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Grancara S, Dalla Via L, García-Argáez AN, Ohkubo S, Pacella E, Manente S, Bragadin M, Toninello A, Agostinelli E. Spermine cycling in mitochondria is mediated by adenine nucleotide translocase activity: mechanism and pathophysiological implications. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2327-37. [PMID: 27255894 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Spermine, besides to be transported in mitochondria by an energy dependent electrophoretic mechanism, can be also released by two different mechanisms. The first one is induced in deenergizing conditions by FCCP or antimycin A and it is mediated by an electroneutral exchange spermine protons. The second one takes place in energizing conditions during the activity of the adenine nucleotide translocase and is mediated by an electroneutral symport mechanism involving the efflux in co-transport of spermine and phosphate and the exchange of exogenous ADP with endogenous ATP. The triggering of this mechanism permits an alternating cycling of spermine across the mitochondrial membrane, that is spermine is transported or released by energized mitochondria in the absence or presence of ATP synthesis, respectively. The physiological implications of this cycling of spermine are related to the induction or prevention of mitochondrial permeability transition and, consequently, on apoptosis or its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Grancara
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Lisa Dalla Via
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Aida Nelly García-Argáez
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Shinji Ohkubo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Pacella
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty Medicine and Dentistry, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Manente
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Marcantonio Bragadin
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Antonio Toninello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Viale U. Bassi 58 B, 35131, Padua, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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Grancara S, Zonta F, Ohkubo S, Brunati AM, Agostinelli E, Toninello A. Pathophysiological implications of mitochondrial oxidative stress mediated by mitochondriotropic agents and polyamines: the role of tyrosine phosphorylation. Amino Acids 2015; 47:869-83. [PMID: 25792113 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria, once merely considered as the "powerhouse" of cells, as they generate more than 90 % of cellular ATP, are now known to play a central role in many metabolic processes, including oxidative stress and apoptosis. More than 40 known human diseases are the result of excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), bioenergetic collapse and dysregulated apoptosis. Mitochondria are the main source of ROS in cells, due to the activity of the respiratory chain. In normal physiological conditions, ROS generation is limited by the anti-oxidant enzymatic systems in mitochondria. However, disregulation of the activity of these enzymes or interaction of respiratory complexes with mitochondriotropic agents may lead to a rise in ROS concentrations, resulting in oxidative stress, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) induction and triggering of the apoptotic pathway. ROS concentration is also increased by the activity of amine oxidases located inside and outside mitochondria, with oxidation of biogenic amines and polyamines. However, it should also be recalled that, depending on its concentration, the polyamine spermine can also protect against stress caused by ROS scavenging. In higher organisms, cell signaling pathways are the main regulators in energy production, since they act at the level of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and participate in the induction of the MPT. Thus, respiratory complexes, ATP synthase and transition pore components are the targets of tyrosine kinases and phosphatases. Increased ROS may also regulate the tyrosine phosphorylation of target proteins by activating Src kinases or phosphatases, preventing or inducing a number of pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Grancara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale U. Bassi 58B, 35131, Padua, Italy
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Elustondo PA, Negoda A, Kane CL, Kane DA, Pavlov EV. Spermine selectively inhibits high-conductance, but not low-conductance calcium-induced permeability transition pore. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1847:231-240. [PMID: 25448536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The permeability transition pore (PTP) is a large channel of the mitochondrial inner membrane, the opening of which is the central event in many types of stress-induced cell death. PTP opening is induced by elevated concentrations of mitochondrial calcium. It has been demonstrated that spermine and other polyamines can delay calcium-induced swelling of isolated mitochondria, suggesting their role as inhibitors of the mitochondrial PTP. Here we further investigated the mechanism by which spermine inhibits the calcium-induced, cyclosporine A (CSA) -sensitive PTP by using three indicators: 1) calcium release from the mitochondria detected with calcium green, 2) mitochondrial membrane depolarization using TMRM, and 3) mitochondrial swelling by measuring light absorbance. We found that despite calcium release and membrane depolarization, indicative of PTP activation, mitochondria underwent only partial swelling in the presence of spermine. This was in striking contrast to the high-amplitude swelling detected in control mitochondria and in mitochondria treated with the PTP inhibitor CSA. We conclude that spermine selectively prevents opening of the high-conductance state, while allowing activation of the lower conductance state of the PTP. We propose that the existence of lower conductance, stress-induced PTP might play an important physiological role, as it is expected to allow the release of toxic levels of calcium, while keeping important molecules (e.g., NAD) within the mitochondrial matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia A Elustondo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Alexander Negoda
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Constance L Kane
- Department of Human Kinetics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Daniel A Kane
- Department of Human Kinetics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Evgeny V Pavlov
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Grancara S, Martinis P, Manente S, García-Argáez AN, Tempera G, Bragadin M, Dalla Via L, Agostinelli E, Toninello A. Bidirectional fluxes of spermine across the mitochondrial membrane. Amino Acids 2013; 46:671-9. [PMID: 24043461 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The polyamine spermine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by an electrophoretic mechanism having as driving force the negative electrical membrane potential (ΔΨ). The presence of phosphate increases spermine uptake by reducing ΔpH and enhancing ΔΨ. The transport system is a specific uniporter constituted by a protein channel exhibiting two asymmetric energy barriers with the spermine binding site located in the energy well between the two barriers. Although spermine transport is electrophoretic in origin, its accumulation does not follow the Nernst equation for the presence of an efflux pathway. Spermine efflux may be induced by different agents, such as FCCP, antimycin A and mersalyl, able to completely or partially reduce the ΔΨ value and, consequently, suppress or weaken the force necessary to maintain spermine in the matrix. However this efflux may also take place in normal conditions when the electrophoretic accumulation of the polycationic polyamine induces a sufficient drop in ΔΨ able to trigger the efflux pathway. The release of the polyamine is most probably electroneutral in origin and can take place in exchange with protons or in symport with phosphate anion. The activity of both the uptake and efflux pathways induces a continuous cycling of spermine across the mitochondrial membrane, the rate of which may be prominent in imposing the concentrations of spermine in the inner and outer compartment. Thus, this event has a significant role on mitochondrial permeability transition modulation and consequently on the triggering of intrinsic apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Grancara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Viale U. Bassi 58 B, 35131, Padua, Italy
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Battaglia V, Tibaldi E, Grancara S, Zonta F, Brunati AM, Martinis P, Bragadin M, Grillo MA, Tempera G, Agostinelli E, Toninello A. Effect of peroxides on spermine transport in rat brain and liver mitochondria. Amino Acids 2011; 42:741-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0990-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Do mammalian amine oxidases and the mitochondrial polyamine transporter have similar protein structures? Amino Acids 2011; 42:725-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Further characterization of agmatine binding to mitochondrial membranes: involvement of imidazoline I2 receptor. Amino Acids 2011; 42:761-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ca2+ -independent effects of spermine on pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in energized rat liver mitochondria incubated in the absence of exogenous Ca2+ and Mg2+. Amino Acids 2008; 36:449-56. [PMID: 18500430 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of exogenous Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) and in the presence of EGTA, which favours the release of endogenous Ca(2+), the polyamine spermine is able to stimulate the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) of energized rat liver mitochondria (RLM). This stimulation exhibits a gradual concentration-dependent trend, which is maximum, about 140%, at 0.5 mM concentration, after 30 min of incubation. At concentrations higher than 0.5 mM, spermine still stimulates PDC, when compared with the control, but shows a slight dose-dependent decrease. Changes in PDC stimulation are very close to the phosphorylation level of the E(1alpha) subunit of PDC, which regulates the activity of the complex, but it is also the target of spermine. In other words, progressive dephosphorylation gradually enhances the stimulation of RLM and progressive phosphorylation slightly decreases it. These results provide the first evidence that, when transported in RLM, spermine can interact in various ways with PDC, showing dose-dependent behaviour. The interaction most probably takes place directly on a specific site for spermine on one of the regulatory enzymes of PDC, i.e. pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP). The interaction of spermine with PDC may also involve activation of another regulatory enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK), resulting in an increase in E(1alpha) phosphorylation and consequently reduced stimulation of PDC at high polyamine concentrations. The different effects of spermine in RLM are discussed, considering the different activities of PDP and PDK isoenzymes. It is suggested that the polyamine at low concentrations stimulates the isoenzyme PDP(2) and at high concentrations it stimulates PDK(2).
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Agostinelli E, Tempera G, Molinari A, Salvi M, Battaglia V, Toninello A, Arancia G. The physiological role of biogenic amines redox reactions in mitochondria. New perspectives in cancer therapy. Amino Acids 2007; 33:175-87. [PMID: 17390098 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In tumours, polyamines and amine oxidases increase as compared to normal tissues. Cytotoxicity induced by bovine serum amine oxidase (BSAO) and spermine is attributed to H2O2 and aldehydes produced by the reaction. Increasing the incubation temperature from 37 to 42 degrees C enhances cytotoxicity in cells exposed to spermine metabolites. The combination BSAO/spermine prevents tumour growth, particularly well if the enzyme has been conjugated with a biocompatible hydrogel polymer. Since the tumour cells release endogenous substrates of BSAO, the administration of spermine is not required. Combination with hyperthermia improves the cytocidal effect of polyamines oxidation products. Our findings show that multidrug resistant (MDR) cells are more sensitive to spermine metabolites than their wild-type counterparts, due to an increased mitochondrial activity which induces the generation of intracellular ROS prior to the onset of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). It makes this new approach attractive, since the development of MDR is one of the major problems of conventional cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Agostinelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences A. Rossi Fanelli, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, University of Rome La Sapienza and CNR, Rome, Italy.
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Salvi M, Toninello A. Effects of polyamines on mitochondrial Ca2+ transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2004; 1661:113-24. [PMID: 15003874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2003] [Revised: 11/27/2003] [Accepted: 12/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian mitochondria are able to enhance Ca(2+) accumulation in the presence of polyamines by activating the saturable systems of Ca(2+) inward transport and buffering extramitochondrial Ca(2+) concentrations to levels similar to those in the cytosol of resting cells. This effect renders them responsive to regulate free Ca(2+) concentrations in the physioloical range. The mechanism involved is due to a rise in the affinity of the Ca(2+) transport system, induced by polyamines, most probably exhibiting allosteric behaviour. The regulatory site of this mechanism is the so-called S(1) binding site of polyamines, which operates in physiological conditions and is located in the energy well between the two peaks present in the energy profile of mitochondrial spermine transport. Spermine is bidirectionally transported across teh inner membrane by cycling, in which influx and efflux are driven by electrical and pH gradients, respectively. Most probably, polyamine affects the Ca(2+) transport system when it acts from the outside-that is, in the direction of its uniporter channel, in order to reach the S(1) site. Important physiological functions are related to activation of Ca(2+) transport systems by polyamines and their interactions with the S(1) site. These functions include a rise in the metabolic rate for energy supply and modulation of mitochondrial permeability transition induction, with consequent effects on the triggering of the apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Salvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica, Universita' di Padova, Istituto di Neuroscienze del C.N.R., Unita' per lo Studio delle Biomembrane, Via G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy
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Salvi M, Toninello A. Reciprocal effects between spermine and Mg2+ on their movements across the mitochondrial membrane. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 411:262-6. [PMID: 12623075 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00731-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mg(2+) competitively inhibits spermine transport in energized rat liver mitochondria (RLM) and exhibits a K(i) of 0.1mM on the initial rate and an I(50) of 0.6mM on total spermine accumulation after 20 min. Addition of 2mM Mg(2+) after spermine accumulation induces release of the polyamine. In view of the fact that spermine cycles across the inner membrane under physiological conditions, these results demonstrate that Mg(2+) inhibits spermine influx but does not affect the efflux pathway of the polyamine; the inhibitory effect occurs via an interaction with the specific site responsible for spermine transport. Instead, spermine inhibits Mg(2+) binding without affecting the rate of Mg(2+) transport, suggesting that both cations bind to the same site, which, however, is not used for Mg(2+) transport. Spermine also inhibits Mg(2+) efflux from RLM induced under conditions of the "low conductance state," a preliminary step preceding permeability transition pore opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Salvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica, Istituto di Neuroscienze del C.N.R., Universita' di Padova, Unita' per lo Studio delle Biomembrane, Via G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
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Bordin L, Vargiu C, Clari G, Brunati AM, Colombatto S, Salvi M, Grillo MA, Toninello A. Phosphorylation of recombinant human spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase by CK1 and modulation of its binding to mitochondria: a comparison with CK2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 290:463-8. [PMID: 11779193 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase (SSAT) catalyzes the acetylation of the N(1)-propylamino groups of spermine and spermidine. The enzyme has a very short half-life and is rapidly induced by various stimuli. Once acetylated, these polyamines are subjected to the action of polyamine oxidase, which, besides initiating polyamine catabolism, may produce reactive oxygen species that in turn trigger modifications in subcellular compartments such as mitochondria. The present work evaluates the ability of the cAMP-independent Ser/Thr-protein kinase CK1 to phosphorylate SSAT. Results demonstrate that SSAT is phosphorylated by CK1, in sites distinct from those phosphorylated by CK2. Moreover, both phosphorylation processes are involved in the uptake of SSAT into rat liver mitochondria. Although CK2 is less effective than CK1 in phosphorylating SSAT, CK2 phosphorylation is much more powerful in preventing binding of SSAT to mitochondrial structures. These results suggest the involvement of CK1- and CK2-mediated SSAT phosphorylation in regulating the contents of polyamines and SSAT itself within subcellular compartments and implicate SSAT and polyamines as indirect modulators of progression through the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Bordin
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica, Università di Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy
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