1
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Zou R, Hao Y, Qi C, Peng X, Huang Z, Li D, Wang Y. Trimethyl chitosan-cysteine-based nanoparticles as an effective delivery system for portulacerebroside A in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. J Drug Target 2024; 32:570-584. [PMID: 38625591 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2344495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Portulacerebroside A (PCA), a cerebroside compound extracted from Portulaca oleracea L., has been shown to suppress hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of trimethyl chitosan-cysteine (TMC-Cys) nanocarrier in delivering PCA for HCC management and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind PCA's function. TMC-Cys nanocarriers notably augmented PCA's function, diminishing the proliferation, migration, and invasiveness of HCC cells in vitro, reducing hepatocellular tumorigenesis in immunocompetent mice, and impeding metastasis of xenograft tumours in nude mice. Comprehensive bioinformatics analyses, incorporating Super-PRED systems alongside pathway enrichment analysis, pinpointed toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as two promising targets of PCA, enriched in immune checkpoint pathway. PCA/nanocarrier (PCA) reduced levels of TLR4 and EGFR and their downstream proteins, including programmed cell death ligand 1, thereby increasing populations and activity of T cells co-cultured with HCC cells in vitro or in primary HCC tumours in mice. However, these effects were counteracted by additional artificial activation of TLR4 and EGFR. In conclusion, this study provides novel evidence of PCA's function in immunomodulation in addition to its direct tumour suppressive effect. TMC-Cys nanocarriers significantly enhance PCA efficacy, indicating promising application as a drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zou
- Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery Division 1, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Haikou, P.R. China
| | - Yunhe Hao
- Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery Division 1, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Haikou, P.R. China
| | - Chunchun Qi
- Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xu Peng
- Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery Division 1, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Haikou, P.R. China
| | - Zepeng Huang
- Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery Division 1, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Haikou, P.R. China
| | - Duo Li
- Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery Division 1, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Haikou, P.R. China
| | - Yiyao Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Haikou, P.R. China
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2
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Kim CW, Toita R, Kang JH, Mori T, Kishimura A, Katayama Y. Protein Kinase C α-Responsive Gene Carrier for Cancer-Specific Transgene Expression and Cancer Therapy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2530-2537. [PMID: 33890761 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The presence of intracellular signal transduction and its abnormal activities in many cancers has potential for medical and pharmaceutical applications. We recently developed a protein kinase C α (PKCα)-responsive gene carrier for cancer-specific gene delivery. Here, we demonstrate an in-depth analysis of cellular signal-responsive gene carrier and the impact of its selective transgene expression in response to malfunctioning intracellular signaling in cancer cells. We prepared a novel gene carrier consisting of a linear polyethylenimine (LPEI) main chain grafted to a cationic PKCα-specific substrate (FKKQGSFAKKK-NH2). The LPEI-peptide conjugate formed a nanosized polyplex with pDNA and mediated efficient cellular uptake and endosomal escape. This polyplex also led to successful transgene expression which responded to the target PKCα in various cancer cells and exhibited a 10-100-fold higher efficiency compared to the control group. In xenograft tumor models, the LPEI-peptide conjugate promoted transgene expression showing a clear-cut response to PKCα. Furthermore, when a plasmid containing a therapeutic gene, human caspase-8 (pcDNA-hcasp8), was used, the LPEI-peptide conjugate had significant cancer-suppressive effects and extended animal survival. Collectively, these results reveal that our method has great potential for cancer-specific gene delivery and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Woo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Riki Toita
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.,AIST-Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jeong-Hun Kang
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Shinmachi, Kishibe, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kishimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Katayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
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3
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Katayama Y. Peptide-Grafted Polymers as Artificial Converter of Cellular Signals. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20160307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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4
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Toita R, Kang JH, Kim CW, Shiosaki S, Mori T, Niidome T, Katayama Y. Effect of peptide content on the regulation of transgene expression by protein kinase Cα-responsive linear polyethylenimine-peptide conjugates. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 123:123-9. [PMID: 25270730 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We examined a series of linear polyethylenimine (LPEI)-based nanocarriers that activate transgene expression in response to cancer-specific protein kinase Cα (PKCα). Eight types of LPEI-peptide conjugate differing in peptide content and number were synthesized using click chemistry. The conjugates could form polyplexes with pDNA through electrostatic interaction, but the degree of pDNA condensation, sizes, and surface charges of the resulting polyplexes depended on the pendant-peptide content and number. None of the polyplexes showed significant cytotoxicity toward human hepatoma cells (HepG2). Furthermore, pendant peptide content and number markedly affected transgene activation in response to PKCα. To achieve an all-or-none response to PKCα, we determined the optimum peptide content and number in LPEI-peptide conjugates as ≈6 mol% and ≈40 peptides/conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riki Toita
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jeong-Hun Kang
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Chan Woo Kim
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shujiro Shiosaki
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mori
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takuro Niidome
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Katayama
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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5
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Wang Y, Lin FX, Zhao Y, Wang MZ, Ge XW, Gong ZX, Bao DD, Gu YF. The sustained-release behavior and in vitro and in vivo transfection of pEGFP-loaded core-shell-structured chitosan-based composite particles. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:4965-78. [PMID: 25364253 PMCID: PMC4211910 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s58104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel submicron core-shell-structured chitosan-based composite particles encapsulated with enhanced green fluorescent protein plasmids (pEGFP) were prepared by complex coacervation method. The core was pEGFP-loaded thiolated N-alkylated chitosan (TACS) and the shell was pH- and temperature-responsive hydroxybutyl chitosan (HBC). pEGFP-loaded TACS-HBC composite particles were spherical, and had a mean diameter of approximately 120 nm, as measured by transmission electron microscopy and particle size analyzer. pEGFP showed sustained release in vitro for >15 days. Furthermore, in vitro transfection in human embryonic kidney 293T and human cervix epithelial cells, and in vivo transfection in mice skeletal muscle of loaded pEGFP, were investigated. Results showed that the expression of loaded pEGFP, both in vitro and in vivo, was slow but could be sustained over a long period. pEGFP expression in mice skeletal muscle was sustained for >60 days. This work indicates that these submicron core-shell-structured chitosan-based composite particles could potentially be used as a gene vector for in vivo controlled gene transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-xing Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo-zhen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-wu Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-xing Gong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-dan Bao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-fang Gu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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6
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Zhao GX, Tanaka H, Kim CW, Li K, Funamoto D, Nobori T, Nakamura Y, Niidome T, Kishimura A, Mori T, Katayama Y. Histidinylated poly-L-lysine-based vectors for cancer-specific gene expression via enhancing the endosomal escape. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2014; 25:519-34. [PMID: 24460548 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2013.879562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we synthesized a series of poly-L-lysine (PLL)-based polymers for gene delivery, by modifying the PLL with both cationic peptide and histidine. The peptide moieties serve as cationic centers for polyplex formation, and also as substrates for protein kinase Cα (PKCα), which is specifically activated in many types of cancer cells, to achieve cancer-specific gene expression. The histidine groups serve as buffering moieties to increase the ability of the plasmid DNA (pDNA)-polymer complex (polyplex) to escape the endosome and thus to promote expression of the pDNA in the transfected cells. The facile synthesis of the polymers proceeded by modifying the PLL with side-group-protected peptide and protected histidine, followed by deprotection of the functional groups. The synthesized polymers showed significant buffering capacity over the neutral to acidic pH range and showed less cytotoxicity in vitro compared with histidine-unmodified polymers. The polyplexes successfully showed PKCα-responsive gene expression immediately after their introduction into cancer cells and the gene expression continued for at least 24 h. These PLL-based carriers thus show promise for cancer-targeted gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Xi Zhao
- a Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
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7
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Kim CW, Toita R, Kang JH, Li K, Lee EK, Zhao GX, Funamoto D, Nobori T, Nakamura Y, Mori T, Niidome T, Katayama Y. Stabilization of cancer-specific gene carrier via hydrophobic interaction for a clear-cut response to cancer signaling. J Control Release 2013; 170:469-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Randolph LM, Chien MP, Gianneschi NC. Biological stimuli and biomolecules in the assembly and manipulation of nanoscale polymeric particles. Chem Sci 2012; 3:10.1039/C2SC00857B. [PMID: 24353895 PMCID: PMC3864871 DOI: 10.1039/c2sc00857b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Living systems are replete with complex, stimuli-responsive nanoscale materials and molecular self-assemblies. There is an ever increasing and intense interest within the chemical sciences to understand, mimic and interface with these biological systems utilizing synthetic and/or semi-synthetic tools. Our aim in this review is to give perspective on this emerging field of research by highlighting examples of polymeric nanoparticles and micelles that are prepared utilizing biopolymers together with synthetic polymers for the purpose of developing nanomaterials capable of interacting and responding to biologically relevant stimuli. It is expected that with the merging of evolved biological molecules with synthetic materials, will come the ability to prepare complex, functional devices. A variety of applications will become accessible including self-healing materials, self-replicating systems, biodiagnostic tools, drug targeting materials and autonomous, adaptive sensors. Most importantly, the success of this type of strategy will impact how biomolecules are stabilized and incorporated into synthetic devices and at the same time, will influence how synthetic materials are utilized within biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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9
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Tomiyama T, Toita R, Kang JH, Koga H, Shiosaki S, Mori T, Niidome T, Katayama Y. Effect of introduction of chondroitin sulfate into polymer-peptide conjugate responding to intracellular signals. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2011; 6:532. [PMID: 21961843 PMCID: PMC3212070 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-6-532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We recently developed a novel tumor-targeted gene delivery system responding to hyperactivated intracellular signals. Polymeric carrier for gene delivery consists of hydrophilic neutral polymer as main chains and cationic peptide substrate for target enzyme as side chains, and was named polymer-peptide conjugate (PPC). Introduction of chondroitin sulfate (CS), which induces receptor-medicated endocytosis, into polymers mainly with a high cationic charge density such as polyethylenimine can increase tumor-targeted gene delivery. In the present study, we examined whether introduction of CS into PPC containing five cationic amino acids can increase gene expression in tumor cells. Size and zeta potential of plasmid DNA (pDNA)/PPC/CS complex were <200 nm and between -10 and -15 mV, respectively. In tumor cell experiments, pDNA/PPC/CS complex showed lower stability and gene regulation, compared with that of pDNA/PPC. Moreover, no difference in gene expression was identified between positive and negative polymer. These results were caused by fast disintegration of pDNA/PPC/CS complexes in the presence of serum. Thus, we suggest that introduction of negatively charged CS into polymers with a low charge density may lead to low stability and gene regulation of complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Tomiyama
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Riki Toita
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jeong-Hun Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Haruka Koga
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shujiro Shiosaki
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mori
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takuro Niidome
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Katayama
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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10
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Tomiyama T, Toita R, Kang JH, Asai D, Shiosaki S, Mori T, Niidome T, Katayama Y. Tumor therapy by gene regulation system responding to cellular signal. J Control Release 2010; 148:101-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Kang JH, Oishi J, Kim JH, Ijuin M, Toita R, Jun B, Asai D, Mori T, Niidome T, Tanizawa K, Kuroda S, Katayama Y. Hepatoma-targeted gene delivery using a tumor cell–specific gene regulation system combined with a human liver cell–specific bionanocapsule. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 6:583-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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12
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Kang JH, Toita R, Katayama Y. Bio and nanotechnological strategies for tumor-targeted gene therapy. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:757-63. [PMID: 20541598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a new medical approach for the treatment of tumors. For safe and efficient gene therapy, therapeutic genes need to be delivered efficiently into the target tumor cells. Development of gene delivery systems to specifically recognize and target tumor cells and to distinguish them from normal cells, especially in the same tissue or organ, is one of the most important issues regarding the present gene delivery methodologies. The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect using the characteristics of angiogenic tumor blood vessels, as well as gene delivery systems recognizing hyperactivated receptors or intracellular signals, is broadly applied to tumor-targeted gene therapy. In addition, bacterial vectors can be a useful means for targeting hypoxic or anoxic regions of a tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hun Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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13
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Sato YT, Kawamura K, Niidome T, Katayama Y. Characterization of gene expression regulation using D-RECS polymer by enzymatic reaction for an effective design of enzyme-responsive gene regulator. J Control Release 2010; 143:344-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Cellular signal-specific peptide substrate is essential for the gene delivery system responding to cellular signals. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6082-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Pangburn TO, Petersen MA, Waybrant B, Adil MM, Kokkoli E. Peptide- and aptamer-functionalized nanovectors for targeted delivery of therapeutics. J Biomech Eng 2009; 131:074005. [PMID: 19655996 DOI: 10.1115/1.3160763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of therapeutics is an area of vigorous research, and peptide- and aptamer-functionalized nanovectors are a promising class of targeted delivery vehicles. Both peptide- and aptamer-targeting ligands can be readily designed to bind a target selectively with high affinity, and more importantly are molecules accessible by chemical synthesis and relatively compact compared with antibodies and full proteins. The multitude of peptide ligands that have been used for targeted delivery are covered in this review, with discussion of binding selectivity and targeting performance for these peptide sequences where possible. Aptamers are RNA or DNA strands evolutionarily engineered to specifically bind a chosen target. Although use of aptamers in targeted delivery is a relatively new avenue of research, the current state of the field is covered and promises of future advances in this area are highlighted. Liposomes, the classic drug delivery vector, and polymeric nanovectors functionalized with peptide or aptamer binding ligands will be discussed in this review, with the exclusion of other drug delivery vehicles. Targeted delivery of therapeutics, from DNA to classic small molecule drugs to protein therapeutics, by these targeted nanovectors is reviewed with coverage of both in vitro and in vivo deliveries. This is an exciting and dynamic area of research and this review seeks to discuss its broad scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd O Pangburn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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16
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Asai D, Kuramoto M, Shoji Y, Kang JH, Kodama KB, Kawamura K, Mori T, Miyoshi H, Niidome T, Nakashima H, Katayama Y. Specific transgene expression in HIV-infected cells using protease-cleavable transcription regulator. J Control Release 2009; 141:52-61. [PMID: 19733602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising strategy for the treatment of HIV infection, but cell specificity remains an issue. Recently we have developed a new concept for a drug or gene delivery system responding to cellular signals (D-RECS) to achieve cell-specific transgene expression using a non-viral polymer-based vehicle. According to this concept, intracellular signaling enzymes, which are activated specifically in target cells, are used to trigger transgene expression. We previously applied this concept to HIV-1 protease and showed that the recombinant protease could act as a suitable signal. Here we further developed this system to achieve highly specific transgene expression in HIV-infected cells. We prepared a polymeric gene regulator grafted with a cationic peptide containing the HIV-Tat peptide via a specific substrate for HIV-1 protease. The regulator formed a stable polyplex with the transgene, suppressing its transcription. HIV-1 protease cleaved the peptide and released the transgene, which was consequently expressed specifically in activated HIV-infected cells, but remained unreleased and inactive in uninfected cells. The validity of this approach was further confirmed by applying it to the CVB1 2A protease of coxsackievirus (Picornaviridae family). This strategy should be widely applicable for specific expression of a variety of therapeutic genes in virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Asai
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan.
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17
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Tomiyama T, Kang JH, Toita R, Niidome T, Katayama Y. Protein kinase Calpha-responsive polymeric carrier: its application for gene delivery into human cancers. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1532-6. [PMID: 19459855 PMCID: PMC11159447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For cancer-targeting gene delivery, we applied a protein kinase C (PKC)alpha-responsive polymeric carrier to human cancers (U-87 MG [human glioblastoma-astrocytoma, epithelial-like cell line] and A549 [human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line]). Two polymers, one a PKCalpha-responsive polymer (PPC[S]) containing the phosphorylation site serine, and the other a negative control polymer (PPC[A]), in which the serine was substituted with alanine, were synthesized. No cytotoxicity of the polymer was identified. When the complexes were transfected into cancer cells or tissues in which PKCalpha was hyper-activated, the luciferase expression from the PPC(S)/plasmid (pDNA) complex was higher than that from the PPC(A)/pDNA complex. These results show that the phosphorylation of complex by PKCalpha in cancer cells leads to high gene expression and that our system can be used as a human cancer cell-targeting gene delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Tomiyama
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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18
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Asai D, Tsuchiya A, Kang JH, Kawamura K, Oishi J, Mori T, Niidome T, Shoji Y, Nakashima H, Katayama Y. Inflammatory cell-specific transgene expression system responding to Iκ-B kinase beta activation. J Gene Med 2009; 11:624-32. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Toita R, Kang JH, Kim JH, Tomiyama T, Mori T, Niidome T, Jun B, Katayama Y. Protein kinase C alpha-specific peptide substrate graft-type copolymer for cancer cell-specific gene regulation systems. J Control Release 2009; 139:133-9. [PMID: 19545594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We recently proposed a novel gene regulation system responding to specifically and abnormally activated intracellular enzymes in diseased cells. In the present study, we focused on protein kinase C (PKC)alpha, which is hyper-activated in most tumor cells, as a trigger for transgene regulation. We prepared cationic copolymers comprising hydrophilic and neutral polymers in main chains and cationic peptide substrates with different contents in side chains. Our copolymer with high peptide content (>3 mol%) condensed with pDNA more weakly than with poly(L-lysine) (pLL) having a similar molecular weight, but gene suppression was nearly identical to that of pLL, probably due to the steric hindrance of the main chains in our copolymer. Steric hindrance of the main chains barely affected the phosphorylation reaction of the pendant peptide. In cell and mouse experiments, higher gene expression was observed in complexes of pDNA with copolymers pended PKC alpha-specific substrate peptide than that in complexes with negative copolymers pended peptide substituted phosphorylation site of serine residues with alanine. These results indicate that our system can recognize intracellular PKC alpha as a trigger to regulate transgene expression, and may be useful for tumor gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riki Toita
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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20
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Kawamura K, Kuramoto M, Mori T, Toita R, Oishi J, Sato Y, Kang JH, Asai D, Niidome T, Katayama Y. Molecular mechanism of caspase-3-induced gene expression of polyplexes formed from polycations grafted with cationic substrate peptides. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2009; 20:967-80. [PMID: 19454163 DOI: 10.1163/156856209x444376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a novel disease-site-specific gene targeting system that can release plasmid DNA (pDNA) from polymeric carriers responding to abnormally activated signal proteins in disease cells. In this study, the molecular mechanism of the gene targeting system responding to Caspase-3 activity was studied in detail. The polymeric carrier used was composed of a neutral main chain polymer and a grafted oligocationic peptide which contains the substrate sequence of Caspase-3. The polyplex formed from the polymeric carrier and pDNA was stable in physiological saline solution and protected from access of RNA polymerase and the transcriptional factors. These results indicate that the polyplex adopts a core-shell-like structure with a polyion complex core surrounded by neutral main chain polymers. In spite of the inert character of the polyplex to transcription, the polyplex afforded the access of Caspase-3 to the substrate peptide because the electrostatic interaction between each peptide and DNA is essentially weak. After the Caspase-3 reaction, the polyplex was weakened and then became available as a template for transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kawamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Kang JH, Asai D, Kim JH, Mori T, Toita R, Tomiyama T, Asami Y, Oishi J, Sato YT, Niidome T, Jun B, Nakashima H, Katayama Y. Design of polymeric carriers for cancer-specific gene targeting: utilization of abnormal protein kinase Calpha activation in cancer cells. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:14906-7. [PMID: 18928283 DOI: 10.1021/ja805364s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We succeeded in cancer cell specific gene expression by using a polyplex responsive to protein kinase Calpha, which is activated in various types of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hun Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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22
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Kang JH, Toita R, Niidome T, Katayama Y. Effective delivery of DNA into tumor cells and tissues by electroporation of polymer–DNA complex. Cancer Lett 2008; 265:281-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Variable architecture polymers are of considerable interest for the delivery of therapeutic biopolymers, such as DNA and proteins, to their site of action. Polymers that can respond with a change in conformation to biologically relevant stimuli, such as temperature and pH, are being carefully designed to take advantage of the change in environmental conditions the polymer-drug conjugate encounters upon progression from larger-scale systems in the body to subcellular compartments. Viruses respond to changes in the cellular environment to gain access to their desired region of cells, and much can be learned from the mechanisms they employ in this effort. However, despite the efficiency of therapeutic biopolymers, undesirable immune and inflammatory responses may result from their repeated administration, so synthetic polymers are an attractive alternative. This mini-review examines a range of recently developed variable architecture polymers, mainly focusing on polymers responsive to temperature and pH, covering both synthetic copolymers and derivatives of naturally occurring polymers for advanced drug delivery applications. The polymers discussed in the article have some of the properties that are most important for polymer drug delivery vehicles to be effective, such as biodegradability, specificity, and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Heath
- School of Pharmacy, Boots Science Building, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD Nottingham, UK
| | - Prinal Haria
- School of Pharmacy, Boots Science Building, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD Nottingham, UK
| | - Cameron Alexander
- School of Pharmacy, Boots Science Building, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD Nottingham, UK
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Jung J, Kasuya T, Tanizawa K, Kuroda S. Bio-nanocapsules for In vivo Pinpoint Drug Delivery. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2007; 127:797-805. [PMID: 17473521 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.127.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To maximize the beneficial effects and minimize the side effect of drugs, DDS (drug delivery system) has been attracted many researchers in the recent drug development. Especially, the in vivo pinpoint delivery system for drugs is very important and key technology for developing the next generations of anti-cancer drugs and gene therapies. Bio-nanocapsule (BNC) is recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B virus surface antigen particle, which has been used as a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine for the last 20 years in the world. BNC can incorporate various materials (chemical compounds, proteins, genes, siRNA, etc) by the fusion with liposome, and deliver them to the organs and tissues in vivo specifically by the action of bio-recognition molecules on the BNC's surface. The transfection efficiency is significantly higher than that of liposome, because BNC harbors the complete set of hepatitis B virus infection machinery. Recently, we succeeded in the in vivo retargeting of BNC by displaying either antibody or homing peptide, less than 10 amino acid residues for in vivo targeting. BNC is a hybrid of liposome and virus, and very flexible system for in vivo retargeting. BNC might be very promising carriers in the next generation of DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohee Jung
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki City, Japan
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Nagasaki T, Shinkai S. The concept of molecular machinery is useful for design of stimuli-responsive gene delivery systems in the mammalian cell. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-007-9303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kawamura K, Oishi J, Sakakihara S, Niidome T, Katayama Y. Intracellular signal-responsive artificial gene regulation. J Drug Target 2007; 14:456-64. [PMID: 17062392 DOI: 10.1080/10611860600845470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In gene therapy, in order to avoid serious side effects due to the unexpected expression of the transgene in non-target cells, transgenes have to be delivered only to the target cells. In response to this issue, many researchers have aimed at developing target cell-selective gene carriers using active targeting strategies. However, such methodology does not always work, because an ideal molecular marker, which is specific to the target disease cells, is not always available. In this study, we introduce a new concept regarding target disease cell-selective gene therapy (D-RECS). Here, we use intracellular signals, which are activated to an extraordinary degree only in the target disease cells, as a trigger for transgene expression using polymer-peptide conjugates. This strategy could actually activate gene expression in the target signal-activated cells only. Hyper-activation of certain intracellular signals has been reported in many diseases. Thus, this new strategy is expected to provide a powerful methodology for future gene therapy. In this review, the basic concept, some examples, and the molecular design of D-RECS carriers are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kawamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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Iida T, Mori T, Katayama Y, Niidome T. Overall interaction of cytosolic proteins with the PEI/DNA complex. J Control Release 2007; 118:364-9. [PMID: 17292504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Little is known on mechanisms involved in transport of complex of DNA and gene carrier molecules from the cytosol to the nucleus. We aimed to identify cytosolic proteins interacting with the polyethylenimine (PEI)/DNA complex, using 2-D gel electrophoresis and peptide mass fingerprinting. Fifteen proteins including actin, beta-tubulin, and other metabolic proteins were identified. They demonstrated various molecular weights and isoelectric points, and were categorized into 3 groups: early binding, late binding, and transient binding proteins. Protein binding caused DNA release from the PEI/DNA complex with a cation/anion (C/A) ratio of 2, where complex formation was weak. Knowledge on interactions between cytosolic proteins and DNA/carrier complexes will help understand intracellular gene delivery mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Iida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Oishi J, Ijuin M, Sonoda T, Kang JH, Kawamura K, Mori T, Niidome T, Katayama Y. A protein kinase signal-responsive gene carrier modified RGD peptide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5740-3. [PMID: 16971118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported artificial gene-regulation systems responding to cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) using a cationic polymer. However, this polymer alone cannot deliver any gene into living cells. In the present work, we modified the signal-responsive polymer to the RGD peptide for the introduction of a polymer/DNA complex into living cells and succeeded in regulating the gene expression responding to intracellular PKA activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Oishi
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Kang JH, Jiang Y, Toita R, Oishi J, Kawamura K, Han A, Mori T, Niidome T, Ishida M, Tatematsu K, Tanizawa K, Katayama Y. Phosphorylation of Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase/ROCK/ROK) substrates by protein kinases A and C. Biochimie 2006; 89:39-47. [PMID: 16996192 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase/ROCK/ROK) is a serine/threonine kinase and plays an important role in various cellular functions. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A/PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) are also serine/threonine kinases, and directly and/or indirectly take part in the signal transduction pathways of Rho-kinase. They have similar phosphorylation site motifs, RXXS/T and RXS/T. The purpose of this study was to identify whether sites phosphorylated by Rho-kinase could be targets for PKA and PKC and to find peptide substrates that are specific to Rho-kinase, i.e., with no phosphorylation by PKA and PKC. A total of 18 substrates for Rho-kinase were tested for phosphorylation by PKA and PKC. Twelve of these sites were easily phosphorylated. These results mean that Rho-kinase substrates can be good substrates for PKA and/or PKC. On the other hand, six Rho-kinase substrates showing no or very low phosphorylation efficiency (<20%) for PKA and PKC were identified. Kinetic parameters (K(m) and k(cat)) showed that two of these peptides could be useful as substrates specific to Rho-kinase phosphorylation.
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173. Novel Cell-Specific Gene Delivery for Tumors Using a Drug or Gene Delivery System Based on Responses to Intracellular Signals (D-RECS) Concept. Mol Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.08.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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31
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Oishi J, Kawamura K, Kang JH, Kodama K, Sonoda T, Murata M, Niidome T, Katayama Y. An intracellular kinase signal-responsive gene carrier for disordered cell-specific gene therapy. J Control Release 2005; 110:431-436. [PMID: 16309776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Revised: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported artificial gene-regulation systems responding to cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) using cationic polymer. This cationic polymer (PAK) was a graft-type polymer with an oligopeptide that is a substrate for PKA and could regulate gene-expression in a cell-free system. In the present study, we carried out a detailed characterization of the PAK-DNA complex (AFM observation and DLS measurement) and tried to apply this polymer to living cells. In the unstimulated NIH 3T3 cells, transfection of the PAK-DNA complex showed no expression of the delivered gene. This means that PAK formed a stable complex with DNA in the normal cells to totally suppress gene expression. In contrast, significant expression was seen when the PAK-DNA complex was delivered to forskolin-treated cells. Thus, activated PKA disintegrates the complexes even in living cells, resulting in gene expression. Our results indicate that this type of intracellular signal-responsive polymer will be useful for the cell-specific release of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Oishi
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Jeong-Hun Kang
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kota Kodama
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Sonoda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Masaharu Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takuro Niidome
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Katayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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