1
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Chen J, Wu J, Raffa P, Picchioni F, Koning CE. Superabsorbent Polymers: From long-established, microplastics generating systems, to sustainable, biodegradable and future proof alternatives. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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2
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Yang F, Totsingan F, Dolan E, Khare SD, Gross RA. Protease-Catalyzed l-Aspartate Oligomerization: Substrate Selectivity and Computational Modeling. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4403-4414. [PMID: 32175488 PMCID: PMC7066554 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Poly(aspartic acid) (PAA) is a biodegradable water-soluble anionic polymer that can potentially replace poly(acrylic acid) for industrial applications and has shown promise for regenerative medicine and drug delivery. This paper describes an efficient and sustainable route that uses protease catalysis to convert l-aspartate diethyl ester (Et2-Asp) to oligo(β-ethyl-α-aspartate), oligo(β-Et-α-Asp). Comparative studies of protease activity for oligo(β-Et-α-Asp) synthesis revealed α-chymotrypsin to be the most efficient. Papain, which is highly active for l-glutamic acid diethyl ester (Et2-Glu) oligomerization, is inactive for Et2-Asp oligomerization. The assignment of α-linkages between aspartate repeat units formed by α-chymotrypsin catalysis is based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) trifluoacetic acid titration, circular dichroism, and NMR structural analysis. The influence of reaction conditions (pH, temperature, reaction time, and buffer/monomer/α-chymotrypsin concentrations) on oligopeptide yield and average degree of polymerization (DPavg) was determined. Under preferred reaction conditions (pH 8.5, 40 °C, 0.5 M Et2-Asp, 3 mg/mL α-chymotrypsin), Et2-Asp oligomerizations reached maximum oligo(β-Et-α-Asp) yields of ∼60% with a DPavg of ∼12 (M n 1762) in just 5 min. Computational modeling using Rosetta software gave relative energies of substrate docking to papain and α-chymotrypsin active sites. The substrate preference calculated by Rosetta modeling of α-chymotrypsin and papain for Et2-Asp and Et2-Glu oligomerizations, respectively, is consistent with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Center for Biotechnology
and Interdisciplinary Studies (CBIS), Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United
States
| | - Filbert Totsingan
- Center for Biotechnology
and Interdisciplinary Studies (CBIS), Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United
States
| | - Elliott Dolan
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Sagar D. Khare
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Richard A. Gross
- Center for Biotechnology
and Interdisciplinary Studies (CBIS), Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United
States
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3
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Yavvari PS, Awasthi AK, Sharma A, Bajaj A, Srivastava A. Emerging biomedical applications of polyaspartic acid-derived biodegradable polyelectrolytes and polyelectrolyte complexes. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:2102-2122. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02962h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A summary of positive biomedical attributes of biodegradable polyelectrolytes (PELs) prepared from aspartic acid is provided. The utility of these PELs in emerging applications such as biomineralization modulators, antimycobacterials, biocompatible cell encapsulants and tissue adhesives is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu Srinivas Yavvari
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Bhauri
- Bhopal-462066
- India
| | - Anand Kumar Awasthi
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Bhauri
- Bhopal-462066
- India
| | - Aashish Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Bhauri
- Bhopal-462066
- India
| | - Avinash Bajaj
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology
- NCR Biotech Science Cluster
- Faridabad-121001
- India
| | - Aasheesh Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Bhauri
- Bhopal-462066
- India
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4
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Totsingan F, Centore R, Gross RA. CAL-B catalyzed regioselective bulk polymerization of l-aspartic acid diethyl ester to α-linked polypeptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:4030-4033. [PMID: 28345083 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01300k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports that the bulk polymerization of l-aspartic acid diethyl ester catalyzed by immobilized CAL-B at 80 °C for 24 h gives primarily (∼95%) α-linked poly(l-aspartate) in 70% yield with DPavg = 50 and regioselectivity (α/β) = 94 : 6. Plots of log{[M]0/[M]t} vs. time and DPavgvs. conversion indicate that this polymerization proceeds in a controlled manner by a chain-growth mechanism up to 90% conversion. Thereafter, competition occurs between chain growth and step mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filbert Totsingan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), 4005B Biotechnology Building, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, USA.
| | - Robert Centore
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), 4005B Biotechnology Building, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, USA.
| | - Richard A Gross
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), 4005B Biotechnology Building, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, USA.
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Shoda SI, Uyama H, Kadokawa JI, Kimura S, Kobayashi S. Enzymes as Green Catalysts for Precision Macromolecular Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2307-413. [PMID: 26791937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present article comprehensively reviews the macromolecular synthesis using enzymes as catalysts. Among the six main classes of enzymes, the three classes, oxidoreductases, transferases, and hydrolases, have been employed as catalysts for the in vitro macromolecular synthesis and modification reactions. Appropriate design of reaction including monomer and enzyme catalyst produces macromolecules with precisely controlled structure, similarly as in vivo enzymatic reactions. The reaction controls the product structure with respect to substrate selectivity, chemo-selectivity, regio-selectivity, stereoselectivity, and choro-selectivity. Oxidoreductases catalyze various oxidation polymerizations of aromatic compounds as well as vinyl polymerizations. Transferases are effective catalysts for producing polysaccharide having a variety of structure and polyesters. Hydrolases catalyzing the bond-cleaving of macromolecules in vivo, catalyze the reverse reaction for bond forming in vitro to give various polysaccharides and functionalized polyesters. The enzymatic polymerizations allowed the first in vitro synthesis of natural polysaccharides having complicated structures like cellulose, amylose, xylan, chitin, hyaluronan, and chondroitin. These polymerizations are "green" with several respects; nontoxicity of enzyme, high catalyst efficiency, selective reactions under mild conditions using green solvents and renewable starting materials, and producing minimal byproducts. Thus, the enzymatic polymerization is desirable for the environment and contributes to "green polymer chemistry" for maintaining sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Shoda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Kimura
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shiro Kobayashi
- Center for Fiber & Textile Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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6
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Zhang Y, Xia B, Li Y, Wang Y, Lin X, Wu Q. Solvent-Free Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis: Unique Properties of Enantiopure D- and L- Polyaspartates and Their Complexation. Biomacromolecules 2015; 17:362-70. [PMID: 26691288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are attractive monomers for the large-scale preparation of chiral polyamides. For enzymatic polymerization of amino acids using protease in aqueous environment as the catalysis system, one main restriction is oligomer formation, usually along with other displayed advantages. Herein we developed an efficient solvent-free lipase-catalyzed polymerization of diethyl D- or L-aspartate, providing chiral D- and L-polyaspartates with an average degree of polymerization (DPavg) up to 60 and having about 96% β-linkages. Additionally, their distinct chemical and physical properties were characterized by circular dichroism (CD) spectra, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), microscopic observation, and thermal analysis. Poly(β-D-AspEt) and Poly(β-L-AspEt) showed vertically mirrored negative and positive CD signals, high crystallinity, and entirely different microscopic morphology. They are thermal stable while having different decomposition (Td), melting (Tm), and cold crystallization temperatures (Tcc), respectively. Our results also showed that the complexation of enantiopure D- and L-polyaspartates was not stereocomplex but homocomplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfu Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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Hiraishi T. Poly(aspartic acid) (PAA) hydrolases and PAA biodegradation: current knowledge and impact on applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:1623-1630. [PMID: 26695157 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Thermally synthesized poly(aspartic acid) (tPAA) is a bio-based, biocompatible, biodegradable, and water-soluble polymer that has a high proportion of β-Asp units and equivalent moles of D- and L-Asp units. Poly(aspartic acid) (PAA) hydrolase-1 and hydrolase-2 are tPAA biodegradation enzymes purified from Gram-negative bacteria. PAA hydrolase-1 selectively cleaves amide bonds between β-Asp units via an endo-type process, whereas PAA hydrolase-2 catalyzes the exo-type hydrolysis of the products of tPAA hydrolysis by PAA hydrolase-1. The novel reactivity of PAA hydrolase-1 makes it a good candidate for a biocatalyst in β-peptide synthesis. This mini-review gives an overview of PAA hydrolases with emphasis on their biochemical and functional properties, in particular, PAA hydrolase-1. Functionally related enzymes, such as poly(R-3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerases and β-aminopeptidases, are compared to PAA hydrolases. This mini-review also provides findings that offer an insight into the catalytic mechanisms of PAA hydrolase-1 from Pedobacter sp. KP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Hiraishi
- Bioengineering Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,Bioplastic Research Team, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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8
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Isikgor FH, Becer CR. Lignocellulosic biomass: a sustainable platform for the production of bio-based chemicals and polymers. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00263j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1492] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing research activities in the field of lignocellulosic biomass for production of value-added chemicals and polymers that can be utilized to replace petroleum-based materials are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Remzi Becer
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- E1 4NS London
- UK
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9
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Baker PJ, Patwardhan SV, Numata K. Synthesis of Homopolypeptides by Aminolysis Mediated by Proteases Encapsulated in Silica Nanospheres. Macromol Biosci 2014; 14:1619-26. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Baker
- Enzyme Research Team, Biomass Engineering Program Cooperation Division; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Siddharth V. Patwardhan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering; University of Strathclyde; 75 Montrose Street Glasgow G1 1XJ UK
| | - Keiji Numata
- Enzyme Research Team, Biomass Engineering Program Cooperation Division; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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10
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Baker PJ, Numata K. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Poly(l-alanine) in Aqueous Environment. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:947-51. [PMID: 22380731 DOI: 10.1021/bm201862z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter James Baker
- Enzyme Research Team, RIKEN Biomass Engineering Program, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, 351-0198 Saitama,
Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Enzyme Research Team, RIKEN Biomass Engineering Program, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, 351-0198 Saitama,
Japan
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11
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12
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13
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Qin X, Xie W, Su Q, Du W, Gross RA. Protease-Catalyzed Oligomerization of l-Lysine Ethyl Ester in Aqueous Solution. ACS Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/cs2002884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Qin
- Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, The Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Wenchun Xie
- Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, The Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Qi Su
- Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, The Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Wenzhe Du
- Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, The Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Richard A. Gross
- Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, The Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
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14
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Hiraishi T, Maeda M. Poly(aspartate) hydrolases: biochemical properties and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:895-903. [PMID: 21713512 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thermally synthesized poly(aspartate) (tPAA) shows potential for use in a wide variety of products and applications as a biodegradable replacement for non-biodegradable polycarboxylates, such as poly(acrylate). The tPAA molecule has unnatural structures, and the relationship between its biodegradability and structures has been investigated. Two tPAA-degrading bacteria, Sphingomonas sp. KT-1 and Pedobacter sp. KP-2, were isolated from river water; from them, two PAA-hydrolyzing enzymes, PAA hydrolases-1 and -2, were purified and biologically and genetically characterized. Interestingly, not only are PAA hydrolases-1 from those two strains novel in terms of structural genes and substrate specificities (they specifically cleave the amide bond between β-aspartate units in tPAA), they also probably play a central role in tPAA biodegradation by both strains. In green polymer chemistry, one active area of research is the use of purified enzymes for the enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of polypeptides by taking advantage of their substrate specificities. Recently, β-peptides have attracted academic and industrial interest as functional materials as they possess both functions of α-peptides and excellent metabolic stability. As one of the attractive applications of PAA hydrolases, we report here the enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of poly(α-ethyl β-aspartate), which is composed of only β-linkages and belongs to β-peptides, using the unique substrate specificity of the enzyme from Pedobacter sp. KP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Hiraishi
- Bioengineering Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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15
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Hiraishi T, Masuda E, Miyamoto D, Kanayama N, Abe H, Maeda M. Enzymatic Synthesis of Poly(α-ethyl β-aspartate) by Poly(ethylene glycol) Modified Poly(aspartate) Hydrolase-1. Macromol Biosci 2010; 11:187-91. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Viswanathan K, Li G, Gross RA. Protease Catalyzed In Situ C-Terminal Modification of Oligoglutamate. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100562j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kodandaraman Viswanathan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Geng Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Richard A. Gross
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
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17
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Kobayashi S, Makino A. Enzymatic polymer synthesis: an opportunity for green polymer chemistry. Chem Rev 2010; 109:5288-353. [PMID: 19824647 DOI: 10.1021/cr900165z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Kobayashi
- R & D Center for Bio-based Materials, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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18
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Hiraishi T, Masuda E, Kanayama N, Nagata M, Doi Y, Abe H, Maeda M. Cloning of Poly(aspartic acid) (PAA) Hydrolase-1 Gene fromPedobactersp. KP-2 and Hydrolysis of Thermally Synthesized PAA by its Gene Product. Macromol Biosci 2009; 9:10-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200800106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Li G, Raman VK, Xie W, Gross RA. Protease-Catalyzed Co-Oligomerizations of l-Leucine Ethyl Ester with l-Glutamic Acid Diethyl Ester: Sequence and Chain Length Distributions. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800946d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geng Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Science, NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - V. K. Raman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Science, NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Wenchun Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Science, NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Richard A. Gross
- Department of Chemical and Biological Science, NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
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20
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García-Arrazola R, Gimeno M, Bárzana E. Use of Liquid 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane as Solvent Media for Enzyme-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactones. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma070230z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roeb García-Arrazola
- Dpto. Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México D.F. 04510, México
| | - Miquel Gimeno
- Dpto. Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México D.F. 04510, México
| | - Eduardo Bárzana
- Dpto. Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México D.F. 04510, México
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21
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22
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Li G, Vaidya A, Viswanathan K, Cui J, Xie W, Gao W, Gross RA. Rapid Regioselective Oligomerization of l-Glutamic Acid Diethyl Ester Catalyzed by Papain. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma061419y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geng Li
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Alankar Vaidya
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Kodandaraman Viswanathan
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Junru Cui
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Wenchun Xie
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Wei Gao
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Richard A. Gross
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
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Abstract
Natural poly(amino acid)s are a group of poly(ionic) molecules (ionomers) with various biological functions and putative technical applications and play, therefore, an important role both in nature and in human life. Because of their biocompatibility and their synthesis from renewable resources, poly(amino acid)s may be employed for many different purposes covering a broad spectrum of medical, pharmaceutical, and personal care applications as well as the domains of agriculture and of environmental applications. Biodegradability is one important advantage of naturally occurring poly(amino acid)s over many synthetic polymers. The intention of this review is to give an overview about the enzyme systems catalyzing the initial steps in poly(amino acid) degradation. The focus is on the naturally occurring poly(amino acid)s cyanophycin, poly(epsilon-L-lysine) and poly(gamma-glutamic acid); but biodegradation of structurally related synthetic polyamides such as poly(aspartic acid) and nylons, which are known from various technical applications, is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Obst
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
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24
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Hiraishi T, Kajiyama M, Tabata K, Abe H, Yamato I, Doi Y. Biochemical and molecular characterization of poly(aspartic acid) hydrolase-2 from sphingomonas sp. KT-1. Biomacromolecules 2003; 4:1285-92. [PMID: 12959596 DOI: 10.1021/bm034085i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly(aspartic acid) (PAA) hydrolase-2 was purified from crude soluble cellular extracts of Sphingomonas sp. KT-1 (JCM10459) and characterized to elucidate the mechanism of alpha,beta-poly(d,l-aspartic acid) (tPAA) biodegradation. The molecular mass of PAA hydrolase-2 was 42 kDa, and the isoelectric point was 9.6. The optimum values of pH and temperature for the hydrolysis of alpha-di(l-aspartic acid) by PAA hydrolase-2 were 7.0 and 55 degrees C, respectively. The effect of inhibitors on the hydrolysis of alpha-di(l-aspartic acid) showed that the activity of PAA hydrolase-2 was significantly inhibited by EDTA. Thermally synthesized tPAA was hydrolyzed in the presence of two enzymes, PAA hydrolase-1 and PAA hydrolase-2, to generate aspartic acid. The PAA hydrolase-2 was capable of hydrolyzing alpha-poly(l-aspartic acid) of high molecular weights but had limited activity for tPAA. These results lead us to propose the following mechanism. First, PAA hydrolase-1 hydrolyzes tPAA to yield oligo(aspartic acid) via an endo-mode cleavage, and subsequently, PAA hydrolase-2 hydrolyzes the resultant oligo(aspartic acid) to yield aspartic acid. Analysis of hydrolyzed products from alpha- and beta-penta(l-aspartic acid) revealed that PAA hydrolase-2 catalyzed the exo-mode hydrolysis of alpha- and beta-penta (l-aspartic acid). The gene encoding PAA hydrolase-2 from Sphingomonas sp. KT-1 was cloned, and genetic analysis showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of PAA hydrolase-2 is similar to a putative peptidase, which belongs to the M20/M25/M40 family of proteins, from Caulobacter crescentus CB15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Hiraishi
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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