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Exploiting the layer-by-layer nanoarchitectonics for the fabrication of polymer capsules: A toolbox to provide multifunctional properties to target complex pathologies. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 304:102680. [PMID: 35468354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer capsules fabricated via the layer-by-layer (LbL) approach have attracted a great deal of attention for biomedical applications thanks to their tunable architecture. Compared to alternative methods, in which the precise control over the final properties of the systems is usually limited, the intrinsic versatility of the LbL approach allows the functionalization of all the constituents of the polymeric capsules following relatively simple protocols. In fact, the final properties of the capsules can be adjusted from the inner cavity to the outer layer through the polymeric shell, resulting in therapeutic, diagnostic, or theranostic (i.e., combination of therapeutic and diagnostic) agents that can be adapted to the particular characteristics of the patient and face the challenges encountered in complex pathologies. The biomedical industry demands novel biomaterials capable of targeting several mechanisms and/or cellular pathways simultaneously while being tracked by minimally invasive techniques, thus highlighting the need to shift from monofunctional to multifunctional polymer capsules. In the present review, those strategies that permit the advanced functionalization of polymer capsules are accordingly introduced. Each of the constituents of the capsule (i.e., cavity, multilayer membrane and outer layer) is thoroughly analyzed and a final overview of the combination of all the strategies toward the fabrication of multifunctional capsules is presented. Special emphasis is given to the potential biomedical applications of these multifunctional capsules, including particular examples of the performed in vitro and in vivo validation studies. Finally, the challenges in the fabrication process and the future perspective for their safe translation into the clinic are summarized.
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PDADMAC/PSS Oligoelectrolyte Multilayers: Internal Structure and Hydration Properties at Early Growth Stages from Atomistic Simulations. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081848. [PMID: 32316422 PMCID: PMC7222011 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyze the internal structure and hydration properties of poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride)/poly(styrene sulfonate sodium salt) oligoelectrolyte multilayers at early stages of their layer-by-layer growth process. Our study is based on large-scale molecular dynamics simulations with atomistic resolution that we presented recently [Sánchez et al., Soft Matter2019, 15, 9437], in which we produced the first four deposition cycles of a multilayer obtained by alternate exposure of a flat silica substrate to aqueous electrolyte solutions of such polymers at 0.1M of NaCl. In contrast to any previous work, here we perform a local structural analysis that allows us to determine the dependence of the multilayer properties on the distance to the substrate. We prove that the large accumulation of water and ions next to the substrate observed in previous overall measurements actually decreases the degree of intrinsic charge compensation, but this remains as the main mechanism within the interface region. We show that the range of influence of the substrate reaches approximately 3 nm, whereas the structure of the outer region is rather independent from the position. This detailed characterization is essential for the development of accurate mesoscale models able to reach length and time scales of technological interest.
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Sánchez PA, Vögele M, Smiatek J, Qiao B, Sega M, Holm C. Atomistic simulation of PDADMAC/PSS oligoelectrolyte multilayers: overall comparison of tri- and tetra-layer systems. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:9437-9451. [PMID: 31720676 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
By employing large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of atomistically resolved oligoelectrolytes in aqueous solutions, we study in detail the first four layer-by-layer deposition cycles of an oligoelectrolyte multilayer made of poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride)/poly(styrene sulfonate sodium salt) (PDADMAC/PSS). The multilayers are grown on a silica substrate in 0.1 M NaCl electrolyte solutions and the swollen structures are then subsequently exposed to varying added salt concentration. We investigated the microscopic properties of the films, analyzing in detail the differences between three- and four-layer systems. Our simulations provide insights into the early stages of growth of a multilayer, which are particularly challenging for experimental observations. We found rather strong complexation of the oligoelectrolytes, with fuzzy layering of the film structure. The main charge compensation mechanism is for all cases intrinsic, whereas extrinsic compensation is relatively enhanced for the layer of the last deposition cycle. In addition, we quantified other fundamental observables of these systems, such as the film thickness, water uptake, and overcharge fractions for each deposition layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Sánchez
- Ural Federal University, 51 Lenin av., Ekaterinburg, 620000, Russian Federation. and Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Vögele
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jens Smiatek
- Institut für Computerphysik, Universität Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Baofu Qiao
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Marcello Sega
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Christian Holm
- Institut für Computerphysik, Universität Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Mu B, Liu P, Li X, Du P, Dong Y, Wang Y. Fabrication of Flocculation-Resistant pH/Ionic Strength/Temperature Multiresponsive Hollow Microspheres and Their Controlled Release. Mol Pharm 2011; 9:91-101. [DOI: 10.1021/mp200269r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Mu
- State Key
Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and
Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key
Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and
Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaorui Li
- State Key
Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and
Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- State Key
Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and
Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yun Dong
- State Key
Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and
Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yunjiao Wang
- State Key
Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and
Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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5
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Polymer assemblies for controlled delivery of bioactive molecules from surfaces. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:822-36. [PMID: 21684313 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Localized delivery of bioactive compounds from surfaces of biomedical devices affords significant therapeutic benefits, and often relies on the capability of surface coatings to provide spatial and temporal control over release rate. The layer-by-layer technique presents a unique means to construct surface coatings that can conform to a variety of biomaterial surfaces and serve as matrices enabling controlled delivery of bioactive molecules from surfaces. The versatility of layer-by-layer assembly enables construction of surface coatings of diverse chemistry and internal architecture with controlled release properties. This review focuses on recent developments in constructing such layered matrices using linear polymers, polymer nanoparticles and block copolymer micelles, including micelles with stimuli-responsive cores, as film building blocks and in controlling release rate of therapeutics from these matrices via degradation, application of pH, ionic strength, temperature, light, electric field and chemical or biological stimuli. Challenges and opportunities associated with fabrication of stratified multilayer films capable of multi-stage delivery of multiple drugs are also discussed.
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de Villiers MM, Otto DP, Strydom SJ, Lvov YM. Introduction to nanocoatings produced by layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:701-15. [PMID: 21699936 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the adsorption of oppositely charged colloidal particles ultimately resulted in multilayered polyelectrolyte self-assembly. The inception of layer-by-layer constructed particles facilitated the production of multifunctional, stimuli-responsive carrier systems. An array of synthetic and natural polyelectrolytes, metal oxides and clay nanoparticles is available for the construction of multilayered nanocoats on a multitude of substrates or removable cores. Numerous substrates can be encapsulated utilizing this technique including dyes, enzymes, drugs and cells. Furthermore, the outer surface of the particles presents and ideal platform that can be functionalized with targeting molecules or catalysts. Some processing parameters determining the properties of these successive self-assembly constructs are the surface charge density, coating material concentration, rinsing and drying steps, temperature and ionic strength of the medium. Additionally, the simplicity of the layer-by-layer assembly technique and the availability of established characterization methods, render these constructs extremely versatile in applications of sensing, encapsulation and target- and trigger-responsive drug delivery.
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Hong CC, Wang CY, Peng KT, Chu IM. A microfluidic chip platform with electrochemical carbon nanotube electrodes for pre-clinical evaluation of antibiotics nanocapsules. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3620-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Macdonald ML, Rodriguez NM, Shah NJ, Hammond PT. Characterization of tunable FGF-2 releasing polyelectrolyte multilayers. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2053-9. [PMID: 20690713 DOI: 10.1021/bm100413w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is a potent mediator of stem cell differentiation and proliferation. Although FGF-2 has a well-established role in promoting bone tissue formation, flaws in its delivery have limited its clinical utility. Polyelectrolyte multilayer films represent a novel system for FGF-2 delivery that has promise for local, precisely controlled, and sustained release of FGF-2 from surfaces of interest, including medical implants and tissue engineering scaffolds. In this work, the loading and release of FGF-2 from synthetic hydrolytically degradable multilayer thin films of various architectures is explored; drug loading was tunable using at least three parameters (number of nanolayers, counterpolyanion, and type of degradable polycation) and yielded values of 7-45 ng/cm(2) of FGF-2. Release time varied between 24 h and approximately five days. FGF-2 released from these films retained in vitro activity, promoting the proliferation of MC3T3 preosteoblast cells. The use of biologically derived counterpolyanions heparin sulfate and chondroitin sulfate in the multilayer structures enhanced FGF-2 activity. The control over drug loading and release kinetics inform future in vivo bone and tissue regeneration models for the exploration of clinical relevance of LbL growth factor delivery films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara L Macdonald
- Harvard MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Cheng C, Xin R, Leng Y, Yu D, Wang N. Chemical Stability of ZnO Nanostructures in Simulated Physiological Environments and Its Application in Determining Polar Directions. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:7868-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ic8005234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Cheng
- Department of Physics and the Institute of Nano Science and Technology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P.R. China, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P.R.China, and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Renlong Xin
- Department of Physics and the Institute of Nano Science and Technology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P.R. China, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P.R.China, and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yang Leng
- Department of Physics and the Institute of Nano Science and Technology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P.R. China, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P.R.China, and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Dapeng Yu
- Department of Physics and the Institute of Nano Science and Technology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P.R. China, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P.R.China, and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Physics and the Institute of Nano Science and Technology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P.R. China, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P.R.China, and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Yap HP, Quinn JF, Johnston APR, Caruso F. Compositional Engineering of Polyelectrolyte Blend Capsules. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma071372w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Pho Yap
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - John F. Quinn
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Angus P. R. Johnston
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Khopade AJ, Arulsudar N, Khopade SA, Knocke R, Hartmann J, Möhwald H. From ultrathin capsules to biaqueous vesicles. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:3433-9. [PMID: 16283776 DOI: 10.1021/bm0504936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The layer-by-layer (LbL) adsorption of anionic polyelectrolytes (PE) and tobramycin sulfate (TbS) multilayers on zinc oxide core particles followed by the controlled core-removal process leads to the formation of ultrathin capsules, which gradually convert to biaqueous vesicles and emulsionlike systems depending on the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the PE backbone, PE/TbS ratio, and Zn2+ concentration. The unique characteristics of the PE/TbS multilayer capsules result because of the formation of PE/TbS/H2O biphasic liquid systems unlike the other LbL capsular systems that form stiff PE coacervates when mixed together in water. This paper investigates the PE/TbS ultrathin capsule to biaqueous vesicle transition and its physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay J Khopade
- Sun Pharma Advanced Research Centre,Tandalja, Baroda 390 020, Gujarat, India.
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Yap HP, Quinn JF, Ng SM, Cho J, Caruso F. Colloid surface engineering via deposition of multilayered thin films from polyelectrolyte blend solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:4328-33. [PMID: 16032843 DOI: 10.1021/la047156n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer thin films were constructed on polystyrene colloidal particles by depositing alternating layers of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) at pH 7.5 and varying composition blends of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) at pH 3.5. Following the deposition of each layer, microelectrophoresis experiments showed alternating zeta-potentials, suggesting the formation of multilayered films on the particles. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to examine the surface morphology of the colloidal particles, with homogeneous surface coatings apparent for films deposited from PAA/PSS blend solutions containing up to 90 wt % PAA. The colloidal stability of these particles is greater than those coated with individual PAH and PAA layers. In the case of the blend PAA/PSS = 25:75 wt %, up to 20 layers were assembled without compromising the colloidal stability of the dispersion. The results demonstrate that the deposition of layers from PE blend solutions containing a strong and weak PE can be used as a facile method for controlling the surface properties and hence the colloidal stability of core-shell particles, as well as the thickness and morphology of the coatings. Control of these parameters is important for subsequent processing and application of these particles in controlled delivery, photonics, catalytic, and separation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Pho Yap
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Literature Alerts. Drug Deliv 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/10717540500201502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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