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Ozaki A, Kishi E, Ooshima T, Kakutani N, Abe Y, Mutsuga M, Yamaguchi Y, Yamano T. Determination of potential volatile compounds in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and their short- and long-term migration into food simulants and soft drink. Food Chem 2022; 397:133758. [PMID: 35940101 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Head space (HS)-GC-MS was used to analyze possible migration of volatile compounds from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles for soft drinks, and a total of six compounds were identified. Next, a rapid, simple, and accurate simultaneous method was established using purge-and-trap (PT)-GC-MS, to quantify their amounts in the liquid contents after short- and long-term storage in PET bottles. Starting with brand-new PET bottles, the maximum migration of 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane into distilled water and 50 % aqueous ethanol after 2 years at 25 °C were 2.3 and 19 ng/mL, respectively. In commercially available bottled mineral water sold inside and outside Japan, we were able to detect 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane in the same way. While nonanal was also detected in some products, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane was confirmed as the main volatile compound. Finally, the human exposure to 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane was estimated based on the per capita intake of soft drinks in Japan and the migration amount in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Ozaki
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan.
| | - Eri Kishi
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ooshima
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Naoya Kakutani
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Yutaka Abe
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Motoh Mutsuga
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Yamaguchi
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamano
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
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Molonia MS, Muscarà C, Speciale A, Salamone FL, Toscano G, Saija A, Cimino F. The p-Phthalates Terephthalic Acid and Dimethyl Terephthalate Used in the Manufacture of PET Induce In Vitro Adipocytes Dysfunction by Altering Adipogenesis and Thermogenesis Mechanisms. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217645. [PMID: 36364480 PMCID: PMC9656719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Public health concerns associated with the potential leaching of substances from Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packaging have been raised due to the role of phthalates as endocrine-disrupting chemicals or obesogens. In particular, changes in the environment such as pH, temperature, and irradiation can improve contaminant migration from PET food packaging. In this study, the in vitro effects of p-phthalates terephthalic acid (TPA) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) on murine adipocytes (3T3-L1) were evaluated using concentrations that might be obtained in adult humans exposed to contaminated sources. TPA and, in particular, DMT exposure during 3T3-L1 differentiation increased the cellular lipid content and induced adipogenic markers PPAR-γ, C/EBPß, FABP4, and FASN, starting from low nanomolar concentrations. Interestingly, the adipogenic action of TPA- and DMT-induced PPAR-γ was reverted by ICI 182,780, a specific antagonist of the estrogen receptor. Furthermore, TPA and DMT affected adipocytes’ thermogenic program, reducing pAMPK and PGC-1α levels, and induced the NF-κB proinflammatory pathway. Given the observed effects of biologically relevant chronic concentrations of these p-phthalates and taking into account humans’ close and constant contact with plastics, it seems appropriate that ascertaining safe levels of TPA and DMT exposure is considered a high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sofia Molonia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Muscarà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Lina Salamone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Toscano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Saija
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Identification of Potential Migrants in Polyethylene Terephthalate Samples of Ecuadorian Market. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213769. [PMID: 34771326 PMCID: PMC8588110 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the plastic packaging material most widely used to produce bottles intended for contact with food and beverages. However, PET is not inert, and therefore, some chemical compounds present in PET could migrate to food or beverages in contact, leading to safety issues. To evaluate the safety of PET samples, the identification of potential migrants is required. In this work, eight PET samples obtained from the Ecuadorian market at different phases of processing were studied using a well-known methodology based on a solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis and overall migration test. Several chemical compounds were identified and categorized as lubricants (carboxylic acids with chain length of C12 to C18), plasticizers (triethyl phosphate, diethyl phthalate), thermal degradation products (p-xylene, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid), antioxidant degradation products (from Irgafos 168 and Irganox), and recycling indicator compounds (limonene, benzophenone, alkanes, and aldehydes). Additionally, overall migration experiments were performed in PET bottles, resulting in values lower than the overall migration limit (10 mg/dm2); however, the presence of some compounds identified in the samples could be related to contamination during manufacturing or to the use of recycled PET-contaminated flakes. In this context, the results obtained in this study could be of great significance to the safety evaluation of PET samples in Ecuador and would allow analyzing the PET recycling processes and avoiding contamination by PET flakes from nonfood containers.
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Wang ZC, Yin YX, Ao HP, Yin H, Ren DF, Lu J. The shelf-life of chestnut rose beverage packaged in PEN/PET bottles under long term storage: A comparison to packaging in ordinary PET bottles. Food Chem 2021; 370:131044. [PMID: 34509940 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The shelf life of chestnut rose beverage is largely dependent on packaging method and storage temperature. In this study, we investigated the effects of packaging beverages in bottles made of either polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or PEN (polyethylene naphthalate)/PET and storage temperature (4, 25, 37, and 55 ℃) on the shelf life of chestnut rose beverage. The physicochemical parameters and enzyme activity of beverages were evaluated, and we found that at 4 °C, the vitamin C, superoxide dismutase, and total polyphenol contents of beverages stored in PEN/PET bottles increased by 9.95 ± 0.49%, 2.86 ± 0.13%, and 3.23 ± 0.09% respectively, compared to beverages in ordinary PET bottles. In addition, other characteristic indicators including total soluble solids, browning index, and color value were also significantly improved. A shelf-life model was established based on the Arrhenius equation, and it will help distributors and consumers to determine the storage time and optimal shelf life of chestnut rose beverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Chun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xi Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Ping Ao
- Guizhou Hongcai Gather Agriculture Investment Co., Ltd., Guizhou 561601, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Di-Feng Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Lu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries, 100015 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Liguori F, Moreno-Marrodán C, Barbaro P. Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:589-621. [PMID: 33747233 PMCID: PMC7940818 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-catalysed depolymerisation of plastics to reusable building blocks, including monomers, oligomers or added-value chemicals, is an attractive tool for the recycling and valorisation of these materials. The present manuscript shortly reviews the most significant contributions that appeared in the field within the period January 2010–January 2020 describing selective depolymerisation methods of plastics. Achievements are broken down according to the plastic material, namely polyolefins, polyesters, polycarbonates and polyamides. The focus is on recent advancements targeting sustainable and environmentally friendly processes. Biocatalytic or unselective processes, acid–base treatments as well as the production of fuels are not discussed, nor are the methods for the further upgrade of the depolymerisation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Liguori
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Carmen Moreno-Marrodán
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Barbaro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Eckardt M, Schneider J, Simat TJ. In vitro intestinal digestibility of cyclic aromatic polyester oligomers from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1882-1894. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1658903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Eckardt
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Food and Skin Contact Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jasmin Schneider
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Food and Skin Contact Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Simat
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Food and Skin Contact Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Osorio J, Úbeda S, Aznar M, Nerín C. Analysis of isophthalaldehyde in migration samples from polyethylene terephthalate packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1645-1652. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1465208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jazmín Osorio
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, CPS, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sara Úbeda
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, CPS, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Margarita Aznar
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, CPS, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, CPS, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Ubeda S, Aznar M, Nerín C. Determination of oligomers in virgin and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) samples by UPLC-MS-QTOF. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2377-2384. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Franz R, Gmeiner M, Gruner A, Kemmer D, Welle F. Diffusion behaviour of the acetaldehyde scavenger 2-aminobenzamide in polyethylene terephthalate for beverage bottles. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 33:364-72. [PMID: 26666986 PMCID: PMC4784489 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1128566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles are widely used as packaging material for natural mineral water. However, trace levels of acetaldehyde can migrate into natural mineral water during the shelf life and might influence the taste of the PET bottled water. 2-Aminobenzamide is widely used during PET bottle production as a scavenging agent for acetaldehyde. The aim of this study was the determination of the migration kinetics of 2-aminobenzamide into natural mineral water as well as into 20% ethanol. From the migration kinetics, the diffusion coefficients of 2-aminobenzamide in PET at 23 and 40°C were determined to be 4.2 × 10−16 and 4.2 × 10−15 cm2 s–1, respectively. The diffusion coefficient for 20% ethanol at 40°C was determined to be 7.7 × 10−15 cm2 s–1, which indicates that 20% ethanol is causing swelling of the PET polymer. From a comparison of migration values between 23 and 40°C, acceleration factors of 9.7 when using water as contact medium and 18.1 for 20% ethanol as simulant can be derived for definition of appropriate accelerated test conditions at 40°C. The European Union regulatory acceleration test based on 80 kJ mol–1 as conservative activation energy overestimates the experimentally determined acceleration rates by a factor of 1.6 and 3.1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Franz
- a Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging , Freising , Germany
| | - Margit Gmeiner
- a Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging , Freising , Germany
| | - Anita Gruner
- a Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging , Freising , Germany
| | - Diana Kemmer
- a Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging , Freising , Germany
| | - Frank Welle
- a Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging , Freising , Germany
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