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Foli LP, Hespanhol MC, Cruz KAML, Pasquini C. Miniaturized Near-Infrared spectrophotometers in forensic analytical science - a critical review. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 315:124297. [PMID: 38640625 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The advent of miniaturized NIR instruments, also known as compact, portable, or handheld, is revolutionizing how technology can be employed in forensics. In-field analysis becomes feasible and affordable with these new instruments, and a series of methods has been developed to provide the police and official agents with objective, easy-to-use, tailored, and accurate qualitative and quantitative forensic results. This work discusses the main aspects and presents a comprehensive and critical review of compact NIR spectrophotometers associated with analytical protocols to produce information on forensic matters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia P Foli
- Grupo de Análise e Educação para a Sustentabilidade, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Maria C Hespanhol
- Grupo de Análise e Educação para a Sustentabilidade, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Kaíque A M L Cruz
- Grupo de Análise e Educação para a Sustentabilidade, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Celio Pasquini
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 290, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil.
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Affadu-Danful GP, Kalkan AK, Zhang L, Lavine BK. Analysis of Automotive Paint Smears Using Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Microscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:281-291. [PMID: 36241610 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221136122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Paint smears represent a type of automotive paint sample found at a crime scene that is problematic for forensic automotive paint examiners to analyze as there are no reference materials present in automotive paint databases to generate hit-lists of potential suspect vehicles. Realistic paint smears are difficult to create in a laboratory and have also proven challenging to analyze because of the mixing of the various automotive paint layers. A procedure based on an impact tester has been developed to create smears to simulate paint transfer between vehicles during a collision. Data collected from 24 original equipment manufacturer (OEM) paints in simulated collisions using an impact tester with a steel (inert) substrate to simulate vehicle to vehicle collisions shows that attenuated total reflection infrared microscopy can isolate individual paint layers. For each OEM paint sample, the corresponding smear obtained was dependent upon the conditions used. By varying these conditions, the number of distinct layers obtained could be tuned for each of the OEM paints investigated. Furthermore, the IR spectrum of each layer extracted from the paint smear using alternating least squares was found to compare favorably to an in-house OEM paint infrared spectral library for each layer as the correct match (make and model of the vehicle from which the smear originated) was always found as a top five hit in the hit-list. The results of this study indicate that paint smears developed using an impactor can serve as the basis of realistic proficiency tests for forensic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Kaan Kalkan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 7618Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 7618Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Barry K Lavine
- Department of Chemistry, 7618Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Kwofie F, Perera NUD, Dahal KS, Affadu-Danful GP, Nishikida K, Lavine BK. Transmission Infrared Microscopy and Machine Learning Applied to the Forensic Examination of Original Automotive Paint. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 76:118-131. [PMID: 34919478 DOI: 10.1177/00037028211057574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Alternate least squares (ALS) reconstructions of the infrared (IR) spectra of the individual layers from original automotive paint were analyzed using machine learning methods to improve both the accuracy and speed of a forensic automotive paint examination. Twenty-six original equipment manufacturer (OEM) paints from vehicles sold in North America between 2000 and 2006 served as a test bed to validate the ALS procedure developed in a previous study for the spectral reconstruction of each layer from IR line maps of cross-sectioned OEM paint samples. An examination of the IR spectra from an in-house library (collected with a high-pressure transmission diamond cell) and the ALS reconstructed IR spectra of the same paint samples (obtained at ambient pressure using an IR transmission microscope equipped with a BaF2 cell) showed large peak shifts (approximately 10 cm-1) with some vibrational modes in many samples comprising the cohort. These peak shifts are attributed to differences in the residual polarization of the IR beam of the transmission IR microscope and the IR spectrometer used to collect the in-house IR spectral library. To solve the problem of frequency shifts encountered with some vibrational modes, IR spectra from the in-house spectral library and the IR microscope were transformed using a correction algorithm previously developed by our laboratory to simulate ATR spectra collected on an iS-50 FT-IR spectrometer. Applying this correction algorithm to both the ALS reconstructed spectra and in-house IR library spectra, the large peak shifts previously encountered with some vibrational modes were successfully mitigated. Using machine learning methods to identify the manufacturer and the assembly plant of the vehicle from which the OEM paint sample originated, each of the twenty-six cross-sectioned automotive paint samples was correctly classified as to the "make" and model of the vehicle and was also matched to the correct paint sample in the in-house IR spectral library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Kwofie
- Department of Chemistry, 33086Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | | | - Kaushalya S Dahal
- Department of Chemistry, 33086Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | | | - Koichi Nishikida
- Department of Chemistry, 33086Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Barry K Lavine
- Department of Chemistry, 33086Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Avval TG, Moeini B, Carver V, Fairley N, Smith EF, Baltrusaitis J, Fernandez V, Tyler BJ, Gallagher N, Linford MR. The Often-Overlooked Power of Summary Statistics in Exploratory Data Analysis: Comparison of Pattern Recognition Entropy (PRE) to Other Summary Statistics and Introduction of Divided Spectrum-PRE (DS-PRE). J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:4173-4189. [PMID: 34499501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Unsupervised exploratory data analysis (EDA) is often the first step in understanding complex data sets. While summary statistics are among the most efficient and convenient tools for exploring and describing sets of data, they are often overlooked in EDA. In this paper, we show multiple case studies that compare the performance, including clustering, of a series of summary statistics in EDA. The summary statistics considered here are pattern recognition entropy (PRE), the mean, standard deviation (STD), 1-norm, range, sum of squares (SSQ), and X4, which are compared with principal component analysis (PCA), multivariate curve resolution (MCR), and/or cluster analysis. PRE and the other summary statistics are direct methods for analyzing data-they are not factor-based approaches. To quantify the performance of summary statistics, we use the concept of the "critical pair," which is employed in chromatography. The data analyzed here come from different analytical methods. Hyperspectral images, including one of a biological material, are also analyzed. In general, PRE outperforms the other summary statistics, especially in image analysis, although a suite of summary statistics is useful in exploring complex data sets. While PRE results were generally comparable to those from PCA and MCR, PRE is easier to apply. For example, there is no need to determine the number of factors that describe a data set. Finally, we introduce the concept of divided spectrum-PRE (DS-PRE) as a new EDA method. DS-PRE increases the discrimination power of PRE. We also show that DS-PRE can be used to provide the inputs for the k-nearest neighbor (kNN) algorithm. We recommend PRE and DS-PRE as rapid new tools for unsupervised EDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh G Avval
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Behnam Moeini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Victoria Carver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Neal Fairley
- Casa Software Ltd., Bay House, 5 Grosvenor Terrace, Teignmouth, Devon TQ14 8NE, U.K
| | - Emily F Smith
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre (NMRC) and School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Jonas Baltrusaitis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, B336 Iacocca Hall, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Vincent Fernandez
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, Université de Nantes, CNRS, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Bonnie J Tyler
- Institut für Physik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Neal Gallagher
- Eigenvector Research, Inc., Manson, Washington 98831, United States
| | - Matthew R Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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Determination of the isotopic composition of enriched materials using laser ablation molecular isotopic spectrometry: partial least squares and multivariate curve resolution for the determination of 15N content in enriched urea. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4173-4182. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Direct optical detection of cell density and viability of mammalian cells by means of UV/VIS spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3359-3371. [PMID: 31897554 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The critical process parameters cell density and viability during mammalian cell cultivation are assessed by UV/VIS spectroscopy in combination with multivariate data analytical methods. This direct optical detection technique uses a commercial optical probe to acquire spectra in a label-free way without signal enhancement. For the cultivation, an inverse cultivation protocol is applied, which simulates the exponential growth phase by exponentially replacing cells and metabolites of a growing Chinese hamster ovary cell batch with fresh medium. For the simulation of the death phase, a batch of growing cells is progressively replaced by a batch with completely starved cells. Thus, the most important parts of an industrial batch cultivation are easily imitated. The cell viability was determined by the well-established method partial least squares regression (PLS). To further improve process knowledge, the viability has been determined from the spectra based on a multivariate curve resolution (MCR) model. With this approach, the progress of the cultivations can be continuously monitored solely based on an UV/VIS sensor. Thus, the monitoring of critical process parameters is possible inline within a mammalian cell cultivation process, especially the viable cell density. In addition, the beginning of cell death can be detected by this method which allows us to determine the cell viability with acceptable error. The combination of inline UV/VIS spectroscopy with multivariate curve resolution generates additional process knowledge complementary to PLS and is considered a suitable process analytical tool for monitoring industrial cultivation processes.
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New designed special cells for Raman mapping of the disintegration process of pharmaceutical tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 168:113-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Sivaramakrishnan K, Puliyanda A, Tefera DT, Ganesh A, Thirumalaivasan S, Prasad V. A Perspective on the Impact of Process Systems Engineering on Reaction Engineering. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Sivaramakrishnan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Anjana Puliyanda
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Dereje Tamiru Tefera
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Ajay Ganesh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Sushmitha Thirumalaivasan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Vinay Prasad
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
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Kulkarni P, Dost M, Bulut ÖD, Welle A, Böcker S, Boland W, Svatoš A. Secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging and multivariate data analysis reveal co-aggregation patterns of Populus trichocarpa leaf surface compounds on a micrometer scale. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:193-206. [PMID: 29117637 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Spatially resolved analysis of a multitude of compound classes has become feasible with the rapid advancement in mass spectrometry imaging strategies. In this study, we present a protocol that combines high lateral resolution time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) imaging with a multivariate data analysis (MVA) approach to probe the complex leaf surface chemistry of Populus trichocarpa. Here, epicuticular waxes (EWs) found on the adaxial leaf surface of P. trichocarpa were blotted on silicon wafers and imaged using TOF-SIMS at 10 μm and 1 μm lateral resolution. Intense M+● and M-● molecular ions were clearly visible, which made it possible to resolve the individual compound classes present in EWs. Series of long-chain aliphatic saturated alcohols (C21 -C30 ), hydrocarbons (C25 -C33 ) and wax esters (WEs; C44 -C48 ) were clearly observed. These data correlated with the 7 Li-chelation matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis, which yielded mostly molecular adduct ions of the analyzed compounds. Subsequently, MVA was used to interrogate the TOF-SIMS dataset for identifying hidden patterns on the leaf's surface based on its chemical profile. After the application of principal component analysis (PCA), a small number of principal components (PCs) were found to be sufficient to explain maximum variance in the data. To further confirm the contributions from pure components, a five-factor multivariate curve resolution (MCR) model was applied. Two distinct patterns of small islets, here termed 'crystals', were apparent from the resulting score plots. Based on PCA and MCR results, the crystals were found to be formed by C23 or C29 alcohols. Other less obvious patterns observed in the PCs revealed that the adaxial leaf surface is coated with a relatively homogenous layer of alcohols, hydrocarbons and WEs. The ultra-high-resolution TOF-SIMS imaging combined with the MVA approach helped to highlight the diverse patterns underlying the leaf's surface. Currently, the methods available to analyze the surface chemistry of waxes in conjunction with the spatial information related to the distribution of compounds are limited. This study uses tools that may provide important biological insights into the composition of the wax layer, how this layer is repaired after mechanical damage or insect feeding, and which transport mechanisms are involved in deploying wax constituents to specific regions on the leaf surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Kulkarni
- Lehrstuhl für Bioinformatik, Friedrich Schiller University, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Mina Dost
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Özgül Demir Bulut
- Institute of Functional Interfaces and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Böcker
- Lehrstuhl für Bioinformatik, Friedrich Schiller University, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
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