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Stock C. pH-regulated single cell migration. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:639-658. [PMID: 38214759 PMCID: PMC11006768 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, extra- and intracellular pH have emerged as fundamental regulators of cell motility. Fundamental physiological and pathological processes relying on appropriate cell migration, such as embryonic development, wound healing, and a proper immune defense on the one hand, and autoimmune diseases, metastatic cancer, and the progression of certain parasitic diseases on the other, depend on surrounding pH. In addition, migrating single cells create their own localized pH nanodomains at their surface and in the cytosol. By this means, the migrating cells locally modulate their adhesion to, and the re-arrangement and digestion of, the extracellular matrix. At the same time, the cytosolic nanodomains tune cytoskeletal dynamics along the direction of movement resulting in concerted lamellipodia protrusion and rear end retraction. Extracellular pH gradients as found in wounds, inflamed tissues, or the periphery of tumors stimulate directed cell migration, and long-term exposure to acidic conditions can engender a more migratory and invasive phenotype persisting for hours up to several generations of cells after they have left the acidic milieu. In the present review, the different variants of pH-dependent single cell migration are described. The underlying pH-dependent molecular mechanisms such as conformational changes of adhesion molecules, matrix protease activity, actin (de-)polymerization, and signaling events are explained, and molecular pH sensors stimulated by H+ signaling are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectiology & Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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2
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Kim LY, Thompson PM, Lee HT, Pershad M, Campbell SL, Alushin GM. The Structural Basis of Actin Organization by Vinculin and Metavinculin. J Mol Biol 2015; 428:10-25. [PMID: 26493222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vinculin is an essential adhesion protein that links membrane-bound integrin and cadherin receptors through their intracellular binding partners to filamentous actin, facilitating mechanotransduction. Here we present an 8.5-Å-resolution cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction and pseudo-atomic model of the vinculin tail (Vt) domain bound to F-actin. Upon actin engagement, the N-terminal "strap" and helix 1 are displaced from the Vt helical bundle to mediate actin bundling. We find that an analogous conformational change also occurs in the H1' helix of the tail domain of metavinculin (MVt) upon actin binding, a muscle-specific splice isoform that suppresses actin bundling by Vt. These data support a model in which metavinculin tunes the actin bundling activity of vinculin in a tissue-specific manner, providing a mechanistic framework for understanding metavinculin mutations associated with hereditary cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Y Kim
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Interactions, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter M Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hyunna T Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mihir Pershad
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sharon L Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gregory M Alushin
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Interactions, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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3
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Chinthalapudi K, Patil DN, Rangarajan ES, Rader C, Izard T. Lipid-directed vinculin dimerization. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2758-68. [PMID: 25880222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Vinculin localizes to cellular adhesions where it regulates motility, migration, development, wound healing, and response to force. Importantly, vinculin loss results in cancer phenotypes, cardiovascular disease, and embryonic lethality. At the plasma cell membrane, the most abundant phosphoinositide, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), binds the vinculin tail domain, Vt, and triggers homotypic and heterotypic interactions that amplify binding of vinculin to the actin network. Binding of PIP2 to Vt is necessary for maintaining optimal focal adhesions, for organizing stress fibers, for cell migration and spreading, and for the control of vinculin dynamics and turnover of focal adhesions. While the recently determined Vt/PIP2 crystal structure revealed the conformational changes occurring upon lipid binding and oligomerization, characterization of PIP2-induced vinculin oligomerization has been challenging in the adhesion biology field. Here, via a series of novel biochemical assays not performed in previous studies that relied on chemical cross-linking, we characterize the PIP2-induced vinculin oligomerization. Our results show that Vt/PIP2 forms a tight dimer with Vt or with the muscle-specific vinculin isoform, metavinculin, at sites of adhesion at the cell membrane. Insight into how PIP2 regulates clustering and into mechanisms that regulate cell adhesion allows the development for a more definite sensor for PIP2, and our developed techniques can be applied generally and thus open the door for the characterization of many other protein/PIP2 complexes under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Chinthalapudi
- †Cell Adhesion Laboratory, ‡Department of Cancer Biology, and §Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Dipak N Patil
- †Cell Adhesion Laboratory, ‡Department of Cancer Biology, and §Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Erumbi S Rangarajan
- †Cell Adhesion Laboratory, ‡Department of Cancer Biology, and §Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Christoph Rader
- †Cell Adhesion Laboratory, ‡Department of Cancer Biology, and §Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Tina Izard
- †Cell Adhesion Laboratory, ‡Department of Cancer Biology, and §Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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Chinthalapudi K, Rangarajan ES, Patil DN, George EM, Brown DT, Izard T. Lipid binding promotes oligomerization and focal adhesion activity of vinculin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 207:643-56. [PMID: 25488920 PMCID: PMC4259812 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201404128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PIP2 binds vinculin and directs its oligomerization, which promotes proper focal adhesion structure and function. Adherens junctions (AJs) and focal adhesion (FA) complexes are necessary for cell migration and morphogenesis, and for the development, growth, and survival of all metazoans. Vinculin is an essential regulator of both AJs and FAs, where it provides links to the actin cytoskeleton. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) affects the functions of many targets, including vinculin. Here we report the crystal structure of vinculin in complex with PIP2, which revealed that PIP2 binding alters vinculin structure to direct higher-order oligomerization and suggests that PIP2 and F-actin binding to vinculin are mutually permissive. Forced expression of PIP2-binding–deficient mutants of vinculin in vinculin-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts revealed that PIP2 binding is necessary for maintaining optimal FAs, for organization of actin stress fibers, and for cell migration and spreading. Finally, photobleaching experiments indicated that PIP2 binding is required for the control of vinculin dynamics and turnover in FAs. Thus, through oligomerization, PIP2 directs a transient vinculin sequestration at FAs that is necessary for proper FA function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Chinthalapudi
- Cell Adhesion Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Erumbi S Rangarajan
- Cell Adhesion Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Dipak N Patil
- Cell Adhesion Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Eric M George
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216 Department of Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - David T Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Tina Izard
- Cell Adhesion Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
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5
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How to find a leucine in a haystack? Structure, ligand recognition and regulation of leucine-aspartic acid (LD) motifs. Biochem J 2014; 460:317-29. [PMID: 24870021 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
LD motifs (leucine-aspartic acid motifs) are short helical protein-protein interaction motifs that have emerged as key players in connecting cell adhesion with cell motility and survival. LD motifs are required for embryogenesis, wound healing and the evolution of multicellularity. LD motifs also play roles in disease, such as in cancer metastasis or viral infection. First described in the paxillin family of scaffolding proteins, LD motifs and similar acidic LXXLL interaction motifs have been discovered in several other proteins, whereas 16 proteins have been reported to contain LDBDs (LD motif-binding domains). Collectively, structural and functional analyses have revealed a surprising multivalency in LD motif interactions and a wide diversity in LDBD architectures. In the present review, we summarize the molecular basis for function, regulation and selectivity of LD motif interactions that has emerged from more than a decade of research. This overview highlights the intricate multi-level regulation and the inherently noisy and heterogeneous nature of signalling through short protein-protein interaction motifs.
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Vinculin and metavinculin: Oligomerization and interactions with F-actin. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1220-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Beaumont KG, Mrksich M. The mechanostability of isolated focal adhesions is strongly dependent on pH. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2012; 19:711-20. [PMID: 22726685 PMCID: PMC3476948 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This report demonstrates that the mechanical stability of focal adhesions exhibits a biphasic and sensitive pH dependence. These studies used isolated focal adhesions, which retain many of the properties of the intracellular structures, including protein composition and force-dependent reinforcement by cytosolic proteins. The focal adhesion structures are least stable to applied force at a pH of 6.4, and significantly more stable at slightly higher and lower pH values. This trend is consistent with previous work that characterized the pH dependence of cell migration and may therefore be relevant to controlling the invasiveness of metastatic cancer cells. This approach is significant because it allows biochemical studies of large protein complexes previously studied only in cell culture, and therefore offers new opportunities for performing mechanistic studies of a range of factors that contribute to focal adhesion stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Grant Beaumont
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Northwestern University; Chicago, IL, 60611; USA
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Northwestern University; Chicago, IL, 60611; USA
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Abé C, Dietrich F, Gajula P, Benz M, Vogel KP, van Gastel M, Illenberger S, Ziegler WH, Steinhoff HJ. Monomeric and dimeric conformation of the vinculin tail five-helix bundle in solution studied by EPR spectroscopy. Biophys J 2012; 101:1772-80. [PMID: 21961604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeletal adaptor protein vinculin plays an important role in the control of cell adhesion and migration, linking the actin cytoskeleton to adhesion receptor complexes in cell adhesion sites. The conformation of the vinculin tail dimer, which is crucial for protein function, was analyzed using site-directed spin labeling in electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Interspin distances for a set of six singly and four doubly spin-labeled mutants of the tail domain of vinculin were determined and used as constraints for modeling of the vinculin tail dimer. A comparison of the results obtained by molecular dynamic simulations and a rotamer library approach reveals that the crystal structure of the vinculin tail monomer is essentially preserved in aqueous solution. The orientation of monomers within the dimer observed previously by x-ray crystallography agrees with the solution electron paramagnetic resonance data. Furthermore, the distance between positions 1033 is shown to increase by >3 nm upon interaction of the vinculin tail domain with F-actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Abé
- Department of Physics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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9
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Shen K, Tolbert CE, Guilluy C, Swaminathan VS, Berginski ME, Burridge K, Superfine R, Campbell SL. The vinculin C-terminal hairpin mediates F-actin bundle formation, focal adhesion, and cell mechanical properties. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:45103-15. [PMID: 22052910 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.244293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinculin is an essential and highly conserved cell adhesion protein, found at both focal adhesions and adherens junctions, where it couples integrins or cadherins to the actin cytoskeleton. Vinculin is involved in controlling cell shape, motility, and cell survival, and has more recently been shown to play a role in force transduction. The tail domain of vinculin (Vt) contains determinants necessary for binding and bundling of actin filaments. Actin binding to Vt has been proposed to induce formation of a Vt dimer that is necessary for cross-linking actin filaments. Results from this study provide additional support for actin-induced Vt self-association. Moreover, the actin-induced Vt dimer appears distinct from the dimer formed in the absence of actin. To better characterize the role of the Vt strap and carboxyl terminus (CT) in actin binding, Vt self-association, and actin bundling, we employed smaller amino-terminal (NT) and CT deletions that do not perturb the structural integrity of Vt. Although both NT and CT deletions retain actin binding, removal of the CT hairpin (1061-1066) selectively impairs actin bundling in vitro. Moreover, expression of vinculin lacking the CT hairpin in vinculin knock-out murine embryonic fibroblasts affects the number of focal adhesions formed, cell spreading as well as cellular stiffening in response to mechanical force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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10
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Davis MF, Bobay BG, Franzen S. Determination of separate inhibitor and substrate binding sites in the dehaloperoxidase-hemoglobin from Amphitrite ornata. Biochemistry 2010; 49:1199-206. [PMID: 20067301 DOI: 10.1021/bi9018576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dehaloperoxidase-hemoglobin (DHP A) is a dual function protein found in the terrebellid polychaete Amphitrite ornata. A. ornata is an annelid, which inhabits estuary mudflats with other polychaetes that secrete a range of toxic brominated phenols. DHP A is capable of binding and oxidatively dehalogenating some of these compounds. DHP A possesses the ability to bind halophenols in a distinct, internal distal binding pocket. Since its discovery, the distal binding pocket has been reported as the sole binding location for halophenols; however, data herein suggest a distinction between inhibitor (monohalogenated phenol) and substrate (trihalogenated phenol) binding locations. Backbone (13)Calpha, (13)Cbeta, carbonyl (13)C, amide (1)H, and amide (15)N resonance assignments have been made, and various halophenols were titrated into the protein. (1)H-(15)N HSQC experiments were collected at stoichiometric intervals during each titration, and binding locations specific for mono- and trihalogenated phenols have been identified. Titration of monohalogenated phenol induced primary changes around the distal binding pocket, while introduction of trihalogenated phenols created alterations of the distal histidine and the local area surrounding W120, a structural region that corresponds to a possible dimer interface region recently observed in X-ray crystal structures of DHP A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Davis
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
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Saarikangas J, Zhao H, Lappalainen P. Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton-plasma membrane interplay by phosphoinositides. Physiol Rev 2010; 90:259-89. [PMID: 20086078 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane and the underlying cortical actin cytoskeleton undergo continuous dynamic interplay that is responsible for many essential aspects of cell physiology. Polymerization of actin filaments against cellular membranes provides the force for a number of cellular processes such as migration, morphogenesis, and endocytosis. Plasma membrane phosphoinositides (especially phosphatidylinositol bis- and trisphosphates) play a central role in regulating the organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton by acting as platforms for protein recruitment, by triggering signaling cascades, and by directly regulating the activities of actin-binding proteins. Furthermore, a number of actin-associated proteins, such as BAR domain proteins, are capable of directly deforming phosphoinositide-rich membranes to induce plasma membrane protrusions or invaginations. Recent studies have also provided evidence that the actin cytoskeleton-plasma membrane interactions are misregulated in a number of pathological conditions such as cancer and during pathogen invasion. Here, we summarize the wealth of knowledge on how the cortical actin cytoskeleton is regulated by phosphoinositides during various cell biological processes. We also discuss the mechanisms by which interplay between actin dynamics and certain membrane deforming proteins regulate the morphology of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Saarikangas
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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