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di Gregorio MC, Cautela J, Galantini L. Physiology and Physical Chemistry of Bile Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1780. [PMID: 33579036 PMCID: PMC7916809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are facial amphiphiles synthesized in the body of all vertebrates. They undergo the enterohepatic circulation: they are produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, released in the intestine, taken into the bloodstream and lastly re-absorbed in the liver. During this pathway, BAs are modified in their molecular structure by the action of enzymes and bacteria. Such transformations allow them to acquire the chemical-physical properties needed for fulling several activities including metabolic regulation, antimicrobial functions and solubilization of lipids in digestion. The versatility of BAs in the physiological functions has inspired their use in many bio-applications, making them important tools for active molecule delivery, metabolic disease treatments and emulsification processes in food and drug industries. Moreover, moving over the borders of the biological field, BAs have been largely investigated as building blocks for the construction of supramolecular aggregates having peculiar structural, mechanical, chemical and optical properties. The review starts with a biological analysis of the BAs functions before progressively switching to a general overview of BAs in pharmacology and medicine applications. Lastly the focus moves to the BAs use in material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara di Gregorio
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Jacopo Cautela
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luciano Galantini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Du G, Del Giudice A, Alfredsson V, Carnerup AM, Pavel NV, Loh W, Masci G, Nyström B, Galantini L, Schillén K. Effect of temperature on the association behavior in aqueous mixtures of an oppositely charged amphiphilic block copolymer and bile salt. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schillén K, Galantini L, Du G, Del Giudice A, Alfredsson V, Carnerup AM, Pavel NV, Masci G, Nyström B. Block copolymers as bile salt sequestrants: intriguing structures formed in a mixture of an oppositely charged amphiphilic block copolymer and bile salt. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:12518-12529. [PMID: 31145393 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01744e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To study the formation and characterize the structure of mixed complexes of oppositely charged block copolymers and surfactants are of great significance for practical applications, e.g., in drug carrier formulations that are based on electrostatically assisted assembly. In this context, biocompatible block copolymers and biosurfactants (like bile salts) are particularly interesting. In this work, we report on the co-assembly in dilute aqueous solution between a cationic poly(N-isopropyl acryl amide) (PNIPAM) diblock copolymer and the oppositely charged bile salt surfactant sodium deoxycholate at ambient temperature. The cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) experiments revealed the co-existence of two types of co-assembled complexes of radically different morphology and inner structure. They are formed mainly as a result of the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged copolymer blocks and bile salt anions and highlight the potential of using linear amphiphilic block copolymers as bile salt sequestrants in the treatment of bile acid malabsorption and hypercholesterolemia. The first complex of globular morphology has a coacervate core of deoxycholate anions and charged copolymer blocks surrounded by a PNIPAM corona. The second complex has an intriguing tape-like supramolecular morphology of several micrometer in length that is striped in the direction of the long axis. A model is presented in which the stretched cationic blocks of several block copolymers interact electrostatically with the bile salt molecules that are associated to form a zipper-like structure. The tape is covered on both sides by the PNIPAM chains that stabilize the overall complex in solution. In addition to cryo-TEM, the mixed system was investigated in a range of molar charge fractions at a constant copolymer concentration by static light scattering, small angle X-ray scattering, and electrophoretic mobility measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schillén
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Luciano Galantini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.O. Box 34-Roma 62, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Guanqun Du
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Alessandra Del Giudice
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.O. Box 34-Roma 62, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Viveka Alfredsson
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Anna M Carnerup
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Nicolae V Pavel
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.O. Box 34-Roma 62, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Masci
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.O. Box 34-Roma 62, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Bo Nyström
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern N-0315, Oslo, Norway
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Heřmánková E, Žák A, Poláková L, Hobzová R, Hromádka R, Širc J. Polymeric bile acid sequestrants: Review of design, in vitro binding activities, and hypocholesterolemic effects. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 144:300-317. [PMID: 29275230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric bile acid sequestrants (BAS) have recently attracted much attention as lipid-lowering agents. These non-absorbable materials specifically bind bile acids (BAs) in the intestine, preventing bile acid (BA) reabsorption into the blood through enterohepatic circulation. Therefore, it is important to understand the structure-property relationships between the polymer sequestrant and its ability to bind specific BAs molecules. In this review, we describe pleiotropic effects of bile acids, and we focus on BAS with various molecular architectures that result in different mechanisms of BA sequestration. Here, we present 1) amphiphilic polymers based on poly(meth)acrylates, poly(meth)acrylamides, polyalkylamines and polyallylamines containing quaternary ammonium groups, 2) cyclodextrins, and 3) BAS prepared via molecular imprinting methods. The synthetic approaches leading to individual BAS preparation, as well as results of their in vitro BA binding activities and in vivo lipid-lowering activities, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Heřmánková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovsky sq. 2, CZ-162 06 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Aleš Žák
- 4th Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 2, CZ-128 08 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Poláková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovsky sq. 2, CZ-162 06 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Radka Hobzová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovsky sq. 2, CZ-162 06 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Róbert Hromádka
- Research and Development Center, C2P s.r.o. Chlumec nad Cidlinou, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Širc
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovsky sq. 2, CZ-162 06 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Mendonça PV, Moreno MJ, Serra AC, Simões S, Coelho JFJ. Synthesis of tailor-made bile acid sequestrants by supplemental activator and reducing agent atom transfer radical polymerization. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports the synthesis of tailor-made polymeric bile acid sequestrants (BAS) by supplemental activator and reducing agent atom transfer radical polymerization (SARA ATRP) using ecofriendly conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia V. Mendonça
- CEMUC
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Coimbra
- 3030-790 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Maria João Moreno
- CQC
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Arménio C. Serra
- CEMUC
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Coimbra
- 3030-790 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Sérgio Simões
- Bluepharma
- Indústria Farmacêutica
- SA
- 3045-016 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Jorge F. J. Coelho
- CEMUC
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Coimbra
- 3030-790 Coimbra
- Portugal
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Bayati S, Anderberg Haglund C, Pavel NV, Galantini L, Schillén K. Interaction between bile salt sodium glycodeoxycholate and PEO–PPO–PEO triblock copolymers in aqueous solution. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12514j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile salts can associate to PEO–PPO–PEO block copolymer micelles and disintegrate them depending on the relative block length and molecular weight of the copolymers and bile salt/copolymer molar ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bayati
- Division of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund
- Sweden
| | - C. Anderberg Haglund
- Division of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund
- Sweden
| | - N. V. Pavel
- Department of Chemistry
- “Sapienza” University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - L. Galantini
- Department of Chemistry
- “Sapienza” University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - K. Schillén
- Division of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund
- Sweden
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Bayati S, Galantini L, Knudsen KD, Schillén K. Effects of Bile Salt Sodium Glycodeoxycholate on the Self-Assembly of PEO-PPO-PEO Triblock Copolymer P123 in Aqueous Solution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:13519-13527. [PMID: 26616587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive experimental study on the interaction between the PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymer P123 (EO20PO68EO20) and the anionic bile salt sodium glycodeoxycholate (NaGDC) in water has been performed. The work was aimed at investigating the suitability of using P123 as bile salt sequestrant beside the fundamental aspects of PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymer-bile salt interactions. Various experimental techniques including dynamic and static light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed in combination with electrophoretic mobility measurements. The system was investigated at a constant P123 concentration of 1.74 mM and with varying bile salt concentrations up to approximately 250 mM NaGDC (or a molar ratio n(NaGDC)/n(P123) = 144). In the mixed P123-NaGDC solutions, the endothermic process related to the self-assembly of P123 was observed to gradually decrease in enthalpy and shift to higher temperatures upon progressive addition of NaGDC. To explain this effect, the formation of NaGDC micelles carrying partly dehydrated P123 unimers was proposed and translated into a stoichiometric model, which was able to fit the experimental DSC data. In the mixtures at low molar ratios, NaGDC monomers associated with the P123 micelle forming a charged "P123 micelle-NaGDC" complex with a dehydrated PPO core. These complexes disintegrated upon increasing NaGDC concentration to form small "NaGDC-P123" complexes visualized as bile salt micelles including one or a few P123 copolymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Bayati
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University , P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Luciano Galantini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome , P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Kenneth D Knudsen
- Institute for Energy Technology, P.O. Box 40, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Karin Schillén
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University , P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Mendonça PV, Serra AC, Silva CL, Simões S, Coelho JF. Polymeric bile acid sequestrants—Synthesis using conventional methods and new approaches based on “controlled”/living radical polymerization. Prog Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Arrua RD, Basbus JF, Strumia MC, Alvarez Igarzabal CI, Nazareno MA. Synthesis of macroporous polymers with radical scavenging properties by immobilization of polyphenolic compounds. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sundaram HS, Raghavachari D. Controlled radical polymerization of tert-butyl acrylate at ambient temperature: Effect of initiator structure and synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.25856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dhal PK, Gianolio DA, Miller RJ. (Bio)polymeric Hydrogels as Therapeutic Agents. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2011.620418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dhal PK, Polomoscanik SC, Avila LZ, Holmes-Farley SR, Miller RJ. Functional polymers as therapeutic agents: concept to market place. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:1121-30. [PMID: 19682515 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active synthetic polymers have received considerable scientific interest and attention in recent years for their potential as promising novel therapeutic agents to treat human diseases. Although a significant amount of research has been carried out involving polymer-linked drugs as targeted and sustained release drug delivery systems and prodrugs, examples on bioactive polymers that exhibit intrinsic therapeutic properties are relatively less. Several appealing characteristics of synthetic polymers including high molecular weight, molecular architecture, and controlled polydispersity can all be utilized to discover a new generation of therapies. For example, high molecular weight bioactive polymers can be restricted to gastrointestinal tract, where they can selectively recognize, bind, and remove target disease causing substances from the body. The appealing features of GI tract restriction and stability in biological environment render these polymeric drugs to be devoid of systemic toxicity that are generally associated with small molecule systemic drugs. The present article highlights recent developments in the rational design and synthesis of appropriate functional polymers that have resulted in a number of promising polymer based therapies and biomaterials, including some marketed products.
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Abstract
In recent years, functional polymers exhibiting inherently biological activities have been receiving increasing attention as polymer-based human therapeutic agents. These polymeric drugs exhibit unique pharmaceutical properties that are fundamentally different from their traditional small-molecule counterparts. However, unlike polymeric drug delivery systems, examples of polymers possessing intrinsically therapeutic properties are relatively scarce. By virtue of their high-molecular-weight characteristics, these polymeric drugs can be confined to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, where they can selectively recognize, bind, and remove target disease-causing substances from the body. Being confined to the GI tract and non-biodegradable, these polymeric drugs are free from toxic effects that are associated with traditional systemic drugs. This report highlights recent developments in the rational design and synthesis of appropriate functional polymers that have resulted in a number of promising polymer-based therapeutic agents, including some marketed products.
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Dhal PK, Holmes-Farley SR, Huval CC, Jozefiak TH. Polymers as Drugs. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/12_020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Yan L, Zhang G, Liu G, Ji J, Li W. Emulsifier-free synthesis and self-assembly of an amphiphilic poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid) copolymer. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Dhal PK, Huval CC, Holmes-Farley SR. Functional Polymers as Human Therapeutic Agents. Ind Eng Chem Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ie040290i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Riegel IC, Samios D, Petzhold CL, Eisenberg A. Self-assembly of amphiphilic di and triblock copolymers of styrene and quaternized 5-(N,N-diethylamino) isoprene in selective solvents. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zarras P. Polycationic salts. VI. Synthesis andin vitro studies of 2-ionene oligomer derivatives of styrene as bile acid sequestering agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cameron NS, Eisenberg A, Brown GR. Amphiphilic block copolymers as bile acid sorbents: 2. Polystyrene-b-poly(N,N,N-trimethylammoniumethylene acrylamide chloride): self-assembly and application to serum cholesterol reduction. Biomacromolecules 2002; 3:124-32. [PMID: 11866564 DOI: 10.1021/bm015596c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents morphological studies and preliminary bile salt binding properties of the new amphiphilic diblock copolymer polystyrene-b-poly(N,N,N-trimethylammoniumethylene acrylamide chloride) (PS-b-PTMEACl)(1) (see Figure 1), a derivative of PS-b-poly(tert-butylacrylate) (PS-b-PtBuA). In an aqueous environment, PS-b-PTMEACl forms simple spheres (approximately 20 nm diameter), large compound micelles (>100 nm diameter), and larger, more complex architectures as presented and discussed below. The colloidal stability with respect to sodium chloride and as a function of particle concentration is also considered. Finally, PS-b-PTMEACl aggregates were prepared and tested as an alternative to the commercially available bile salt sequestrant resins that target coronary heart disease due to elevated cholesterol levels. Electron micrographs were employed to visualize the colloid-based polyelectrolyteminus signbiosurfactant interaction and chromatographic separation analytical methods were used to quantify the sequestration. The results indicate that although at this preliminary stage they require laborious preparation, self-assembled aggregates may present an interesting alternative to the clinically used bile salt sequestrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil S Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2K6
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