1
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Coelho R, De Benedictis CA, Sauer AK, Figueira AJ, Faustino H, Grabrucker AM, Gomes CM. Secondary Modification of S100B Influences Anti Amyloid-β Aggregation Activity and Alzheimer's Disease Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1787. [PMID: 38339064 PMCID: PMC10855146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteinaceous aggregates accumulate in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), inducing cellular defense mechanisms and altering the redox status. S100 pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly S100B, are activated during AD, but recent findings reveal an unconventional molecular chaperone role for S100B in hindering Aβ aggregation and toxicity. This suggests a potential protective role for S100B at the onset of Aβ proteotoxicity, occurring in a complex biochemical environment prone to oxidative damage. Herein, we report an investigation in which extracellular oxidative conditions are mimicked to test if the susceptibility of S100B to oxidation influences its protective activities. Resorting to mild oxidation of S100B, we observed methionine oxidation as inferred from mass spectrometry, but no cysteine-mediated crosslinking. Structural analysis showed that the folding, structure, and stability of oxidized S100B were not affected, and nor was its quaternary structure. However, studies on Aβ aggregation kinetics indicated that oxidized S100B was more effective in preventing aggregation, potentially linked to the oxidation of Met residues within the S100:Aβ binding cleft that favors interactions. Using a cell culture model to analyze the S100B functions in a highly oxidative milieu, as in AD, we observed that Aβ toxicity is rescued by the co-administration of oxidized S100B to a greater extent than by S100B. Additionally, results suggest a disrupted positive feedback loop involving S100B which is caused by its oxidation, leading to the downstream regulation of IL-17 and IFN-α2 expression as mediated by S100B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Coelho
- BioISI—Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.C.); (A.J.F.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Chiara A. De Benedictis
- Cellular Neurobiology and Neuro-Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94PH61 Limerick, Ireland; (C.A.D.B.); (A.K.S.)
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94PH61 Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ann Katrin Sauer
- Cellular Neurobiology and Neuro-Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94PH61 Limerick, Ireland; (C.A.D.B.); (A.K.S.)
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94PH61 Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, V94PH61 Limerick, Ireland
| | - António J. Figueira
- BioISI—Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.C.); (A.J.F.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hélio Faustino
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Association BLC3—Technology and Innovation Campus, Centre Bio R&D Unit, Oliveira do Hospital, Rua Nossa Senhora da Conceição No. 2, 3405-155 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andreas M. Grabrucker
- Cellular Neurobiology and Neuro-Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94PH61 Limerick, Ireland; (C.A.D.B.); (A.K.S.)
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94PH61 Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, V94PH61 Limerick, Ireland
| | - Cláudio M. Gomes
- BioISI—Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.C.); (A.J.F.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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2
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Figueira AJ, Moreira GG, Saavedra J, Cardoso I, Gomes CM. Tetramerization of the S100B Chaperone Spawns a Ca 2+ Independent Regulatory Surface that Enhances Anti-aggregation Activity and Client Specificity. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167791. [PMID: 35970403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) hallmarks include the aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ), tau and neuroinflammation promoted by several alarmins. Among these is S100B, a small astrocytic homodimeric protein, upregulated in AD, whose multiple biological activities depend on localization, concentration, and assembly state. S100B was reported to inhibit the aggregation and toxicity of Aβ42 and tau similarly to a holdase-type chaperone. This activity is dependent of Ca2+-binding, which triggers the exposure of a regulatory binding cleft at the S100B dimer interface with which amyloidogenic clients dynamically interact. Although the dimer prevails, a significant portion of secreted S100B in the human brain occurs as higher order multimers, whose protective functions remain uncharacterized and which we here investigate. Resorting to ThT-monitored aggregation kinetics, we determined that unlike the dimer, tetrameric S100B inhibits Aβ42 aggregation at sub/equimolar ratios, an effect that persists in the absence of Ca2+ binding. Structural analysis revealed that S100B tetramerization spawns a novel extended cleft accommodating an aggregation-prone surface that mediates interactions with monomeric Aβ client via hydrophobic interactions, as corroborated by Bis-ANS fluorescence and docking analysis. Correspondingly, at high ionic strength that reduces solvation and favours hydrophobic contacts, the inhibition of Aβ42 aggregation by tetrameric S100B is 3-fold increased. Interestingly, this extended Ca2+-independent surface favours Aβ42 as substrate, as tau K18 aggregation is not inhibited by the apo tetramer. Overall, results illustrate a mechanism through which oligomerization of the S100B chaperone fine-tunes anti-aggregation activity and client specificity, highlighting the potential functional relevance of S100B multimers in the regulation of AD proteotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- António J Figueira
- BioISI - Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal. https://twitter.com/Antonio27902425
| | - Guilherme G Moreira
- BioISI - Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal. https://twitter.com/GuilhermeGilMo1
| | - Joana Saavedra
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Cardoso
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudio M Gomes
- BioISI - Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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3
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Alasady MJ, Terry AR, Pierce AD, Cavalier MC, Blaha CS, Adipietro KA, Wilder PT, Weber DJ, Hay N. The calcium-binding protein S100B reduces IL6 production in malignant melanoma via inhibition of RSK cellular signaling. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256238. [PMID: 34411141 PMCID: PMC8376063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
S100B is frequently elevated in malignant melanoma. A regulatory mechanism was uncovered here in which elevated S100B lowers mRNA and secreted protein levels of interleukin-6 (IL6) and inhibits an autocrine loop whereby IL6 activates STAT3 signaling. Our results showed that S100B affects IL6 expression transcriptionally. S100B was shown to form a calcium-dependent protein complex with the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), which in turn sequesters RSK into the cytoplasm. Consistently, S100B inhibition was found to restore phosphorylation of a nuclear located RSK substrate, CREB, which is a potent transcription factor for IL6 expression. Thus, elevated S100B reduces IL6-STAT3 signaling via RSK signaling pathway in malignant melanoma. Indeed, the elevated S100B levels in malignant melanoma cell lines correspond to low levels of IL6 and p-STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad J. Alasady
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Alexander R. Terry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Adam D. Pierce
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Cavalier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Catherine S. Blaha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kaylin A. Adipietro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Paul T. Wilder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - David J. Weber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Nissim Hay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
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4
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Al-Wahaibi L, Grandhi DS, Tawfik SS, Al-Shaalan NH, Elmorsy MA, El-Emam AA, Percino MJ, Thamotharan S. Probing the Effect of Halogen Substituents (Br, Cl, and F) on the Non-covalent Interactions in 1-(Adamantan-1-yl)-3-arylthiourea Derivatives: A Theoretical Study. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:4816-4830. [PMID: 33644590 PMCID: PMC7905817 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of halogen substituents (X = Br, Cl, and F) on the crystal packing and intra- and intermolecular interactions in four adamantane-thiourea hybrid derivatives is investigated using different theoretical tools. The bromo and chloro derivatives exhibit 3D isostructurality as evident from lattice parameters, molecular conformation, and crystal packing. The density functional theory study suggests that the molecular conformation of the parent (unsubstituted) and fluoro derivatives exhibits a stable low energy anti-syn conformation. In contrast, bromo and chloro derivatives adopt stable and relatively high energy minima on their potential energy surfaces. Hirshfeld surface analysis reveals the effect of halogen substituents on the intermolecular contacts. The halogen atoms mainly reduce the contribution of H···H contacts toward crystal packing. PIXEL energy analysis indicates the strong dimer formed by N-H···S hydrogen bonds in all four structures. It also revealed that a vast number of H···H contacts observed in different dimers of these structures either presented along with other conventional interactions or solely stabilize the dimeric topology. The topological parameters for intermolecular interactions in these structures suggest an intermediate bonding character between shared and closed-shell interactions for N-H···S hydrogen bonds in the parent and chloro derivatives. In contrast, the N-H···S hydrogen bond in other structures is of a closed-shell interaction. Among four derivatives, the fluoro derivative is weakly packed in the solid state based on the PIXEL method's lattice energy calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamya
H. Al-Wahaibi
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Princess
Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Divya Sri Grandhi
- Biomolecular
Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of
Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed
University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
| | - Samar S. Tawfik
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Nora H. Al-Shaalan
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Princess
Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Elmorsy
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ali A. El-Emam
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - M. Judith Percino
- Unidad
de Polímeros y Electrónica Orgánica, Instituto
de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad
Autónoma de Puebla, Val3-Ecocampus Valsequillo, Independencia O2 Sur 50, San Pedro Zacachimalpa, Puebla CP 72960, Mexico
| | - Subbiah Thamotharan
- Biomolecular
Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of
Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed
University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
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5
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Wu KJ, Wang W, Wang HMD, Leung CH, Ma DL. Interfering with S100B-effector protein interactions for cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1754-1761. [PMID: 32679172 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) is overexpressed in various malignant tumors, where it regulates cancer cell proliferation and metabolism by physical interactions with other molecules. Interfering with S100B-effector protein interactions is a potential strategy to treat malignant tumors. Although some S100B inhibitors have been discovered by virtual screening (VS), most target the S100B-p53 interaction. Hence, there is scope for the discovery of other S100B-effector protein interaction modulators for malignant tumors. In this review, we provide an overview of S100B-effector protein interaction inhibitor discovery using VS and discuss promising S100B-effector protein interaction targets that permit in silico analysis for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa 999078, Macao SAR, China
| | - Wanhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa 999078, Macao SAR, China.
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, China.
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6
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Abstract
The S100B protein is an intra- and extracellular signaling protein that
plays a role in a multitude of cellular processes and abnormal S100B is
associated with various neurological diseases and cancers. S100B recognizes and
binds effector proteins in a calcium-dependent manner. S100B has been shown to
interact with the actin capping protein CapZ, protein kinase C, Hdm2 and 4, RAGE
receptor, and p53, among others. These protein partners interact with
a common area on the S100B protein surface, validating the method of using the
consensus sequence for S100B target search. In addition, each S100B target
protein distinguishes itself by additional contacts with S100B. This perspective
suggests that the combination of sequence homology search and structural
analysis promises to identify newer S100B-binding partners beyond the use of the
consensus sequence alone as the given example in the XPB subunit of the TFIIH
general transcription factor. XPB is a helicase required for both transcription
and DNA repair. Inherited xpb mutations are associated with human disease
Xeroderma Pigmentasum, Cockayne syndrome, and trichothiodystrophy. S100B protein
is likely associated with much more biological pathways and processes. We
believe that S100B will attract more and more attentions in the scientific
community and S100B related studies will have important implications in human
health and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Prez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, California, USA
| | - L Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, California, USA
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7
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8
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Melville Z, Aligholizadeh E, McKnight LE, Weber DJ, Pozharski E, Weber DJ. X-ray crystal structure of human calcium-bound S100A1. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2017; 73:215-221. [PMID: 28368280 PMCID: PMC5379171 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x17003983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
S100A1 is a member of the S100 family of Ca2+-binding proteins and regulates several cellular processes, including those involved in Ca2+ signaling and cardiac and skeletal muscle function. In Alzheimer's disease, brain S100A1 is overexpressed and gives rise to disease pathologies, making it a potential therapeutic target. The 2.25 Å resolution crystal structure of Ca2+-S100A1 is solved here and is compared with the structures of other S100 proteins, most notably S100B, which is a highly homologous S100-family member that is implicated in the progression of malignant melanoma. The observed structural differences in S100A1 versus S100B provide insights regarding target protein-binding specificity and for targeting these two S100 proteins in human diseases using structure-based drug-design approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zephan Melville
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland Baltimore, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ehson Aligholizadeh
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland Baltimore, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Laura E. McKnight
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland Baltimore, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dylan J. Weber
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland Baltimore, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Edwin Pozharski
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland Baltimore, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - David J. Weber
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland Baltimore, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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9
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Gilston BA, Skaar EP, Chazin WJ. Binding of transition metals to S100 proteins. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:792-801. [PMID: 27430886 PMCID: PMC5123432 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-5088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The S100 proteins are a unique class of EF-hand Ca(2+) binding proteins distributed in a cell-specific, tissue-specific, and cell cycle-specific manner in humans and other vertebrates. These proteins are distinguished by their distinctive homodimeric structure, both intracellular and extracellular functions, and the ability to bind transition metals at the dimer interface. Here we summarize current knowledge of S100 protein binding of Zn(2+), Cu(2+) and Mn(2+) ions, focusing on binding affinities, conformational changes that arise from metal binding, and the roles of transition metal binding in S100 protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Gilston
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-9717, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232-2561, USA
| | - Walter J Chazin
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-9717, USA.
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10
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Cavalier MC, Melville Z, Aligholizadeh E, Raman EP, Yu W, Fang L, Alasady M, Pierce AD, Wilder PT, MacKerell AD, Weber DJ. Novel protein-inhibitor interactions in site 3 of Ca(2+)-bound S100B as discovered by X-ray crystallography. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 72:753-60. [PMID: 27303795 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798316005532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Structure-based drug discovery is under way to identify and develop small-molecule S100B inhibitors (SBiXs). Such inhibitors have therapeutic potential for treating malignant melanoma, since high levels of S100B downregulate wild-type p53 tumor suppressor function in this cancer. Computational and X-ray crystallographic studies of two S100B-SBiX complexes are described, and both compounds (apomorphine hydrochloride and ethidium bromide) occupy an area of the S100B hydrophobic cleft which is termed site 3. These data also reveal novel protein-inhibitor interactions which can be used in future drug-design studies to improve SBiX affinity and specificity. Of particular interest, apomorphine hydrochloride showed S100B-dependent killing in melanoma cell assays, although the efficacy exceeds its affinity for S100B and implicates possible off-target contributions. Because there are no structural data available for compounds occupying site 3 alone, these studies contribute towards the structure-based approach to targeting S100B by including interactions with residues in site 3 of S100B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Cavalier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Zephan Melville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ehson Aligholizadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - E Prabhu Raman
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lei Fang
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Milad Alasady
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Adam D Pierce
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Paul T Wilder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - David J Weber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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11
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Hall MD, Yasgar A, Peryea T, Braisted JC, Jadhav A, Simeonov A, Coussens NP. Fluorescence polarization assays in high-throughput screening and drug discovery: a review. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2016; 4:022001. [PMID: 28809163 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/4/2/022001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of fluorescence polarization (FP) and fluorescence anisotropy (FA) to molecular weight changes has enabled the interrogation of diverse biological mechanisms, ranging from molecular interactions to enzymatic activity. Assays based on FP/FA technology have been widely utilized in high-throughput screening (HTS) and drug discovery due to the homogenous format, robust performance and relative insensitivity to some types of interferences, such as inner filter effects. Advancements in assay design, fluorescent probes, and technology have enabled the application of FP assays to increasingly complex biological processes. Herein we discuss different types of FP/FA assays developed for HTS, with examples to emphasize the diversity of applicable targets. Furthermore, trends in target and fluorophore selection, as well as assay type and format, are examined using annotated HTS assays within the PubChem database. Finally, practical considerations for the successful development and implementation of FP/FA assays for HTS are provided based on experience at our center and examples from the literature, including strategies for flagging interference compounds among a list of hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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12
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Cavalier MC, Ansari MI, Pierce AD, Wilder PT, McKnight LE, Raman EP, Neau DB, Bezawada P, Alasady MJ, Charpentier TH, Varney KM, Toth EA, MacKerell AD, Coop A, Weber DJ. Small Molecule Inhibitors of Ca(2+)-S100B Reveal Two Protein Conformations. J Med Chem 2016; 59:592-608. [PMID: 26727270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The drug pentamidine inhibits calcium-dependent complex formation with p53 ((Ca)S100B·p53) in malignant melanoma (MM) and restores p53 tumor suppressor activity in vivo. However, off-target effects associated with this drug were problematic in MM patients. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies were therefore completed here with 23 pentamidine analogues, and X-ray structures of (Ca)S100B·inhibitor complexes revealed that the C-terminus of S100B adopts two different conformations, with location of Phe87 and Phe88 being the distinguishing feature and termed the "FF-gate". For symmetric pentamidine analogues ((Ca)S100B·5a, (Ca)S100B·6b) a channel between sites 1 and 2 on S100B was occluded by residue Phe88, but for an asymmetric pentamidine analogue ((Ca)S100B·17), this same channel was open. The (Ca)S100B·17 structure illustrates, for the first time, a pentamidine analog capable of binding the "open" form of the "FF-gate" and provides a means to block all three "hot spots" on (Ca)S100B, which will impact next generation (Ca)S100B·p53 inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Cavalier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Mohd Imran Ansari
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Adam D Pierce
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Paul T Wilder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Laura E McKnight
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - E Prabhu Raman
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | | | - Padmavani Bezawada
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Milad J Alasady
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Thomas H Charpentier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Kristen M Varney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Eric A Toth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States.,Computer Aided Drug Design Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Andrew Coop
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States.,Computer Aided Drug Design Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - David J Weber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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13
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Cavalier MC, Pierce AD, Wilder PT, Alasady MJ, Hartman KG, Neau DB, Foley TL, Jadhav A, Maloney DJ, Simeonov A, Toth EA, Weber DJ. Covalent small molecule inhibitors of Ca(2+)-bound S100B. Biochemistry 2014; 53:6628-40. [PMID: 25268459 PMCID: PMC4211652 DOI: 10.1021/bi5005552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of the tumor marker S100B are observed in malignant melanoma, and this EF-hand-containing protein was shown to directly bind wild-type (wt) p53 in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, dissociate the p53 tetramer, and inhibit its tumor suppression functions. Likewise, inhibiting S100B with small interfering RNA (siRNA(S100B)) is sufficient to restore wild-type p53 levels and its downstream gene products and induce the arrest of cell growth and UV-dependent apoptosis in malignant melanoma. Therefore, it is a goal to develop S100B inhibitors (SBiXs) that inhibit the S100B-p53 complex and restore active p53 in this deadly cancer. Using a structure-activity relationship by nuclear magnetic resonance approach (SAR by NMR), three persistent binding pockets are found on S100B, termed sites 1-3. While inhibitors that simultaneously bind sites 2 and 3 are in place, no molecules that simultaneously bind all three persistent sites are available. For this purpose, Cys84 was used in this study as a potential means to bridge sites 1 and 2 because it is located in a small crevice between these two deeper pockets on the protein. Using a fluorescence polarization competition assay, several Cys84-modified S100B complexes were identified and examined further. For five such SBiX-S100B complexes, crystallographic structures confirmed their covalent binding to Cys84 near site 2 and thus present straightforward chemical biology strategies for bridging sites 1 and 3. Importantly, one such compound, SC1982, showed an S100B-dependent death response in assays with WM115 malignant melanoma cells, so it will be particularly useful for the design of SBiX molecules with improved affinity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Cavalier
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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14
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Abstract
The S100 protein family consists of 24 members functionally distributed into three main subgroups: those that only exert intracellular regulatory effects, those with intracellular and extracellular functions and those which mainly exert extracellular regulatory effects. S100 proteins are only expressed in vertebrates and show cell-specific expression patterns. In some instances, a particular S100 protein can be induced in pathological circumstances in a cell type that does not express it in normal physiological conditions. Within cells, S100 proteins are involved in aspects of regulation of proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, Ca2+ homeostasis, energy metabolism, inflammation and migration/invasion through interactions with a variety of target proteins including enzymes, cytoskeletal subunits, receptors, transcription factors and nucleic acids. Some S100 proteins are secreted or released and regulate cell functions in an autocrine and paracrine manner via activation of surface receptors (e.g. the receptor for advanced glycation end-products and toll-like receptor 4), G-protein-coupled receptors, scavenger receptors, or heparan sulfate proteoglycans and N-glycans. Extracellular S100A4 and S100B also interact with epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, respectively, thereby enhancing the activity of the corresponding receptors. Thus, extracellular S100 proteins exert regulatory activities on monocytes/macrophages/microglia, neutrophils, lymphocytes, mast cells, articular chondrocytes, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, neurons, astrocytes, Schwann cells, epithelial cells, myoblasts and cardiomyocytes, thereby participating in innate and adaptive immune responses, cell migration and chemotaxis, tissue development and repair, and leukocyte and tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
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15
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The evolution of S100B inhibitors for the treatment of malignant melanoma. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:97-109. [PMID: 23256816 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma continues to be an extremely fatal cancer due to a lack of viable treatment options for patients. The calcium-binding protein S100B has long been used as a clinical biomarker, aiding in malignant melanoma staging and patient prognosis. However, the discovery of p53 as a S100B target and the consequent impact on cell apoptosis redirected research efforts towards the development of inhibitors of this S100B-p53 interaction. Several approaches, including computer-aided drug design, fluorescence polarization competition assays, NMR, x-ray crystallography and cell-based screens have been performed to identify compounds that block the S100B-p53 association, reactivate p53 transcriptional activities and induce cancer cell death. Eight promising compounds, including pentamidine, are presented in this review and the potential for future modifications is discussed. Synthesis of compound derivatives will likely exhibit increased S100B affinity and mimic important S100B-target dynamic properties that will result in high specificity.
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16
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Yoshimura C, Miyafusa T, Tsumoto K. Identification of small-molecule inhibitors of the human S100B-p53 interaction and evaluation of their activity in human melanoma cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1109-15. [PMID: 23375094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between human S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) and the tumor suppressor protein p53 is considered to be a possible therapeutic target for malignant melanoma. To identify potent inhibitors of this interaction, we screened a fragment library of compounds by means of a fluorescence-based competition assay involving the S100B-binding C-terminal peptide of p53. Using active compounds from the fragment library as query compounds, we constructed a focused library by means of two-dimensional similarity searching of a large database. This simple, unbiased method allowed us to identify several inhibitors of the S100B-p53 interaction, and we elucidated preliminary structure-activity relationships. One of the identified compounds had the potential to inhibit the S100B-p53 interaction in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihoko Yoshimura
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Abstract
S100 proteins are markers for numerous cancers, and in many cases high S100 protein levels are a prognostic indicator for poor survival. One such case is S100B, which is overproduced in a very large percentage of malignant melanoma cases. Elevated S100B protein was more recently validated to have causative effects towards cancer progression via down-regulating the tumor suppressor protein, p53. Towards eliminating this problem in melanoma, targeting S100B with small molecule inhibitors was initiated. This work relies on numerous chemical biology technologies including structural biology, computer-aided drug design, compound screening, and medicinal chemistry approaches. Another important component of drug development is the ability to test compounds and various molecular scaffolds for their efficacy in vivo. This chapter briefly describes the development of S100B inhibitors, termed SBiXs, for melanoma therapy with a focus on the inclusion of in vivo screening at an early stage in the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danna B Zimmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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18
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What can we learn from the evolution of protein-ligand interactions to aid the design of new therapeutics? PLoS One 2012; 7:e51742. [PMID: 23240060 PMCID: PMC3519888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts to increase affinity in the design of new therapeutic molecules have tended to lead to greater lipophilicity, a factor that is generally agreed to be contributing to the low success rate of new drug candidates. Our aim is to provide a structural perspective to the study of lipophilic efficiency and to compare molecular interactions created over evolutionary time with those designed by humans. We show that natural complexes typically engage in more polar contacts than synthetic molecules bound to proteins. The synthetic molecules also have a higher proportion of unmatched heteroatoms at the interface than the natural sets. These observations suggest that there are lessons to be learnt from Nature, which could help us to improve the characteristics of man-made molecules. In particular, it is possible to increase the density of polar contacts without increasing lipophilicity and this is best achieved early in discovery while molecules remain relatively small.
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19
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Molecular dynamic simulation insights into the normal state and restoration of p53 function. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:9709-9740. [PMID: 22949826 PMCID: PMC3431824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13089709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a tumor suppressor protein, p53 plays a crucial role in the cell cycle and in cancer prevention. Almost 50 percent of all human malignant tumors are closely related to a deletion or mutation in p53. The activity of p53 is inhibited by over-active celluar antagonists, especially by the over-expression of the negative regulators MDM2 and MDMX. Protein-protein interactions, or post-translational modifications of the C-terminal negative regulatory domain of p53, also regulate its tumor suppressor activity. Restoration of p53 function through peptide and small molecular inhibitors has become a promising strategy for novel anti-cancer drug design and development. Molecular dynamics simulations have been extensively applied to investigate the conformation changes of p53 induced by protein-protein interactions and protein-ligand interactions, including peptide and small molecular inhibitors. This review focuses on the latest MD simulation research, to provide an overview of the current understanding of interactions between p53 and its partners at an atomic level.
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20
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Modulating protein-protein interactions with small molecules: the importance of binding hotspots. J Mol Biol 2011; 415:443-53. [PMID: 22198293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) by small drug-like molecules is a relatively new area of research and has opened up new opportunities in drug discovery. However, the progress made in this area is limited to a handful of known cases of small molecules that target specific diseases. With the increasing availability of protein structure complexes, it is highly important to devise strategies exploiting homologous structure space on a large scale for discovering putative PPIs that could be attractive drug targets. Here, we propose a scheme that allows performing large-scale screening of all protein complexes and finding putative small-molecule and/or peptide binding sites overlapping with protein-protein binding sites (so-called "multibinding sites"). We find more than 600 nonredundant proteins from 60 protein families with multibinding sites. Moreover, we show that the multibinding sites are mostly observed in transient complexes, largely overlap with the binding hotspots and are more evolutionarily conserved than other interface sites. We investigate possible mechanisms of how small molecules may modulate protein-protein binding and discuss examples of new candidates for drug design.
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21
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Korb O, Möller HM, Exner TE. NMR-guided molecular docking of a protein-peptide complex based on ant colony optimization. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1001-6. [PMID: 20486157 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Standard docking approaches used for the prediction of protein-ligand complexes in the drug development process have problems identifying the correct binding mode of large flexible ligands. Herein we show how additional experimental data from NMR experiments can be used to predict the binding mode of a mucin 1 (MUC-1) pentapeptide recognized by the breast-cancer-selective monoclonal antibody SM3. Distance constraints derived from trNOE and saturation transfer difference NMR experiments are combined with the docking approach PLANTS. The resulting complex structures show excellent agreement with the NMR data and with a published X-ray crystal structure. The method was then further tested on two complexes in order to demonstrate its more general applicability: T-antigen disaccharide bound to Maclura pomifera agglutinin, and the inhibitor SBi279 bound to S100B protein. Our new approach has the advantages of being fully automatic, rapid, and unbiased; moreover, it is based on relatively easily obtainable experimental data and can greatly increase the reliability of the generated structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Korb
- Department of Chemistry and Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz (Germany), Fax: (+49) 7531-88-3587
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22
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The Calcium-Dependent Interaction of S100B with Its Protein Targets. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20827422 PMCID: PMC2933916 DOI: 10.1155/2010/728052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
S100B is a calcium signaling protein that is a member of the S100 protein family. An important feature of S100B and most other S100 proteins (S100s) is that they often bind Ca2+ ions relatively weakly in the absence of a protein target; upon binding their target proteins, Ca2+-binding then increases by as much as from 200- to 400-fold. This manuscript reviews the structural basis and physiological significance of increased Ca2+-binding affinity in the presence of protein targets. New information regarding redundancy among family members and the structural domains that mediate the interaction of S100B, and other S100s, with their targets is also presented. It is the diversity among individual S100s, the protein targets that they interact with, and the Ca2+ dependency of these protein-protein interactions that allow S100s to transduce changes in [Ca2+]intracellular levels into spatially and temporally unique biological responses.
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23
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Wilder PT, Charpentier TH, Liriano MA, Gianni K, Varney KM, Pozharski E, Coop A, Toth EA, Mackerell AD, Weber DJ. In vitro screening and structural characterization of inhibitors of the S100B-p53 interaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 2010:109-126. [PMID: 21132089 DOI: 10.2147/ijhts.s8210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
S100B is highly over-expressed in many cancers, including malignant melanoma. In such cancers, S100B binds wild-type p53 in a calcium-dependent manner, sequestering it, and promoting its degradation, resulting in the loss of p53-dependent tumor suppression activities. Therefore, S100B inhibitors may be able to restore wild-type p53 levels in certain cancers and provide a useful therapeutic strategy. In this regard, an automated and sensitive fluorescence polarization competition assay (FPCA) was developed and optimized to screen rapidly for lead compounds that bind Ca(2+)-loaded S100B and inhibit S100B target complex formation. A screen of 2000 compounds led to the identification of 26 putative S100B low molecular weight inhibitors. The binding of these small molecules to S100B was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and additional structural information was provided by x-ray crystal structures of several compounds in complexes with S100B. Notably, many of the identified inhibitors function by chemically modifying Cys84 in protein. These results validate the use of high-throughput FPCA to facilitate the identification of compounds that inhibit S100B. These lead compounds will be the subject of future optimization studies with the ultimate goal of developing a drug with therapeutic activity for the treatment of malignant melanoma and/or other cancers with elevated S100B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Wilder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland, USA
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24
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Agamennone M, Cesari L, Lalli D, Turlizzi E, Del Conte R, Turano P, Mangani S, Padova A. Fragmenting the S100B-p53 interaction: combined virtual/biophysical screening approaches to identify ligands. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:428-35. [PMID: 20077460 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
S100B contributes to cell proliferation by binding the C terminus of p53 and inhibiting its tumor suppressor function. The use of multiple computational approaches to screen fragment libraries targeting the human S100B-p53 interaction site is reported. This in silico screening led to the identification of 280 novel prospective ligands. NMR spectroscopic experiments revealed specific binding at the p53 interaction site for a set of these compounds and confirmed their potential for further rational optimization. The X-ray crystal structure determined for one of the binders revealed key intermolecular interactions, thus paving the way for structure-based ligand optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Agamennone
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy
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25
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Rani SG, Mohan SK, Yu C. Molecular level interactions of S100A13 with amlexanox: inhibitor for formation of the multiprotein complex in the nonclassical pathway of acidic fibroblast growth factor. Biochemistry 2010; 49:2585-92. [PMID: 20178375 DOI: 10.1021/bi9019077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
S100A13 and acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF1) are involved in a wide array of important biological processes, such as angiogenesis, cell differentiation, neurogenesis, and tumor growth. Generally, the biological function of FGF1 is to recognize a specific tyrosine kinase on the cell surface and initiate the cell signal transduction cascade. Amlexanox (2-amino-7-isopropyl-5-oxo-5H-[1]benzopyrano[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid) is an antiallergic drug that binds S100A13 and FGF1 and inhibits the heat shock induced release of S100A13 and FGF1. In the present study, we investigated the interaction of amlexanox with S100A13 using various biophysical techniques, including isothermal titration calorimetry, fluorescence spectrophotometry, and multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. We report the three-dimensional solution structure of the S100A13-amlexanox complex. These data show that amlexanox binds specifically to the FGF1-S100A13 interface and prevents the formation of the FGF1-releasing complex. In addition, we demonstrate that amlexanox acts as an antagonist of S100A13 by binding to its FGF1 binding site and subsequently inhibiting the nonclassical pathway of these proteins. This inhibition likely results in the ability of amlexanox to antagonize the angiogenic and mitogenic activity of FGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya G Rani
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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26
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León R, Murray JI, Cragg G, Farnell B, West NR, Pace TCS, Watson PH, Bohne C, Boulanger MJ, Hof F. Identification and Characterization of Binding Sites on S100A7, a Participant in Cancer and Inflammation Pathways. Biochemistry 2009; 48:10591-600. [DOI: 10.1021/bi901330g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael León
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Jill I. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Gina Cragg
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Benjamin Farnell
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Nathan R. West
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia V8R 6V5, Canada
| | - Tamara C. S. Pace
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Peter H. Watson
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia V8R 6V5, Canada
| | - Cornelia Bohne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Martin J. Boulanger
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Fraser Hof
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
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