1
|
Nakamura T, Shinozaki Y, Otomo A, Urui T, Mizuno M, Abe-Yoshizumi R, Hashimoto M, Kojima K, Sudo Y, Kandori H, Mizutani Y. Unusual Vibrational Coupling of the Schiff Base in the Retinal Chromophore of Sodium Ion-Pumping Rhodopsins. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:7813-7821. [PMID: 39090991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c04466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
A Schiff base in the retinal chromophore of microbial rhodopsin is crucial to its ion transport mechanism. Here, we discovered an unprecedented isotope effect on the C═N stretching frequency of the Schiff base in sodium ion-pumping rhodopsins, showing an unusual interaction of the Schiff base. No amino acid residue attributable to the unprecedented isotope effect was identified, suggesting that the H-O-H bending vibration of a water molecule near the Schiff base was coupled with the C═N stretching vibration. A twist in the polyene chain in the chromophore for the sodium ion-pumping rhodopsins enabled this unusual interaction of the Schiff base. The present discovery provides new insights into the interaction network of the retinal chromophore in microbial rhodopsins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuka Shinozaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akihiro Otomo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Taito Urui
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Misao Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Rei Abe-Yoshizumi
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Manami Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kojima
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Mizutani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Urui T, Shionoya T, Mizuno M, Inoue K, Kandori H, Mizutani Y. Chromophore-Protein Interactions Affecting the Polyene Twist and π-π* Energy Gap of the Retinal Chromophore in Schizorhodopsins. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2389-2397. [PMID: 38433395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c08465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The properties of a prosthetic group are broadened by interactions with its neighboring residues in proteins. The retinal chromophore in rhodopsins absorbs light, undergoes structural changes, and drives functionally important structural changes in proteins during the photocycle. It is therefore crucial to understand how chromophore-protein interactions regulate the molecular structure and electronic state of chromophores in rhodopsins. Schizorhodopsin is a newly discovered subfamily of rhodopsins found in the genomes of Asgard archaea, which are extant prokaryotes closest to the last common ancestor of eukaryotes and of other microbial species. Here, we report the effects of a hydrogen bond between a retinal Schiff base and its counterion on the twist of the polyene chain and the color of the retinal chromophore. Correlations between spectral features revealed the unexpected fact that the twist of the polyene chain is reduced as the hydrogen bond becomes stronger, suggesting that the twist is caused by tight atomic contacts between the chromophore and nearby residues. In addition, the strength of the hydrogen bond is the primary factor affecting the color-tuning of the retinal chromophore in schizorhodopsins. The findings of this study are valuable for manipulating the molecular structure and electronic state of the chromophore by controlling chromophore-protein interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taito Urui
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tomomi Shionoya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Misao Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Keiichi Inoue
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Mizutani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Urui T, Hayashi K, Mizuno M, Inoue K, Kandori H, Mizutani Y. Cis- Trans Reisomerization Preceding Reprotonation of the Retinal Chromophore Is Common to the Schizorhodopsin Family: A Simple and Rational Mechanism for Inward Proton Pumping. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:744-754. [PMID: 38204413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The creation of unidirectional ion transporters across membranes represents one of the greatest challenges in chemistry. Proton-pumping rhodopsins are composed of seven transmembrane helices with a retinal chromophore bound to a lysine side chain via a Schiff base linkage and provide valuable insights for designing such transporters. What makes these transporters particularly intriguing is the discovery of both outward and inward proton-pumping rhodopsins. Surprisingly, despite sharing identical overall structures and membrane topologies, these proteins facilitate proton transport in opposite directions, implying an underlying rational mechanism that can transport protons in different directions within similar protein structures. In this study, we unraveled this mechanism by examining the chromophore structures of deprotonated intermediates in schizorhodopsins, a recently discovered subfamily of inward proton-pumping rhodopsins, using time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy. The photocycle of schizorhodopsins revealed the cis-trans thermal isomerization that precedes reprotonation at the Schiff base of the retinal chromophore. Notably, this order has not been observed in other proton-pumping rhodopsins, but here, it was observed in all seven schizorhodopsins studied across the archaeal domain, strongly suggesting that cis-trans thermal isomerization preceding reprotonation is a universal feature of the schizorhodopsin family. Based on these findings, we propose a structural basis for the remarkable order of events crucial for facilitating inward proton transport. The mechanism underlying inward proton transport by schizorhodopsins is straightforward and rational. The insights obtained from this study hold great promise for the design of transmembrane unidirectional ion transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taito Urui
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kouhei Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Misao Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Keiichi Inoue
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Mizutani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Z, Mizuno M, Ejiri T, Hayashi S, Kandori H, Mizutani Y. Unique Vibrational Characteristics and Structures of the Photoexcited Retinal Chromophore in Ion-Pumping Rhodopsins. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9873-9886. [PMID: 37940604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Photoisomerization of an all-trans-retinal chromophore triggers ion transport in microbial ion-pumping rhodopsins. Understanding chromophore structures in the electronically excited (S1) state provides insights into the structural evolution on the potential energy surface of the photoexcited state. In this study, we examined the structure of the S1-state chromophore in Natronomonas pharaonis halorhodopsin (NpHR), a chloride ion-pumping rhodopsin, using time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy. The spectral patterns of the S1-state chromophore were completely different from those of the ground-state chromophore, resulting from unique vibrational characteristics and the structure of the S1 state. Mode assignments were based on a combination of deuteration shifts of the Raman bands and hybrid quantum mechanics-molecular mechanics calculations. The present observations suggest a weakened bond alternation in the π conjugation system. A strong hydrogen-out-of-plane bending band was observed in the Raman spectra of the S1-state chromophore in NpHR, indicating a twisted polyene structure. Similar frequency shifts for the C═N/C═C and C-C stretching modes of the S1-state chromophore in NpHR were observed in the Raman spectra of sodium ion-pumping and proton-pumping rhodopsins, suggesting that these unique features are common to the S1 states of ion-pumping rhodopsins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Osaka, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Misao Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Osaka, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tomo Ejiri
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Mizutani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Osaka, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shibata K, Oda K, Nishizawa T, Hazama Y, Ono R, Takaramoto S, Bagherzadeh R, Yawo H, Nureki O, Inoue K, Akiyama H. Twisting and Protonation of Retinal Chromophore Regulate Channel Gating of Channelrhodopsin C1C2. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10779-10789. [PMID: 37129501 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated ion channels and central optogenetic tools that can control neuronal activity with high temporal resolution at the single-cell level. Although their application in optogenetics has rapidly progressed, it is unsolved how their channels open and close. ChRs transport ions through a series of interlocking elementary processes that occur over a broad time scale of subpicoseconds to seconds. During these processes, the retinal chromophore functions as a channel regulatory domain and transfers the optical input as local structural changes to the channel operating domain, the helices, leading to channel gating. Thus, the core question on channel gating dynamics is how the retinal chromophore structure changes throughout the photocycle and what rate-limits the kinetics. Here, we investigated the structural changes in the retinal chromophore of canonical ChR, C1C2, in all photointermediates using time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, to reveal the rate-limiting factors of the photocycle and channel gating, we measured the kinetic isotope effect of all photoreaction processes using laser flash photolysis and laser patch clamp, respectively. Spectroscopic and electrophysiological results provided the following understanding of the channel gating: the retinal chromophore highly twists upon the retinal Schiff base (RSB) deprotonation, causing the surrounding helices to move and open the channel. The ion-conducting pathway includes the RSB, where inflowing water mediates the proton to the deprotonated RSB. The twisting of the retinal chromophore relaxes upon the RSB reprotonation, which closes the channel. The RSB reprotonation rate-limits the channel closing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisei Shibata
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Oda
- Department of Biological Sciences Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishizawa
- Department of Biological Sciences Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
| | - Yuji Hazama
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ono
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Shunki Takaramoto
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Reza Bagherzadeh
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Hiromu Yawo
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
| | - Keiichi Inoue
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Akiyama
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shionoya T, Singh M, Mizuno M, Kandori H, Mizutani Y. Strongly Hydrogen-Bonded Schiff Base and Adjoining Polyene Twisting in the Retinal Chromophore of Schizorhodopsins. Biochemistry 2021; 60:3050-3057. [PMID: 34601881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A transmembrane proton gradient is generated and maintained by proton pumps in a cell. Metagenomics studies have recently identified a new category of rhodopsin intermediates between type-1 rhodopsins and heliorhodopsins, named schizorhodopsins (SzRs). SzRs are light-driven inward proton pumps. Comprehensive resonance Raman measurements were conducted to characterize the structure of the retinal chromophore in the unphotolyzed state of four SzRs. The spectra of all four SzRs show that the retinal chromophore is in the all-trans and 15-anti configuration and that the Schiff base is protonated. The polyene chain is planar in the center of the retinal chromophore and is twisted in the vicinity of the protonated Schiff base. The protonated Schiff base in the SzRs forms a stronger hydrogen bond than that in outward proton-pumping rhodopsins. We determined that the hydrogen-bonding partner of the protonated Schiff base is not a water molecule but an amino acid residue, presumably an Asp residue in helix G. The present observations provide valuable insights into the inward proton-pumping mechanism of SzRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Shionoya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Manish Singh
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Misao Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.,OptoBioTechnology Research Center, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Mizutani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Urui T, Mizuno M, Otomo A, Kandori H, Mizutani Y. Resonance Raman Determination of Chromophore Structures of Heliorhodopsin Photointermediates. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7155-7162. [PMID: 34167296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Light is utilized as energy or information by rhodopsins (membrane proteins that contain a retinal chromophore). Heliorhodopsins (HeRs) are a new class of rhodopsins with low sequence identity (<15%) to microbial and animal rhodopsins. Their physiological roles remain unknown, although the involvement of a long-lived intermediate in the photocycle suggests a light-sensor function. Characterization of the molecular structures of the intermediates is essential to an understanding of the roles and mechanisms of HeRs. We determined the chromophore structures of the intermediates in HeR 48C12 by time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy and observed that the hydrogen bond of the protonated Schiff base strengthened prior to deprotonation. The chromophore is photoisomerized from the all-trans to the 13-cis form and is reisomerized in the transition from the O intermediate to the unphotolyzed state. Our results demonstrate that the chromophore structure evolves similarly to microbial rhodopsins, despite the dissimilarity in amino acid residues surrounding the chromophore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taito Urui
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Misao Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akihiro Otomo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Mizutani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Buhrke D, Hildebrandt P. Probing Structure and Reaction Dynamics of Proteins Using Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2019; 120:3577-3630. [PMID: 31814387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic understanding of protein functions requires insight into the structural and reaction dynamics. To elucidate these processes, a variety of experimental approaches are employed. Among them, time-resolved (TR) resonance Raman (RR) is a particularly versatile tool to probe processes of proteins harboring cofactors with electronic transitions in the visible range, such as retinal or heme proteins. TR RR spectroscopy offers the advantage of simultaneously providing molecular structure and kinetic information. The various TR RR spectroscopic methods can cover a wide dynamic range down to the femtosecond time regime and have been employed in monitoring photoinduced reaction cascades, ligand binding and dissociation, electron transfer, enzymatic reactions, and protein un- and refolding. In this account, we review the achievements of TR RR spectroscopy of nearly 50 years of research in this field, which also illustrates how the role of TR RR spectroscopy in molecular life science has changed from the beginning until now. We outline the various methodological approaches and developments and point out current limitations and potential perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Buhrke
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fujisawa T, Kiyota H, Kikukawa T, Unno M. Low-Temperature Raman Spectroscopy of Halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis: Structural Discrimination of Blue-Shifted and Red-Shifted Photoproducts. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4159-4167. [PMID: 31538771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
From the low-temperature absorption and Raman measurements of halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis (pHR), we observed that the two photoproducts were generated after exciting pHR at 80 K by green light. One photoproduct was the red-shifted K intermediate (pHRK) as the primary photointermediate for Cl- pumping, and the other was the blue-shifted one (pHRhypso), which was not involved in the Cl- pumping and thermally relaxed to the original unphotolyzed state by increasing temperature. The formation of these two kinds of photoproducts was previously reported for halorhodopsin from Halobacterium sarinarum [ Zimanyi et al. Biochemistry 1989 , 28 , 1656 ]. We found that the same took place in pHR, and we revealed the chromophore structures of the two photointermediates from their Raman spectra for the first time. pHRhypso had the distorted all-trans chromophore, while pHRK contained the distorted 13-cis form. The present results revealed that the structural analyses of pHRK carried out so far at ∼80 K potentially included a significant contribution from pHRhypso. pHRhypso was efficiently formed via the photoexcitation of pHRK, indicating that pHRhypso was likely a side product after photoexcitation of pHRK. The formation of pHRhypso suggested that the active site became tight in pHRK due to the slight movement of Cl-, and the back photoisomerization then produced the distorted all-trans chromophore in pHRhypso.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomotsumi Fujisawa
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Saga University , Saga 840-8502 , Japan
| | - Hayato Kiyota
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Saga University , Saga 840-8502 , Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan.,Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan
| | - Masashi Unno
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Saga University , Saga 840-8502 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mizuno M, Shimoo Y, Kandori H, Mizutani Y. Effect of a bound anion on the structure and dynamics of halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:054703. [PMID: 31673569 PMCID: PMC6811361 DOI: 10.1063/1.5125621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Active ion transport across membranes is vital to maintaining the electrochemical gradients of ions in cells and is mediated by transmembrane proteins. Halorhodopsin (HR) functions as a light-driven inward pump for chloride ions. The protein contains all-trans-retinal bound to a specific lysine residue through a protonated Schiff base. Interaction between the bound chloride ion and the protonated Schiff base is crucial for ion transport because chloride ion movement is driven by the flipping of the protonated Schiff base upon photoisomerization. However, it remains unknown how this interaction evolves in the HR photocycle. Here, we addressed the effect of the bound anion on the structure and dynamics of HR from Natronomonas pharaonis in the early stage of the photocycle. Comparison of the chloride-bound, formate-bound, and anion-depleted forms provided insights into the interaction between the bound anion and the chromophore/protein moiety. In the unphotolyzed state, the bound anion affects the π-conjugation of the polyene chain and the hydrogen bond of the protonated Schiff base of the retinal chromophore. Picosecond time scale measurements showed that the band intensities of the W16 and W18 modes of the tryptophan residues decreased instantaneously upon photoexcitation of the formate-bound form. In contrast, these intensity decreases were delayed for the chloride-bound and anion-depleted forms. These observations suggest the stronger interactions of the bound formate ion with the retinal chromophore and the chromophore pocket. On the nanosecond to microsecond timescales, we found that the interaction between the protonated Schiff base and the bound ion is broken upon formation of the K intermediate and is recovered following translocation of the bound anion toward the protonated Schiff base in the L intermediate. Our results demonstrate that the hydrogen-bonding ability of the bound anion plays an essential role in the ion transport of light-driven anion pumps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misao Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yumi Shimoo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Mizutani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nishimura N, Mizuno M, Kandori H, Mizutani Y. Distortion and a Strong Hydrogen Bond in the Retinal Chromophore Enable Sodium-Ion Transport by the Sodium-Ion Pump KR2. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:3430-3440. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nao Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Misao Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Mizutani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Otomo A, Mizuno M, Singh M, Shihoya W, Inoue K, Nureki O, Béjà O, Kandori H, Mizutani Y. Resonance Raman Investigation of the Chromophore Structure of Heliorhodopsins. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6431-6436. [PMID: 30351947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heliorhodopsins (HeRs) are a new category of retinal-bound proteins recently discovered through functional metagenomics analysis that exhibit obvious differences from type-1 microbial rhodopsins. We conducted the first detailed structural characterization of the retinal chromophore in HeRs using resonance Raman spectroscopy. The observed spectra clearly show that the Schiff base of the chromophore is protonated and forms a strong hydrogen bond to a species other than a water molecule, highly likely a counterion residue. The vibrational mode of the Schiff base of HeRs exhibits similarities with that of photosensory microbial rhodopsins, that is consistent with the previous proposal that HeRs function as photosensors. We also revealed unusual spectral features of the in-plane chain vibrations of the chromophore, suggesting an unprecedented geometry of the Schiff base caused by a difference in the retinal pocket structure of HeRs. These data demonstrate structural characteristics of the photoreceptive site in this novel type of rhodopsin family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Otomo
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , 1-1 Machikaneyama , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-0043 , Japan
| | - Misao Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , 1-1 Machikaneyama , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-0043 , Japan
| | - Manish Singh
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan
| | - Wataru Shihoya
- Department of Biological Sciences , Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-11-16 Yayoi , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032 , Japan
| | - Keiichi Inoue
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan
- OptoBioTechnology Research Center , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan
- The Institute for Solid State Physics , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa 277-8581 , Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences , Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-11-16 Yayoi , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032 , Japan
| | - Oded Béjà
- Faculty of Biology , Technion Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000 , Israel
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan
- OptoBioTechnology Research Center , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Mizutani
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , 1-1 Machikaneyama , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-0043 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shionoya T, Mizuno M, Tsukamoto T, Ikeda K, Seki H, Kojima K, Shibata M, Kawamura I, Sudo Y, Mizutani Y. High Thermal Stability of Oligomeric Assemblies of Thermophilic Rhodopsin in a Lipid Environment. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:6945-6953. [PMID: 29893559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b04894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thermophilic rhodopsin (TR) is a light-driven proton pump from the extreme thermophile Thermus thermophilus JL-18. Previous studies on TR solubilized with detergent showed that the protein exhibits high thermal stability and forms a trimer at room temperature but irreversibly dissociates into monomers when incubated at physiological temperature (75 °C). In the present study, we used resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and high-speed atomic force microscopy to analyze the oligomeric structure of TR in a lipid environment. The obtained spectra and microscopic images demonstrate that TR adopts a pentameric form in a lipid environment and that this assembly is stable at the physiological temperature, in contrast to the behavior of the protein in the solubilized state. These results indicate that the thermal stability of the oligomeric assembly of TR is higher in a lipid environment than in detergent micelles. The observed RR spectra also showed that the retinal chromophore is strongly hydrogen bonded to an internal water molecule via a protonated Schiff base, which is characteristic of proton-pumping rhodopsins. The obtained data strongly suggest that TR functions in the pentameric form at physiological temperature in the extreme thermophile T. thermophilus JL-18. We utilized the high thermal stability of the monomeric form of solubilized TR and here report the first RR spectra of the monomeric form of a microbial rhodopsin. The observed RR spectra revealed that the monomerization of TR alters the chromophore structure: there are changes in the bond alternation of the polyene chain and in the hydrogen-bond strength of the protonated Schiff base. The present study revealed the high thermal stability of oligomeric assemblies of TR in the lipid environment and suggested the importance of using TR embedded in lipid membrane for elucidation of its functional mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Shionoya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Osaka University , 1-1 Machikaneyama , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-0043 , Japan
| | - Misao Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Osaka University , 1-1 Machikaneyama , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-0043 , Japan
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University , 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | | | - Hayato Seki
- Graduate School of Engineering , Yokohama National University , Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501 , Japan
| | - Keiichi Kojima
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University , 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | | | - Izuru Kawamura
- Graduate School of Engineering , Yokohama National University , Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501 , Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University , 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Mizutani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Osaka University , 1-1 Machikaneyama , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-0043 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Engelhard C, Chizhov I, Siebert F, Engelhard M. Microbial Halorhodopsins: Light-Driven Chloride Pumps. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10629-10645. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Chizhov
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, OE8830 Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Friedrich Siebert
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Sektion Biophysik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herderstr. 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Engelhard
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Otto Hahn Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Harris A, Saita M, Resler T, Hughes-Visentin A, Maia R, Pranga-Sellnau F, Bondar AN, Heberle J, Brown LS. Molecular details of the unique mechanism of chloride transport by a cyanobacterial rhodopsin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:3184-3199. [PMID: 29057415 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06068h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microbial rhodopsins are well known as versatile and ubiquitous light-driven ion transporters and photosensors. While the proton transport mechanism has been studied in great detail, much less is known about various modes of anion transport. Until recently, only two main groups of light-driven anion pumps were known, archaeal halorhodopsins (HRs) and bacterial chloride pumps (known as ClRs or NTQs). Last year, another group of cyanobacterial anion pumps with a very distinct primary structure was reported. Here, we studied the chloride-transporting photocycle of a representative of this new group, Mastigocladopsis repens rhodopsin (MastR), using time-resolved spectroscopy in the infrared and visible ranges and site-directed mutagenesis. We found that, in accordance with its unique amino acid sequence containing many polar residues in the transmembrane region of the protein, its photocycle features a number of unusual molecular events not known for other anion-pumping rhodopsins. It appears that light-driven chloride ion transfers by MastR are coupled with translocation of protons and water molecules as well as perturbation of several polar sidechains. Of particular interest is transient deprotonation of Asp-85, homologous to the cytoplasmic proton donor of light-driven proton pumps (such as Asp-96 of bacteriorhodopsin), which may serve as a regulatory mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Harris
- Department of Physics and Biophysics Interdepartmental Group, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mizuno M, Nakajima A, Kandori H, Mizutani Y. Structural Evolution of a Retinal Chromophore in the Photocycle of Halorhodopsin from Natronobacterium pharaonis. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:2411-2423. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Misao Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, and
| | - Ayumi Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, and
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Mizutani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, and
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bostick CD, Mukhopadhyay S, Pecht I, Sheves M, Cahen D, Lederman D. Protein bioelectronics: a review of what we do and do not know. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2018; 81:026601. [PMID: 29303117 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa85f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We review the status of protein-based molecular electronics. First, we define and discuss fundamental concepts of electron transfer and transport in and across proteins and proposed mechanisms for these processes. We then describe the immobilization of proteins to solid-state surfaces in both nanoscale and macroscopic approaches, and highlight how different methodologies can alter protein electronic properties. Because immobilizing proteins while retaining biological activity is crucial to the successful development of bioelectronic devices, we discuss this process at length. We briefly discuss computational predictions and their connection to experimental results. We then summarize how the biological activity of immobilized proteins is beneficial for bioelectronic devices, and how conductance measurements can shed light on protein properties. Finally, we consider how the research to date could influence the development of future bioelectronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Bostick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States of America. Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Niho A, Yoshizawa S, Tsukamoto T, Kurihara M, Tahara S, Nakajima Y, Mizuno M, Kuramochi H, Tahara T, Mizutani Y, Sudo Y. Demonstration of a Light-Driven SO42– Transporter and Its Spectroscopic Characteristics. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4376-4389. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Niho
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Susumu Yoshizawa
- Atmosphere
and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Graduate
School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Marie Kurihara
- Graduate
School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shinya Tahara
- Molecular
Spectroscopy Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yu Nakajima
- Atmosphere
and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Misao Mizuno
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1
Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kuramochi
- Molecular
Spectroscopy Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Ultrafast
Spectroscopy Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics (RAP), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tahei Tahara
- Molecular
Spectroscopy Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Ultrafast
Spectroscopy Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics (RAP), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Mizutani
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1
Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Graduate
School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chan SK, Kawaguchi H, Kubo H, Murakami M, Ihara K, Maki K, Kouyama T. Crystal Structure of the 11-cis Isomer of Pharaonis Halorhodopsin: Structural Constraints on Interconversions among Different Isomeric States. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4092-104. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siu Kit Chan
- Department
of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Haruki Kawaguchi
- Department
of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kubo
- Department
of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Midori Murakami
- Department
of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kunio Ihara
- Center
for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kosuke Maki
- Department
of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kouyama
- Department
of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- RIKEN Harima Branch, 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yi A, Mamaeva N, Li H, Spudich JL, Rothschild KJ. Resonance Raman Study of an Anion Channelrhodopsin: Effects of Mutations near the Retinylidene Schiff Base. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2371-80. [PMID: 27039989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics relies on the expression of specific microbial rhodopsins in the neuronal plasma membrane. Most notably, this includes channelrhodopsins, which when heterologously expressed in neurons function as light-gated cation channels. Recently, a new class of microbial rhodopsins, termed anion channel rhodopsins (ACRs), has been discovered. These proteins function as efficient light-activated channels strictly selective for anions. They exclude the flow of protons and other cations and cause hyperpolarization of the membrane potential in neurons by allowing the inward flow of chloride ions. In this study, confocal near-infrared resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) along with hydrogen/deuterium exchange, retinal analogue substitution, and site-directed mutagenesis were used to study the retinal structure as well as its interactions with the protein in the unphotolyzed state of an ACR from Guillardia theta (GtACR1). These measurements reveal that (i) the retinal chromophore exists as an all-trans configuration with a protonated Schiff base (PSB) very similar to that of bacteriorhodopsin (BR), (ii) the chromophore RRS spectrum is insensitive to changes in pH from 3 to 11, whereas above this pH the Schiff base (SB) is deprotonated, (iii) when Ser97, the homologue to Asp85 in BR, is replaced with a Glu, it remains in a neutral form (i.e., as a carboxylic acid) but is deprotonated at higher pH to form a blue-shifted species, (iv) Asp234, the homologue of the protonated retinylidene SB counterion Asp212 in BR, does not serve as the primary counteranion for the protonated SB, and (v) substitution of Glu68 with an Gln increases the pH at which SB deprotonation is observed. These results suggest that Glu68 and Asp234 located near the SB exist in a neutral state in unphotolyzed GtACR1 and indicate that other unidentified negative charges stabilize the protonated state of the GtACR1 SB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Yi
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Photonics Center, and Department of Physics, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Natalia Mamaeva
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Photonics Center, and Department of Physics, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Hai Li
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School , Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - John L Spudich
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School , Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Kenneth J Rothschild
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Photonics Center, and Department of Physics, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Koua FHM, Kandori H. Light-induced structural changes during early photo-intermediates of the eubacterial Cl−pump Fulvimarina rhodopsin observed by FTIR difference spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19363j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fulvimarina pelagirhodopsin (FR) is a member of inward eubacterial light-activated Cl−translocating rhodopsins (ClR) that were found recently in marine bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hideki Kandori
- OptoBioTechnology Research Center
- Nagoya Institute of Technology
- 466-8555 Nagoya
- Japan
- Department of Frontier Materials
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ernst OP, Lodowski DT, Elstner M, Hegemann P, Brown L, Kandori H. Microbial and animal rhodopsins: structures, functions, and molecular mechanisms. Chem Rev 2014; 114:126-63. [PMID: 24364740 PMCID: PMC3979449 DOI: 10.1021/cr4003769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 777] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P. Ernst
- Departments
of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David T. Lodowski
- Center
for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case
Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Marcus Elstner
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, Kaiserstrasse
12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute
of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse
42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonid
S. Brown
- Department
of Physics and Biophysics Interdepartmental Group, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department
of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute
of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shibasaki K, Shigemura H, Kikukawa T, Kamiya M, Aizawa T, Kawano K, Kamo N, Demura M. Role of Thr218 in the light-driven anion pump halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis. Biochemistry 2013; 52:9257-68. [PMID: 24298916 DOI: 10.1021/bi401295e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Halorhodopsin (HR) is an inward-directed light-driven halogen ion pump, and NpHR is a HR from Natronomonas pharaonis. Unphotolyzed NpHR binds halogen ion in the vicinity of the Schiff base, which links retinal to Lys256. This halogen ion is transported during the photocycle. We made various mutants of Thr218, which is located one half-turn up from the Schiff base to the cytoplasm (CP) channel, and analyzed the photocycle using a sequential irreversible model. Four photochemically defined intermediates (P(i), i = 1-4) were adequate to describe the photocycle. The third component, P₃, was a quasi-equilibrium complex between the N and O intermediates, where a N ↔ O + Cl⁻ equilibrium was attained. The K(d,N↔O) values of this equilibrium for various mutants were determined, and the value of Thr (wild type) was the highest. The partial molar volume differences between N and O, ΔV(N→O), were estimated from the pressure dependence of K(d,N↔O). A comparison between K(d,N↔O) and ΔV(N→O) led to the conclusion that water entry by the F-helix opening at O may occur, which may increase K(d,N↔O). For some mutants, however, large ΔV(N→O) values were found, whereas the K(d,N↔O) values were small. This suggests that the special coordination of a water molecule with the OH group of Thr is necessary for the increase in K(d,N↔O). Mutants with a small K(d,N↔O) showed low pumping activities in the presence of inside negative membrane potential, while the mutant activities were not different in the absence of membrane potential. The effect of the mutation on the pumping activities is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Shibasaki
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Luck M, Mathes T, Bruun S, Fudim R, Hagedorn R, Tran Nguyen TM, Kateriya S, Kennis JTM, Hildebrandt P, Hegemann P. A photochromic histidine kinase rhodopsin (HKR1) that is bimodally switched by ultraviolet and blue light. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40083-90. [PMID: 23027869 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.401604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsins are light-activated chromoproteins that mediate signaling processes via transducer proteins or promote active or passive ion transport as ion pumps or directly light-activated channels. Here, we provide spectroscopic characterization of a rhodopsin from the Chlamydomonas eyespot. It belongs to a recently discovered but so far uncharacterized family of histidine kinase rhodopsins (HKRs). These are modular proteins consisting of rhodopsin, a histidine kinase, a response regulator, and in some cases an effector domain such as an adenylyl or guanylyl cyclase, all encoded in a single protein as a two-component system. The recombinant rhodopsin fragment, Rh, of HKR1 is a UVA receptor (λ(max) = 380 nm) that is photoconverted by UV light into a stable blue light-absorbing meta state Rh-Bl (λ(max) = 490 nm). Rh-Bl is converted back to Rh-UV by blue light. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the Rh-UV chromophore is in an unusual 13-cis,15-anti configuration, which explains why the chromophore is deprotonated. The excited state lifetime of Rh-UV is exceptionally stable, probably caused by a relatively unpolar retinal binding pocket, converting into the photoproduct within about 100 ps, whereas the blue form reacts 100 times faster. We propose that the photochromic HKR1 plays a role in the adaptation of behavioral responses in the presence of UVA light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meike Luck
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bismuth O, Komm P, Friedman N, Eliash T, Sheves M, Ruhman S. Deciphering Excited State Evolution in Halorhodopsin with Stimulated Emission Pumping. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:3046-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp910853n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oshrat Bismuth
- Institute of Chemistry and the Farkas Center for Light Induced Processes, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Pavel Komm
- Institute of Chemistry and the Farkas Center for Light Induced Processes, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Noga Friedman
- Institute of Chemistry and the Farkas Center for Light Induced Processes, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tamar Eliash
- Institute of Chemistry and the Farkas Center for Light Induced Processes, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mordechai Sheves
- Institute of Chemistry and the Farkas Center for Light Induced Processes, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sanford Ruhman
- Institute of Chemistry and the Farkas Center for Light Induced Processes, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kouyama T, Kanada S, Takeguchi Y, Narusawa A, Murakami M, Ihara K. Crystal Structure of the Light-Driven Chloride Pump Halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis. J Mol Biol 2010; 396:564-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
27
|
Maiti TK, Engelhard M, Sheves M. Retinal-protein interactions in halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis: binding and retinal thermal isomerization catalysis. J Mol Biol 2009; 394:472-84. [PMID: 19766652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis (NpHR) is a member of the retinal protein group and serves as a light-driven chloride pump in which chloride ions are transported through the membrane following light absorption by the retinal chromophore. In this study, we examined two main issues: (1) factors controlling the binding of the retinal chromophore to the NpHR opsin and (2) the ability of the NpHR opsin to catalyze the thermal isomerization of retinal isomers. We have revealed that the reconstitution process of pharaonis HR (NpHR) pigment from its apoprotein and all-trans retinal depends on the pH, and the process has a pK(a) of 5.8+/-0.1. It was proposed that this pK(a) is associated with the pK(a) of the lysine residue that binds the retinal chromophore (Lys256). The pigment formation is regulated by the concentration of sodium chloride, and the maximum yield was observed at 3.7 M NaCl. The low yield of pigment in a lower concentration of NaCl (<3 M) may be due to an altered conformation adopted by the apomembrane, which is not capable of forming the pigment. Unexpectedly and unlike the apomembrane of bacteriorhodopsin, NpHR opsin produces pigments with 11-cis retinal and 9-cis retinal owing to the thermal isomerization of these retinal isomers to all-trans retinal. The isomerization rate depends on the pH, and it is faster at a higher pH. The pK(a) value of the isomerization process is similar to the pK(a) of the binding process of these retinals, which suggests that Lys256 is also involved in the isomerization process. The isomerization is independent of the sodium chloride concentration. However, in the absence of sodium chloride, the apoprotein adopts such a conformation, which does not prevent the isomerization of retinal, but it prevents a covalent bond formation with the lysine residue. The rate and the thermodynamic parameter analysis of the retinal isomerization by NpHR apoprotein led to the conclusion that the apomembrane catalyzes the isomerization via a triplet mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Kanti Maiti
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Radu I, Schleeger M, Bolwien C, Heberle J. Time-resolved methods in biophysics. 10. Time-resolved FT-IR difference spectroscopy and the application to membrane proteins. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:1517-28. [DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00050j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
29
|
Furutani Y, Ito M, Sudo Y, Kamo N, Kandori H. ProteinProtein Interaction of aPharaonisHalorhodopsin Mutant Forming a Complex withPharaonisHalobacterial Transducer Protein II Detected by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:874-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
30
|
Losi A, Wegener AA, Engelhard M, Braslavsky SE. Thermodynamics of the Early Steps in the Photocycle of Natronobacterium pharaonis Halorhodopsin. Influence of Medium and of Anion Substitution†¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740495totesi2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
31
|
Mevorat-Kaplan K, Brumfeld V, Engelhard M, Sheves M. The protonated Schiff base of halorhodopsin from Natronobacterium pharaonis is hydrolyzed at elevated temperatures. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 82:1414-21. [PMID: 16602834 DOI: 10.1562/2005-12-16-ra-756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Halorhodopsin from Natronobacterium pharaonis (pHR) is a light-driven chloride pump in which photoisomerzation of a retinal chromophore triggers a photocycle which leads to a chloride anion transport across the plasma membrane. Similarly to other retinal proteins the protonated Schiff base (PSB), which covalently links the retinal to the protein, does not experience hydrolysis reaction at room temperature even though several water molecules are located in the protonated Schiff base (PSB) vicinity. In the present studies we have revealed that in contrast to other studied archaeal rhodopsins, temperature increase to about 70 degrees C hydrolyses the PSB linkage of pHR. The rate of the reaction is affected by Cl-concentration and reveals an anion binding site (in addition to the Cl- in the SB vicinity) with a binding constant of 100mM (measured at 70 degrees C). We suggest that this binding site is located on the extracellular side and its possible role in the Cl-pumping mechanism is discussed. The rate of the hydrolysis reaction is affected by the nature of the anion bound to pHR. Substitution of the Cl- anion by Br-, I- and SCN- exhibits similar behavior to that of CI- in the region of 100mM but higher concentrations are needed for N3-, HCOO- and NO2-to achieve similar behavior. Steady state pigment illumination accelerates the reaction and reduces the energy of activation and the frequency factor. Adjusting the sample temperature to 25 degrees C following the hydrolysis reaction led to about 80% pigment recovery. However, the newly reformed pigment is different from the mother pigment and has different characteristics. It is concluded that the apo-membrane adopts a modified conformation and/or aggregated state which rebinds the retinal to give a new conformation of the pHR pigment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keren Mevorat-Kaplan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mevorat-Kaplan K, Brumfeld V, Engelhard M, Sheves M. The Protonated Schiff Base of Halorhodopsin from Natronobacterium pharaonis is Hydrolyzed at Elevated Temperatures. Photochem Photobiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2006.tb09793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
33
|
Mevorat-Kaplan K, Weiner L, Sheves M. Spin Labeling ofNatronomonaspharaonisHalorhodopsin: Probing the Cysteine Residues Environment. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:8825-31. [PMID: 16640441 DOI: 10.1021/jp054750c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis (pHR) is a light-driven chloride pump that transports a chloride anion across the plasma membrane following light absorption by a retinal chromophore which initiates a photocycle. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of pHR reveals three cysteine residues (Cys160, Cys184, and Cys186) in helices D and E. Here we have labeled the cysteine residues with nitroxide spin labels and studied using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy their mobility, accessibility to various reagents, and the distance between the labels. It was revealed by following the d(1)/d parameter that the distance between the spin labels is ca. 13-15 Angstrom. The EPR spectrum suggests that one label has a restricted mobility while the other two are more mobile. Only one label is accessible to hydrophilic paramagnetic broadening reagents leading to the conclusion that this label is exposed to the water phase. All three labels are reduced by ascorbic acid and reoxidized by molecular oxygen. The rate of the oxidation is accelerated following retinal irradiation indicating that the protein experiences conformation alterations in the vicinity of the labels during the pigment photocycle. It is suggested that Cys186 is exposed to the bulk medium while Cys184, located close to the retinal ionone ring, exhibits an immobilized EPR signal and is characterized by a hydrophobic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keren Mevorat-Kaplan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gruia AD, Bondar AN, Smith JC, Fischer S. Mechanism of a molecular valve in the halorhodopsin chloride pump. Structure 2005; 13:617-27. [PMID: 15837200 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2005.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Revised: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 01/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Halorhodopsin is a light-driven chloride anion pump in which the trans-->cis photoisomerization of a retinal chromophore triggers a photocycle resulting in the translocation of chloride across the plasma membrane. The mechanism of chloride transfer past the cis retinal is determined here by computing multiple pathways for this process. The calculations reveal two conditions of the valve mechanism. First, a lumen absent in the ground state structure is transiently opened by chloride passage. Second, this activated opening, which is achieved by flexible deformation of the surrounding protein, is shown to significantly raise the chloride translocation barrier between photocycles, thus preventing chloride backflow. Unlike macroscopic valve designs, the protein allows differential ion flows in the pumping and resting states that are tuned to match the physiological timescales of the cell, thus creating a "kinetic" valve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea D Gruia
- Computational Biochemistry, IWR, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, D-69210 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bálint Z, Lakatos M, Ganea C, Lanyi JK, Váró G. The nitrate transporting photochemical reaction cycle of the pharaonis halorhodopsin. Biophys J 2004; 86:1655-63. [PMID: 14990493 PMCID: PMC1304001 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(04)74234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-resolved spectroscopy, absorption kinetic and electric signal measurement techniques were used to study the nitrate transporting photocycle of the pharaonis halorhodopsin. The spectral titration reveals two nitrate-binding constants, assigned to two independent binding sites. The high-affinity binding site (K(a) = 11 mM) contributes to the appearance of the nitrate transporting photocycle, whereas the low-affinity constant (having a K(a) of approximately 7 M) slows the last decay process in the photocycle. Although the spectra of the intermediates are not the same as those found in the chloride transporting photocycle, the sequence of the intermediates and the energy diagrams are similar. The differences in spectra and energy levels can be attributed to the difference in the size of the transported chloride or nitrate. Electric signal measurements show that a charge is transferred across the membrane during the photocycle, as expected. A new observation is an apparent release and rebinding of a small fraction of the retinal, inside the retinal pocket, during the photocycle. The release occurs during the N-to-O transition, whereas the rebinding happens in several seconds, well after the other steps of the photocycle are over.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Bálint
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, H-6701, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sato M, Kikukawa T, Araiso T, Okita H, Shimono K, Kamo N, Demura M, Nitta K. Ser-130 of Natronobacterium pharaonis halorhodopsin is important for the chloride binding. Biophys Chem 2003; 104:209-16. [PMID: 12834839 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(02)00368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pharaonis halorhodopsin (phR) is an inward light-driven chloride ion pump from Natronobacterium pharaonis. In order to clarify the role of Ser-130(phR) residue which corresponds to Ser-115(shR) for salinarum hR on the anion-binding affinity, the wild-type and Ser-130 mutants substituted with Thr, Cys and Ala were expressed in E. coli cells and solubilized with 0.1% n-dodecyl beta-D-maltopyranoside The absorption maximum (lambda(max)) of the S130T mutant indicated a blue shift from that of the wild type in the absence and presence of chloride. For S130A, a large red shift (12 nm) in the absence of chloride was observed. The wild-type and all mutants showed the blue-shift of lambda(max) upon Cl(-) addition, from which the dissociation constants of Cl(-) were determined. The dissociation constants were 5, 89, 153 and 159 mM for the wild-type, S130A, S130T and S130C, respectively, at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C. Circular dichroic spectra of the wild-type and the Ser-130 mutants exhibited an oligomerization. The present study revealed that the Ser-130 of N. pharaonis halorhodopsin is important for the chloride binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Sato
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ueno S, Shibata A, Yorimitsu A, Baba Y, Kamo N. Redox potentials of the oriented film of the wild-type, the E194Q-, E204Q- and D96N-mutated bacteriorhodopsins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1609:109-14. [PMID: 12507765 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(02)00660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The redox potentials of the oriented films of the wild-type, the E194Q-, E204Q- and D96N-mutated bacteriorhodopsins (bR), prepared by adsorbing purple membrane (PM) sheets or its mutant on a Pt electrode, have been examined. The redox potentials (V) of the wild-type bR were -470 mV for the 13-cis configuration of the retinal Shiff base in bR and -757 mV for the all-trans configuration in H(2)O, and -433 mV for the 13-cis configuration and -742 mV for the all-trans configuration in D(2)O. The solvent isotope effect (DeltaV=V(D(2)O)-V(H(2)O)), which shifts the redox potential to a higher value, originates from the cooperative rearrangements of the extensively hydrogen-bonded water molecules around the protonated C=N part in the retinal Schiff base. The redox potential of bR was much higher for the 13-cis configuration than that for the all-trans configuration. The redox potentials for the E194Q mutant in the extracellular region were -507 mV for the 13-cis configuration and -788 mV for the all-trans configuration; and for the E204Q mutant they were -491 mV for the 13-cis configuration and -769 mV for the all-trans configuration. Replacement of the Glu(194) or Glu(204) residues by Gln weakened the electron withdrawing interaction to the protonated C=N bond in the retinal Schiff base. The E204 residue is less linked with the hydrogen-bonded network of the proton release pathway compared with E194. The redox potentials of the D96N mutant in the cytoplasmic region were -471 mV for the 13-cis configuration and -760 mV for the all-trans configuration which were virtually the same as those of the wild-type bR, indicating that the D to N point mutation of the 96 residue had no influence on the interaction between the D96 residue and the C=N part in the Schiff base under the light-adapted condition. The results suggest that the redox potential of bR is closely correlated to the hydrogen-bonded network spanning from the retinal Schiff base to the extracellular surface of bR in the proton transfer pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Ueno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Halorhodopsin, a light-driven halide pump, is the second archaeal rhodopsin involved in ion pumping to be studied at high resolution by X-ray crystallography. Like its cousin bacteriorhodopsin, halorhodopsin couples vectorial ion transport to the isomerisation state of a covalently linked retinal. Given the similarity and interconvertability of these two ion pumps, a unified mechanism for ion translocation by archaeal rhodopsins is now emerging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Oliver Essen
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Losi A, Wegener AA, Engelhard M, Braslavsky SE. Thermodynamics of the early steps in the photocycle of Natronobacterium pharaonis halorhodopsin. Influence of medium and of anion substitution. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74:495-503. [PMID: 11594067 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0495:totesi>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The enthalpy (delta H) and structural volume changes (delta V) associated with the formation and decay of the early intermediate K600 in the photocycle of Natronobacterium pharaonis halorhodopsin (pHR), an inward-directed anion pump, were obtained by laser-induced optoacoustic spectroscopy. A large expansion is associated with K600 formation, its value depending on the medium and on the anion (Cl-, NO3-, Br-, I-). A smaller expansion is associated with K600 decay to L520. A contraction is found for the same step in the case of the azide-loaded pHR which is an efficient outward-directed proton pump. Thus, the conformational changes in L520 determine the direction and sign of charge translocation. The linear correlation between delta H and delta V for chloride-loaded pHR observed upon mild medium variations is attributed to enthalpy-entropy compensation effects and allows the calculation of the free-energy changes, delta GK = (97 +/- 16) kJ/mol and delta GKL = -(2 +/- 2) kJ/mol. Different from other systems, delta S correlates negatively with delta V in the first steps of the pHR photocycle. Thus, the space around the anion becomes larger and more rigid during each of these two steps. The photocycle quantum yield was 0.52 for chloride-pHR as measured by laser flash photolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Losi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Postfach 101365, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chizhov I, Engelhard M. Temperature and halide dependence of the photocycle of halorhodopsin from Natronobacterium pharaonis. Biophys J 2001; 81:1600-12. [PMID: 11509373 PMCID: PMC1301638 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(01)75814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The photocycle kinetics of halorhodopsin from Natronobacterium pharaonis (pHR(575)) was analyzed at different temperatures and chloride concentrations as well as various halides. Over the whole range of modified parameters the kinetics can be adequately modeled with six apparent rate constants. Assuming a model in which the observed rates are assigned to irreversible transitions of a single relaxation chain, six kinetically distinguishable states (P(1-6)) are discernible that are formed from four chromophore states (spectral archetypes S(j): K(570), L(N)(520), O(600), pHR'(575)). Whereas P(1) coincides with K(570) (S(1)), both P(2) and P(3) have identical spectra resembling L(520) (S(2)), thus representing a true spectral silent transition between them. P(4) constitutes a fast temperature-dependent equilibrium between the chromophore states S(2) and S(3) (L(520) and O(600), respectively). The subsequent equilibrium (P(5)) of the same spectral archetypes is only moderately temperature dependent but shows sensitivity toward the type of anion and the chloride concentration. Therefore, S(2) and S(3) occurring in P(4) as well as in P(5) have to be distinguished and are assigned to L(520)<--> O(1)(600) and O(2)(600)<--> N(520) equilibrium, respectively. It is proposed that P(4) and P(5) represent the anion release and uptake steps. Based on the experimental data affinities of the halide binding sites are estimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Chizhov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hackmann C, Guijarro J, Chizhov I, Engelhard M, Rödig C, Siebert F. Static and time-resolved step-scan Fourier transform infrared investigations of the photoreaction of halorhodopsin from Natronobacterium pharaonis: consequences for models of the anion translocation mechanism. Biophys J 2001; 81:394-406. [PMID: 11423423 PMCID: PMC1301520 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(01)75708-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular changes during the photoreaction of halorhodopsin from Natronobacterium pharaonis have been monitored by low-temperature static and by time-resolved step-scan Fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy. In the low-temperature L spectrum anions only influence a band around 1650 cm(-1), tentatively assigned to the C=N stretch of the protonated Schiff base of L. The analysis of the time-resolved spectra allows to identify the four states: K, L(1), L(2), and O. Between L(1) and L(2), only the apoprotein undergoes alterations. The O state is characterized by an all-trans chromophore and by rather large amide I spectral changes. Because in our analysis the intermediate containing O is in equilibrium with a state indistinguishable from L(2), we are unable to identify an N-like state. At very high chloride concentrations (>5 M), we observe a branching of the photocycle from L(2) directly back to the dark state, and we provide evidence for direct back-isomerization from L(2). This branching leads to the reported reduction of transport activity at such high chloride concentrations. We interpret the L(1) to L(2) transition as an accessibility change of the anion from the extracellular to the cytosolic side, and the large amide I bands in O as an indication for opening of the cytosolic channel from the Schiff base toward the cytosolic surface and/or as indication for changes of the binding constant of the release site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Hackmann
- Sektion Biophysik, Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hutson MS, Shilov SV, Krebs R, Braiman MS. Halide dependence of the halorhodopsin photocycle as measured by time-resolved infrared spectra. Biophys J 2001; 80:1452-65. [PMID: 11222305 PMCID: PMC1301336 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(01)76117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-resolved Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) difference spectra of the halorhodopsin (hR) photocycle have been collected from 3 micros to 100 ms in saturating concentrations of KCl or KBr. Kinetic analysis of these data revealed two decay processes, with time constants of tau(1) approximately 150 micros and tau(2) approximately 16 ms in the presence of either halide, with tau(2) describing the return to the starting (hR) state. Comparison to previous low-temperature FTIR spectra of hR intermediates confirms that characteristic hK and hL spectral features are both present before the tau(1) decay, in a state previously defined as hK(L) (Dioumaev, A., and M. Braiman. 1997. Photochem. Photobiol. 66:755-763). However, the relative sizes of these features depend on which halide is present. In Br-, the hL features are clearly more dominant than in Cl-. Therefore, the state present before tau(1) is probably best described as an hK(L)/hL(1) equilibrium, instead of a single hK(L) state. Different halides affect the relative amounts of hK(L) and hL(1) present, i.e., Cl- produces a much more significant back-reaction from hL(1) to hK(L) than does Br-. The halide dependence of this back-reaction could therefore explain the halide selectivity of the halorhodopsin anion pump.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Hutson
- Biophysics Program, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center 456, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kulcsár A, Groma GI, Lanyi JK, Váró G. Characterization of the proton-transporting photocycle of pharaonis halorhodopsin. Biophys J 2000; 79:2705-13. [PMID: 11053142 PMCID: PMC1301150 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The photocycle of pharaonis halorhodopsin was investigated in the presence of 100 mM NaN(3) and 1 M Na(2)SO(4). Recent observations established that the replacement of the chloride ion with azide transforms the photocycle from a chloride-transporting one into a proton-transporting one. Kinetic analysis proves that the photocycle is very similar to that of bacteriorhodopsin. After K and L, intermediate M appears, which is missing from the chloride-transporting photocycle. In this intermediate the retinal Schiff base deprotonates. The rise of M in halorhodopsin is in the microsecond range, but occurs later than in bacteriorhodopsin, and its decay is more accentuated multiphasic. Intermediate N cannot be detected, but a large amount of O accumulates. The multiphasic character of the last step of the photocycle could be explained by the existence of a HR' state, as in the chloride photocycle. Upon replacement of chloride ion with azide, the fast electric signal changes its sign from positive to negative, and becomes similar to that detected in bacteriorhodopsin. The photocycle is enthalpy-driven, as is the chloride photocycle of halorhodopsin. These observations suggest that, while the basic charge translocation steps become identical to those in bacteriorhodopsin, the storage and utilization of energy during the photocycle remains unchanged by exchanging chloride with azide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Kulcsár
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, H-6701, Hungary
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
The light-activated proton-pumping bacteriorhodopsin and chloride ion-pumping halorhodopsin are compared. They belong to the family of retinal proteins, with 25% amino acid sequence homology. Both proteins have seven alpha helices across the membrane, surrounding the retinal binding pocket. Photoexcitation of all-trans retinal leads to ion transporting photocycles, which exhibit great similarities in the two proteins, despite the differences in the ion transported. The spectra of the K, L, N and O intermediates, calculated using time-resolved spectroscopic measurements, are very similar in both proteins. The absorption kinetic measurements reveal that the chloride ion transporting photocycle of halorhodopsin does not have intermediate M characteristic for deprotonated Schiff base, and intermediate L dominates the process. Energetically the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin is driven mostly by the decrease of the entropic energy, while the photocycle of halorhodopsin is enthalpy-driven. The ion transporting steps were characterized by the electrogenicity of the intermediates, calculated from the photoinduced transient electric signal measurements. The function of both proteins could be described with the 'local access' model developed for bacteriorhodopsin. In the framework of this model it is easy to understand how bacteriorhodopsin can be converted into a chloride pump, and halorhodopsin into a proton pump, by changing the ion specificity with added ions or site-directed mutagenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Váró
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gellini C, Lüttenberg B, Sydor J, Engelhard M, Hildebrandt P. Resonance Raman spectroscopy of sensory rhodopsin II from Natronobacterium pharaonis. FEBS Lett 2000; 472:263-6. [PMID: 10788623 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sensory rhodopsin II (pSRII), the photophobic receptor from Natronobacterium pharaonis, has been studied by time-resolved resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy using the rotating cell technique. Upon excitation with low laser power, the RR spectra largely reflect the parent state pSRII(500) whereas an increase of the laser power leads to a substantial accumulation of long-lived intermediates contributing to the RR spectra. All RR spectra could consistently be analysed in terms of four component spectra which were assigned to the parent state pSRII(500) and the long-lived intermediates M(400), N(485) and O(535) based on the correlation between the C = C stretching frequency and the absorption maximum. The parent state and the intermediates N(485) and O(535) exhibit a protonated Schiff base. The C = N stretching frequencies and the H/D isotopic shifts indicate strong hydrogen bonding interactions of the Schiff base in pSRII(500) and O(535) whereas these interactions are most likely very weak in N(485).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Gellini
- Laboratorio di Spettroscopia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' di Firenze, Via G. Capponi 9, 1-50121, Firenze, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Oriented gel samples were prepared from halorhodopsin-containing membranes from Natronobacterium pharaonis, and their photoelectric responses to laser flash excitation were measured at different chloride concentrations. The fast component of the current signal displayed a characteristic dependency on chloride concentration, and could be interpreted as a sum of two signals that correspond to the responses at high-chloride and no-chloride, but high-sulfate, concentration. The chloride concentration-dependent transition between the two signals followed the titration curve determined earlier from spectroscopic titration. The voltage signal was very similar to that reported by another group (Kalaidzidis, I. V., Y. L. Kalaidzidis, and A. D. Kaulen. 1998. FEBS Lett. 427:59-63). The absorption kinetics, measured at four wavelengths, fit the kinetic model we had proposed earlier. The calculated time-dependent concentrations of the intermediates were used to fit the voltage signal. Although no negative electric signal was observed at high chloride concentration, the calculated electrogenicity of the K intermediate was negative, and very similar to that of bacteriorhodopsin. The late photocycle intermediates (O, HR', and HR) had almost equal electrogenicities, explaining why no chloride-dependent time constant was identified earlier by Kalaidzidis et al. The calculated electrogenicities, and the spectroscopic information for the chloride release and uptake steps of the photocycle, suggest a mechanism for the chloride-translocation process in this pump.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Ludmann
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged H-6701, Hungary
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
In the late 1970s, on the basis of rRNA phylogeny, Archaea (archaebacteria) was identified as a distinct domain of life besides Bacteria (eubacteria) and Eucarya. Though forming a separate domain, Archaea display an enormous diversity of lifestyles and metabolic capabilities. Many archaeal species are adapted to extreme environments with respect to salinity, temperatures around the boiling point of water, and/or extremely alkaline or acidic pH. This has posed the challenge of studying the molecular and mechanistic bases on which these organisms can cope with such adverse conditions. This review considers our cumulative knowledge on archaeal mechanisms of primary energy conservation, in relationship to those of bacteria and eucarya. Although the universal principle of chemiosmotic energy conservation also holds for Archaea, distinct features have been discovered with respect to novel ion-transducing, membrane-residing protein complexes and the use of novel cofactors in bioenergetics of methanogenesis. From aerobically respiring Archaea, unusual electron-transporting supercomplexes could be isolated and functionally resolved, and a proposal on the organization of archaeal electron transport chains has been presented. The unique functions of archaeal rhodopsins as sensory systems and as proton or chloride pumps have been elucidated on the basis of recent structural information on the atomic scale. Whereas components of methanogenesis and of phototrophic energy transduction in halobacteria appear to be unique to Archaea, respiratory complexes and the ATP synthase exhibit some chimeric features with respect to their evolutionary origin. Nevertheless, archaeal ATP synthases are to be considered distinct members of this family of secondary energy transducers. A major challenge to future investigations is the development of archaeal genetic transformation systems, in order to gain access to the regulation of bioenergetic systems and to overproducers of archaeal membrane proteins as a prerequisite for their crystallization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Schäfer
- Institut für Biochemie, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kalaidzidis IV, Kalaidzidis YL, Kaulen AD. Flash-induced voltage changes in halorhodopsin from Natronobacterium pharaonis. FEBS Lett 1998; 427:59-63. [PMID: 9613600 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The flash-induced voltage response of halorhodopsin at high NaCl concentration comprises two main kinetic components. The first component with tau approximately 1 micros does not exceed 4% of the overall response amplitude and is probably associated with the formation of the L (hR520) intermediate. The second main component with tau approximately 1-2.5 ms which is independent of Cl- concentration can be ascribed to the transmembrane Cl- translocation during the L intermediate decay. The photoelectric response in the absence of Cl- has the opposite polarity and does not exceed 6% of the overall response amplitude at high NaCl concentration. A pH decrease results in substitution of the Cl(-)-dependent components by the photoresponse which is similar to that in the absence of Cl-. Thus, the difference between photoresponses of chloride-binding and chloride-free halorhodopsin forms resembles that of bacteriorhodopsin purple neutral and blue acid forms, respectively. The photovoltage data obtained can hardly be explained within the framework of the photocycle scheme suggested by Varo et al. [Biochemistry 34 (1995), 14490-14499]. We suppose that the O-type intermediate belongs to some form of halorhodopsin incapable of Cl- transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I V Kalaidzidis
- Department of Photobiochemistry, A.A. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Russia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|