus constitutes an update of the current status in beta-lactamase inhibitor discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Bebrone
- Biological Macromolecules, Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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17
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Storz T, Gu J, Wilk B, Olsen E. Regioselective lipase-catalyzed acylation of 41-desmethoxy-rapamycin without vinyl esters. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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18
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Abstract
Since the introduction of penicillin, beta-lactam antibiotics have been the antimicrobial agents of choice. Unfortunately, the efficacy of these life-saving antibiotics is significantly threatened by bacterial beta-lactamases. beta-Lactamases are now responsible for resistance to penicillins, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems. In order to overcome beta-lactamase-mediated resistance, beta-lactamase inhibitors (clavulanate, sulbactam, and tazobactam) were introduced into clinical practice. These inhibitors greatly enhance the efficacy of their partner beta-lactams (amoxicillin, ampicillin, piperacillin, and ticarcillin) in the treatment of serious Enterobacteriaceae and penicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections. However, selective pressure from excess antibiotic use accelerated the emergence of resistance to beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Furthermore, the prevalence of clinically relevant beta-lactamases from other classes that are resistant to inhibition is rapidly increasing. There is an urgent need for effective inhibitors that can restore the activity of beta-lactams. Here, we review the catalytic mechanisms of each beta-lactamase class. We then discuss approaches for circumventing beta-lactamase-mediated resistance, including properties and characteristics of mechanism-based inactivators. We next highlight the mechanisms of action and salient clinical and microbiological features of beta-lactamase inhibitors. We also emphasize their therapeutic applications. We close by focusing on novel compounds and the chemical features of these agents that may contribute to a "second generation" of inhibitors. The goal for the next 3 decades will be to design inhibitors that will be effective for more than a single class of beta-lactamases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Drawz
- Departments of Pathology, Medicine, Pharmacology, Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert A. Bonomo
- Departments of Pathology, Medicine, Pharmacology, Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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19
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Liu J, Clegg JK, Codd R. Methyl 3-[(1-adamantylcarbon-yloxy)amino-carbon-yl]propanoate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o1742-3. [PMID: 21583454 PMCID: PMC2977356 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809024210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C(16)H(23)NO(5), the H-N-O-C torsion angle is 98.6 (1)°, which is of a similar magnitude to other N,O-diacyl-hydroxy-lamines. The N-O distance is 1.4029 (14) Å, which is similar to the N-O distance in other N,O-diacyl-hydroxy-lamines. In the crystal, intermolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate chains of molecules.
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20
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Ganta SR, Perumal S, Pagadala SRR, Samuelsen Ø, Spencer J, Pratt RF, Buynak JD. Approaches to the simultaneous inactivation of metallo- and serine-beta-lactamases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1618-22. [PMID: 19243936 PMCID: PMC2896329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 01/31/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of cephalosporin-derived reverse hydroxamates and oximes were prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of representative metallo- and serine-beta-lactamases. The reverse hydroxamates showed submicromolar inhibition of the GIM-1 metallo-beta-lactamase. With respect to interactions with the classes A, C, and D serine beta-lactamases, as judged by their correspondingly low K(m) values, the reverse hydroxamates were recognized in a manner similar to the non-hydroxylated N-H amide side chains of the natural substrates of these enzymes. This indicates that, with respect to recognition in the active site of the serine beta-lactamases, the OC-NR-OH functionality can function as a structural isostere of the OC-NR-H group, with the N-O-H group presumably replacing the amide N-H group as a hydrogen bond donor to the appropriate backbone carbonyl oxygen of the protein. The reverse hydroxamates, however, displayed k(cat) values up to three orders of magnitude lower than the natural substrates, thus indicating substantial slowing of the hydrolytic action of these serine beta-lactamases. Although the degree of inactivation is not yet enough to be clinically useful, these initial results are promising. The substitution of the amide N-H bond by N-OH may represent a useful strategy for the inhibition of other serine hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Senthil Perumal
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459
| | | | - Ørjan Samuelsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- Reference Centre for Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, N-9038 Tromso, Norway
| | - James Spencer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - R. F. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459
| | - John D. Buynak
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX 75275-0314
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Kim S, Joo S, Yoon S, Kim S, Moon J, Ryu Y, Kim KK, Kim TD. Purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of Est-Y29: a novel oligomeric beta-lactamase. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2009; 65:310-2. [PMID: 19255492 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309109005442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
beta-Lactam antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins have a four-atom ring as a common element in their structure. The beta-lactamases, which catalyze the inactivation of these antibiotics, are of great interest because of their high incidence in pathogenic bacteria. A novel oligomeric class C beta-lactamase (Est-Y29) from a metagenomic library was expressed, purified and crystallized. The recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli with an N-terminal 6xHis tag and purified to homogeneity. EstY-29 was crystallized and X-ray intensity data were collected to 1.49 A resolution using synchrotron radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungbum Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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