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Liu H, Jiang X. Structure and properties of sulfopropyl chitins prepared in NaOH/urea aqueous solutions. Carbohydr Res 2023; 534:108982. [PMID: 37976957 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
A series of sulfopropyl chitins (SCs) with the degree of substitution (DS) ranging from 0.11 to 0.40 and high degree of acetylation (DA ≥ 0.82) were homogeneously synthesized by reacting chitin with sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropanesulfonate (SCHPS) in NaOH/urea aqueous solutions under mild conditions. The structure and properties of SCs were characterized with 1H NMR, CP/MAS 13C NMR, FT-IR, XPS, XRD, elemental analysis, GPC, AFM, ζ-potential and rheological measurements. The mild reaction conditions resulted in less N-deacetylation and uniform structures with substitution occurring predominantly at the hydroxyl groups at C6 of the chitin backbone. The DS value for SC soluble in dilute alkali solution is as low as 0.16. SC exhibited good solubility in distilled water when its DS value reached 0.28. Water-soluble SCs self-assembled in water into micelles by the attractive hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonding interactions between polymer chains. The water-insoluble SC-2 with lower DS could thermally form smart hydrogels at body temperature (37 °C) in physiological condition. Moreover, the SCs exhibited good biocompatibility, making them suitable for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xulin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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2
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Hong S, Yuan Y, Yang Q, Chen L, Deng J, Chen W, Lian H, Mota-Morales JD, Liimatainen H. Choline chloride-zinc chloride deep eutectic solvent mediated preparation of partial O-acetylation of chitin nanocrystal in one step reaction. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 220:211-218. [PMID: 31196542 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and one step production of acetylated and esterified chitin nanocrystals (CNCs) was successfully achieved using choline chloride-zinc chloride deep-eutectic solvent (ChCl-ZnCl2 DES). In this method, ChCl-ZnCl2 DES with a mole ratio of 1:2, was used for the esterification and O-acetylation of chitin at 90 °C for 3 h and 6 h. This strategy consisted in using ChCl-ZnCl2 DES as a green and non-volatile solvent for chitin under heterogeneous condition that, upon addition of acetic anhydride or acetic acid, simultaneous acetylation or esterification and hydrolysis occurred. The DES act as an efficient catalysis of the functional reaction. The acetylation and hydrolysis proceeded efficiently and the yield of partial acetylated CNCs was ca. 61.6% with DS (degree of substitution) of 0.23 under the optimized conditions. Acetic acid was used to substituted acid anhydride to produce CNCs. The yield of acetic acid induced CNCs was ca. 62.0% with higher DS of 0.34. A thorough investigation of the physicochemical characteristics changes of chitin pointed out that the main skeletal structure of obtained CNCs was intact. The thermal stability of CNCs decreased after treated by ChCl/ZnCl2. In addition, thermal stability of CNCs functionalized with acetic acid is lower than the ones functionalized with acetic anhydride. DES showed low expenditure and toxicity. This approach provides a novel method for production of functional chitin nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Hong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China; Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Yang Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Qiuru Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Ling Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Junqian Deng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Weimin Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Hailan Lian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China.
| | - Josué D Mota-Morales
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, QRO, 76230 Mexico.
| | - Henrikki Liimatainen
- Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FI-90014, Finland
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Luan F, Wei L, Zhang J, Tan W, Chen Y, Wang P, Dong F, Li Q, Guo Z. Synthesis, Characterization, and Antifungal Activity of N-Quaternized and N-Diquaternized Chitin Derivatives. STARCH-STARKE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201800026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Luan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Lijie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Wenqiang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Binzhou Medical University Hospital; Binzhou 256603 China
| | - Fang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
| | - Zhanyong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
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Zhang YQ, Shen Y, Liao MM, Mao X, Mi GJ, You C, Guo QY, Li WJ, Wang XY, Lin N, Webster TJ. Galactosylated chitosan triptolide nanoparticles for overcoming hepatocellular carcinoma: Enhanced therapeutic efficacy, low toxicity, and validated network regulatory mechanisms. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 15:86-97. [PMID: 30244085 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Current therapies present significant limitations. Triptolide (TP) is highly effective against multiple cancers including HCC. However, high toxicity, low water solubility, and unknown therapeutic targets limit its clinical application. Herein, we designed galactosylated-chitosan-TP-nanoparticles (GC-TP-NPs) with high drug loading capacities for targeted delivery to HCC. In addition to a sustained release pattern, an efficient asialoglycoprotein receptor mediated cellular uptake in vitro, and high liver tumor accumulation in vivo, GC-TP-NPs showed lower systemic and male reproductive toxicities than free TP. Importantly, GC-TP-NPs retained the anti-cancer activities of the free TP, exerting the same pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects on HCC cells in vitro, and displayed higher efficacies in reducing tumor sizes in vivo. Further investigation revealed that GC-TP-NPs induced cancer cell apoptosis via blocking TNF/NF-κB/BCL2 signaling. Collectively, GC-TP-NP represents a promising candidate in halting liver cancer progression while minimizing systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materials Medical, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Mei Liao
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xia Mao
- Institute of Chinese Materials Medical, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gu-Jie Mi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Chen You
- Jiangsu Provincial Xuzhou Pharmaceutical Vocational College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materials Medical, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Jie Li
- Institute of Chinese Materials Medical, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materials Medical, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materials Medical, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, USA.
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Abstract
At present, the polysaccharide antitumor research is focused on how to further improve the antitumor activity of polysaccharides. The structural modification of polysaccharides can enhance their antitumor activity to a certain extent. The antitumor mechanisms of polysaccharide derivatives mainly contain the inducing apoptosis of tumor cells, effecting on the cycle of tumor cells, enhancing the antioxidant activity of organism, activating the body's immune response and inhibiting the tumor angiogenesis. Herein, the common methods of polysaccharide modification, such as sulfation, carboxymethylation, phosphorylation and acetylation, were summarized. At the same time, the effects of chemical modification of polysaccharides on their antitumor mechanisms and activity were analyzed and discussed.
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Carvalho LCR, Queda F, Santos CVA, Marques MMB. Selective Modification of Chitin and Chitosan: En Route to Tailored Oligosaccharides. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:3468-3481. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luísa C. R. Carvalho
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Fausto Queda
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Cátia V. Almeida Santos
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - M. Manuel B. Marques
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
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Hoque J, Akkapeddi P, Ghosh C, Uppu DSSM, Haldar J. A Biodegradable Polycationic Paint that Kills Bacteria in Vitro and in Vivo. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:29298-29309. [PMID: 27709890 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial colonization and subsequent formation of biofilms onto surfaces of medical devices and implants is a major source of nosocomial infections. Most antibacterial coatings to combat infections are either metal-based or nondegradable-polymer-based and hence limited by their nondegradability and unpredictable toxicity. Moreover, to combat infections effectively, the coatings are required to display simultaneous antibacterial and antibiofilm activity. Herein we report biocompatible and biodegradable coatings based on organo-soluble quaternary chitin polymers which were immobilized noncovalently onto surfaces as bactericidal paint. The polycationic paint was found to be active against both drug-sensitive and -resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), and β-lactam-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. The cationic polymers were shown to interact with the negatively charged bacterial cell membrane and disrupt the membrane integrity, thereby causing leakage of intracellular constituents and cell death upon contact. Importantly, surfaces coated with the polymers inhibited formation of biofilms against both Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli, two of the most clinically important bacteria that form biofilms. Surfaces coated with the polymers displayed negligible toxicity against human erythrocytes and embryo kidney cells. Notably, the polymers were shown to be susceptible toward lysozyme. Furthermore, subcutaneous implantation of polymer discs in rats led to 15-20% degradation in 4 weeks thereby displaying their biodegradability. In a murine model of subcutaneous infection, polymer-coated medical-grade catheter reduced MRSA burden by 3.7 log compared to that of noncoated catheter. Furthermore, no biofilm development was observed on the coated catheters under in vivo conditions. The polycationic materials thus developed herein represent a novel class of safe and effective coating agents for the prevention of device-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaul Hoque
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Padma Akkapeddi
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Chandradhish Ghosh
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Divakara S S M Uppu
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India
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8
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Synthesis of carboxymethyl chitin in aqueous solution and its thermo- and pH-sensitive behaviors. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 137:600-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Lutzke A, Pegalajar-Jurado A, Neufeld BH, Reynolds MM. Nitric oxide-releasing S-nitrosated derivatives of chitin and chitosan for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:7449-7458. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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10
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Huang J, Chen WW, Hu S, Gong JY, Lai HW, Liu P, Mei LH, Mao JW. Biochemical activities of 6-carboxy β-chitin derived from squid pens. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 91:191-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Ding F, Shi X, Jiang Z, Liu L, Cai J, Li Z, Chen S, Du Y. Electrochemically stimulated drug release from dual stimuli responsive chitin hydrogel. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:1729-1737. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb00517h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Chen Y, Ye Y, Wang L, Guo Y, Tan H. Synthesis of chitosan C6-substituted cyclodextrin derivatives with tosyl-chitin as the intermediate precursor. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Preparation and characterization of chitin benzoic acid esters. Molecules 2011; 16:3029-36. [PMID: 21478818 PMCID: PMC6260621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16043029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin benzoic acid esters were prepared using a phosphoryl mixed anhydride method. The products were characterized by 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. FT-IR analysis revealed that the degree of O-acyl substitution of the products was in a range of 1.17-1.83. Morphological surface changes in the parent molecule due to the introduction of benzoic acid moieties were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The surface of the products was porous, in contrast to the sheet-shape of the parent molecules. The solubility of the products, which improved with increased degree of acid substitution, was tested in various organic solvents.
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Kumirska J, Czerwicka M, Kaczyński Z, Bychowska A, Brzozowski K, Thöming J, Stepnowski P. Application of spectroscopic methods for structural analysis of chitin and chitosan. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1567-636. [PMID: 20559489 PMCID: PMC2885081 DOI: 10.3390/md8051567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin, the second most important natural polymer in the world, and its N-deacetylated derivative chitosan, have been identified as versatile biopolymers for a broad range of applications in medicine, agriculture and the food industry. Two of the main reasons for this are firstly the unique chemical, physicochemical and biological properties of chitin and chitosan, and secondly the unlimited supply of raw materials for their production. These polymers exhibit widely differing physicochemical properties depending on the chitin source and the conditions of chitosan production. The presence of reactive functional groups as well as the polysaccharide nature of these biopolymers enables them to undergo diverse chemical modifications. A complete chemical and physicochemical characterization of chitin, chitosan and their derivatives is not possible without using spectroscopic techniques. This review focuses on the application of spectroscopic methods for the structural analysis of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Kumirska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Czerwicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Zbigniew Kaczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Anna Bychowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Brzozowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Jorg Thöming
- UFT-Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; E-Mail:
(J.T.)
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
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15
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Krief A, Kremer A. Synthesis of Alkali Metal Carboxylates and Carboxylic Acids Using “Wet” and “Anhydrous” Alkali Metal Hydroxides. Chem Rev 2010; 110:4772-819. [DOI: 10.1021/cr9003506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Krief
- Facultes Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Departement de Chimie, 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur B-5000, Belgium
| | - Adrian Kremer
- Facultes Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Departement de Chimie, 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur B-5000, Belgium
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Pourjavadi A, Seidi F, Salimi H. Synthesis of Novel Water-Soluble Aminodeoxychitin Derivatives. STARCH-STARKE 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/star.200700621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Il’ina AV, Varlamov VP. Galactosylated derivatives of low-molecular-weight chitosan: Obtaining and properties. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683807010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kurita K. Chitin and chitosan: functional biopolymers from marine crustaceans. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2006; 8:203-26. [PMID: 16532368 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-005-0097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan, typical marine polysaccharides as well as abundant biomass resources, are attracting a great deal of attention because of their distinctive biological and physicochemical characteristics. To fully explore the high potential of these specialty biopolymers, basic and application researches are being made extensively. This review deals with the fundamental aspects of chitin and chitosan such as the preparation of chitin and chitosan, crystallography, extent of N-acetylation, and some properties. Recent progress of their chemistry is then discussed, focusing on elemental modification reactions including acylation, alkylation, Schiff base formation and reductive alkylation, carboxyalkylation, phthaloylation, silylation, tosylation, quaternary salt formation, and sulfation and thiolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kurita
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan.
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