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Abstract
Covering: up to the end of July, 2021Anthraquinone-fused enediynes (AFEs) are a subfamily of enediyne natural products. Dynemicin A (DYN A), the first member of the AFE family, was discovered more than thirty years ago. Subsequently, extensive studies have been reported on the mode of action and the interactions of AFEs with DNA using DYN A as a model. However, progress in the discovery, biosynthesis and clinical development of AFEs has been limited for a long time. In the past five years, four new AFEs have been discovered and significant progress has been made in the biosynthesis of AFEs, especially on the biogenesis of the anthraquinone moiety and their tailoring steps. Moreover, the streamlined total synthesis of AFEs and their analogues boosts the preparation of AFE-based linker-drugs, thus enabling the development of AFE-based antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). This review summarizes the discovery, mechanism of action, biosynthesis, total synthesis and preclinical studies of AFEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, China.
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Annaval T, Teijaro CN, Adhikari A, Yan X, Chen JJ, Crnovcic I, Yang D, Shen B. Cytochrome P450 Hydroxylase TnmL Catalyzing Sequential Hydroxylation with an Additional Proofreading Activity in Tiancimycin Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1172-1178. [PMID: 34138533 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tiancimycin (TNM) A belongs to the anthraquinone-fused subfamily of enediyne natural products, and selected enediynes have been translated into clinical drugs. Previously, inactivation of tnmL in Streptomyces sp. CB03234 resulted in the accumulation of TNM B and TNM E, supporting the functional assignment of TnmL as a cytochrome P450 hydroxylase that catalyzes A-ring modification in TNM A biosynthesis. Herein, we report in vitro characterization of TnmL, revealing that (i) TnmL catalyzes two successive hydroxylations of TNM E, resulting in sequential production of TNM F and TNM C, (ii) TnmL shows a strict substrate preference, with the C-26 side chain playing a critical role in substrate binding, and (iii) TnmL demethylates the C-7 OCH3 group of TNM G, affording TNM F, thereby channeling the shunt product TNM G back into TNM A biosynthesis and representing a rare proofreading logic for natural product biosynthesis. These findings shed new insights into anthraquinone-fused enediyne biosynthesis.
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Adhikari A, Shen B, Rader C. Challenges and Opportunities to Develop Enediyne Natural Products as Payloads for Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Antib Ther 2021; 4:1-15. [PMID: 33554043 PMCID: PMC7850032 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calicheamicin, the payload of the antibody-drug-conjugates (ADCs) gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg®) and inotuzumab ozogamicin (Besponsa®), belongs to the class of enediyne natural products. Since the isolation and structural determination of the neocarzinostatin chromophore in 1985, the enediynes have attracted considerable attention for their value as DNA damaging agents in cancer chemotherapy. Due to their non-discriminatory cytotoxicity towards both cancer and healthy cells, the clinical utilization of enediyne natural products relies on conjugation to an appropriate delivery system, such as an antibody. Here we review the current landscape of enediynes as payloads of first-generation and next-generation ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeeth Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Ben Shen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Natural Products Discovery Center at Scripps Research, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
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Nicolaou KC, Das D, Lu Y, Rout S, Pitsinos EN, Lyssikatos J, Schammel A, Sandoval J, Hammond M, Aujay M, Gavrilyuk J. Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Tiancimycins A and B, Yangpumicin A, and Related Anthraquinone-Fused Enediyne Antitumor Antibiotics. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2549-2561. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Dipendu Das
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Subhrajit Rout
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Emmanuel N. Pitsinos
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory of Natural Products Synthesis & Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Joseph Lyssikatos
- Abbvie Stemcentrx, LLC, 450 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alexander Schammel
- Abbvie Stemcentrx, LLC, 450 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joseph Sandoval
- Abbvie Stemcentrx, LLC, 450 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mikhail Hammond
- Abbvie Stemcentrx, LLC, 450 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Monette Aujay
- Abbvie Stemcentrx, LLC, 450 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Julia Gavrilyuk
- Abbvie Stemcentrx, LLC, 450 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Gold(III) Chloride-Catalyzed Three-Component Reaction: A Facile Synthesis of Alkynyl Derivatives of 1,2-Dihydroquinolines and Isoquinolines. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6857-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8007034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tuttle T, Kraka E, Thiel W, Cremer D. A QM/MM Study of the Bergman Reaction of Dynemicin A in the Minor Groove of DNA. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:8321-8. [PMID: 17585802 DOI: 10.1021/jp072373t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Bergman cyclization of the natural enediyne dynemicin A in its triggered form (2) bound to the minor groove of DNA is compared with the corresponding reaction of its open isomer (4) utilizing QM/MM methodology. The two isomers are typical representatives of 10-membered cyclic (2) and acyclic (4) enediynes, which possess significantly different barriers for the Bergman reaction in the gas phase (2, 20.4 kcal/mol; 4, 31.3 kcal/mol). In the case of the cyclic enediyne (2) the explicit consideration of environmental factors such as the receptor DNA, the solvent water, and charge neutralization by counterions has only minor effects on the energy profile of the cyclization reaction and the corresponding optimized structures when compared with the gas phase. The energetics of the reaction is predominantly determined by QM (electronic) effects. This makes it possible to replace the explicit description of the environment by an implicit one, thus avoiding costly QM/MM calculations and using instead a decoupled QM+MM approach. A conformationally driven hinge mechanism is identified for 2 that makes it possible for the ligand to adjust to the dimensions of the minor groove without significant energy loss. In the case of the acyclic enediyne 4 a QM/MM treatment is necessary to describe the Bergman cyclization in the minor groove. QM/MM corrects the cyclization barrier from 31.3 to 23.7 kcal/mol, which makes the reaction feasible under physiological conditions. The reduction of the barrier is a result of transition-state stabilization, which is caused by an increased dipole moment and hence stronger electrostatic interactions with the environment. In both cases the anionic charge of dynemicin A is largely shielded by water solvation and ion pair formation so that it does not significantly affect the energetics of the Bergman cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tell Tuttle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Galm U, Hager MH, Van Lanen SG, Ju J, Thorson JS, Shen B. Antitumor Antibiotics: Bleomycin, Enediynes, and Mitomycin. Chem Rev 2005; 105:739-58. [PMID: 15700963 DOI: 10.1021/cr030117g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Galm
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Banfi L, Basso A, Gandolfo V, Guanti G, Riva R. Asymmetric synthesis of a new simplified dynemicin analogue equipped with a handle. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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