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Hu H, Wang L, Xu B, Wang P, Yuan J, Yu Y, Wang Q. Construction of a composite hydrogel of silk sericin via horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed graft polymerization of poly-PEGDMA. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:2643-2655. [PMID: 32144891 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Silk sericin (SS), which is one of the main components of Bombyx mori silk fibers, has attracted increasing attentions as functional biomaterials due to its diverse biological activities as well as excellent biocompatibility. However, the poor formability and weak mechanical properties of SS materials severely limit their practical applications in biomedical field. To address this issue, in this study poly(ethylene glycol)dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) modified sericin were prepared by graft polymerization of poly-PEGDMA (pPEGDMA) onto sericin chains in the presence of horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide under mild condition. The composite hydrogels obtained from the modified SS not only exhibit much improved formability and excellent mechanical properties, but also high possess porosity and swelling ratios up to 63 and 1,250%, respectively, at the optimized formulation. Moreover, the composite hydrogels also reveal sustained drug release behavior and acceptable cytotoxicity, which endow them with vast application as biomaterials. It is envisioned that the method presented in this study would expand the application of SS in biomedical filed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Hu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiugang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
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Kao MS, Huang S, Chang WL, Hsieh MF, Huang CJ, Gallo RL, Huang CM. Microbiome precision editing: Using PEG as a selective fermentation initiator against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 27982519 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent creation of a Unified Microbiome Initiative (UMI) has the aim of understanding how microbes interact with each other and with us. When pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus infects the skin, the interplay between S. aureus and skin commensal bacteria occurs. Our previous data revealed that skin commensal bacteria can mediate fermentation against the growth of USA300, a community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus MRSA. By using a fermentation process with solid media on a small scale, we define poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEG-DMA) as a selective fermentation initiator which can specifically intensify the probiotic ability of skin commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. At least five short-chain fatty acids including acetic, butyric and propionic acids with anti-USA300 activities are produced by PEG-DMA fermentation of S. epidermidis. Furthermore, the S. epidermidis-laden PEG-DMA hydrogels effectively decolonized USA300 in skin wounds in mice. The PEG-DMA and its derivatives may become novel biomaterials to specifically tailor the human skin microbiome against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shan Kao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Stephen Huang
- Surface Bioadvances Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Wei-Lin Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fa Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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3
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Okoniewski SR, Wisniewski D, Frazer NL, Mu W, Arceo A, Rathi P, Ketterson JB. Optorheological thickening under the pulsed laser photocrosslinking of a polymer. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - N. Laszlo Frazer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois 60208
| | - Weiqiang Mu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois 60208
| | - Andrew Arceo
- Adlai E. Stevenson High School; Lincolnshire Illinois 60069
| | - Pranjali Rathi
- Adlai E. Stevenson High School; Lincolnshire Illinois 60069
| | - J. B. Ketterson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois 60208
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois 60208
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Bencherif SA, Braschler TM, Renaud P. Advances in the design of macroporous polymer scaffolds for potential applications in dentistry. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2013; 43:251-61. [PMID: 24455437 PMCID: PMC3891856 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2013.43.6.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A paradigm shift is taking place in medicine and dentistry from using synthetic implants and tissue grafts to a tissue engineering approach that uses degradable porous three-dimensional (3D) material hydrogels integrated with cells and bioactive factors to regenerate tissues such as dental bone and other oral tissues. Hydrogels have been established as a biomaterial of choice for many years, as they offer diverse properties that make them ideal in regenerative medicine, including dental applications. Being highly biocompatible and similar to native extracellular matrix, hydrogels have emerged as ideal candidates in the design of 3D scaffolds for tissue regeneration and drug delivery applications. However, precise control over hydrogel properties, such as porosity, pore size, and pore interconnectivity, remains a challenge. Traditional techniques for creating conventional crosslinked polymers have demonstrated limited success in the formation of hydrogels with large pore size, thus limiting cellular infiltration, tissue ingrowth, vascularization, and matrix mineralization (in the case of bone) of tissue-engineered constructs. Emerging technologies have demonstrated the ability to control microarchitectural features in hydrogels such as the creation of large pore size, porosity, and pore interconnectivity, thus allowing the creation of engineered hydrogel scaffolds with a structure and function closely mimicking native tissues. In this review, we explore the various technologies available for the preparation of macroporous scaffolds and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidi A. Bencherif
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas M. Braschler
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Microsystems, STI-LMIS4, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Laboratory of Microsystems, STI-LMIS4, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Killion JA, Geever LM, Devine DM, Kennedy JE, Higginbotham CL. Mechanical properties and thermal behaviour of PEGDMA hydrogels for potential bone regeneration application. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2011; 4:1219-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang K, Cai L, Hao F, Xu X, Cui M, Wang S. Distinct Cell Responses to Substrates Consisting of Poly(ε-caprolactone) and Poly(propylene fumarate) in the Presence or Absence of Cross-Links. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2748-59. [DOI: 10.1021/bm1008102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kan Wang
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Lei Cai
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Feng Hao
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Xuemin Xu
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Meizhen Cui
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Shanfeng Wang
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
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Feng Y, Zhang S, Zhang L, Guo J, Xu Y. Synthesis and characterization of hydrophilic polyester-PEO networks with shape-memory properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ding Y, Wang J, Wong CS, Halley PJ, Guo Q. Synthesis, characterization and biocompatibility of novel biodegradable cross-linked co-polymers based on poly(propylene oxide) diglycidylether and polyethylenimine. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2010; 22:457-73. [PMID: 20566040 DOI: 10.1163/092050610x487747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel biodegradable cross-linked co-polymers were prepared from poly(propylene glycol) diglycidylether (PPGDGE) and poly(ethylene imine) (PEI). PPGDGE and PEI were mixed at ambient temperature with varying PEI concentrations of 10, 15, 18.5, 25, 30, 40 and 50 wt%; the homogenous PPGDGE/PEI mixtures obtained were cured at elevated temperatures, resulting in formation of PPG-PEI cross-linked co-polymers via ring-opening reaction of PPGDGE with PEI. The physicochemical and biological properties of these co-polymers were dependent on the PEI content and the extent of curing reaction. The glass transition temperature of PPG-PEI cross-linked co-polymers varied in the range from -14 to +42°C, while the co-polymers displayed composition-dependent mechanical behavior, from brittle to ductile with increasing PEI content from 18.5 wt% to 40 wt%. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were cultured on the PPG-PEI co-polymers; the MTT assay was used to measure cell viability and determine the cytotoxicity. The cell viability rate, relative to tissue-culture polystyrene (TCPS), increased from 49% to 125% with increasing PEI content from 18.5 wt% to 40 wt%. Although epoxy monomers usually exhibit cytotoxicity, the epoxy groups were exhausted via curing reaction in the fully cross-linked co-polymers. The PEI-cured PPG epoxy resin, i.e., PPG-PEI cross-linked co-polymers obtained in this study, showed excellent biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Ding
- Institute for Technology, Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia
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Zhou Z, Yang D, Nie J, Ren Y, Cui F. Injectable Poly(ethylene glycol) Dimethacrylate-based Hydrogels with Hydroxyapatite. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911509341774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels are attractive materials for tissue engineering as they provide fast reaction rates, low heat release, and biocompatibility for cell proliferation and permanent interface with surrounding tissue. A series of injectable poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) hydrogels with four different weight fractions of hydroxyapatite (HA) particles were prepared and thermal and mechanical properties evaluated. The cytocompatibility was assessed by examining the viability and morphology of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) seeded on the hydrogels. The in situ crosslink process displayed a vast decrease in the maximal temperature and an increase in the maximal temperature time. Cytocompatibility evaluation by MTT assay, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) showed that the cells on the composite hydrogels possessed better viability and adherence than the hydrogels without HA. The results indicated that composite hydrogels have potential as injectable materials for tissue engineering application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyou Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Key Lab. of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials; College of Material Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Dongzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Key Lab. of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials; College of Material Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Key Lab. of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials; College of Material Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China,
| | - Yongjuan Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Fuzhai Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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Buruiana T, Melinte V, Stroea L, Buruiana EC. Urethane Dimethacrylates with Carboxylic Groups as Potential Dental Monomers. Synthesis and Properties. Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.pj2009131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Peng HT, Martineau L, Shek PN. Hydrogel-elastomer composite biomaterials: 3. Effects of gelatin molecular weight and type on the preparation and physical properties of interpenetrating polymer networks. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2008; 19:997-1007. [PMID: 17665128 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-0167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To optimize the preparation of a gelatin-HydroThane Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN) and obtain optimum physical properties for its use as a wound dressing, we studied IPN films prepared with two types of gelatin having different molecular weights. The effects of the gelatin molecular weight and type on the IPN film's structure, morphology, swelling and mechanical properties were determined. While FTIR did not reveal any noticeable differences between the IPNs prepared using different gelatin, light microscopy showed a lesser phase separation of the film prepared with a high-molecular-weight type A gelatin. Furthermore, these films displayed slightly less swelling, higher strength and lower strain, compared to the IPNs prepared with either low-molecular-weight type A or type B gelatin. The IPN prepared with type B gelatin showed higher swelling in serum-containing medium than those prepared with type A gelatin, because of its ionic charges under the condition. Increases in viscosity were observed with increasing molecular weight, type A being more viscous than type B gelatin despite having a lower bloom number. The viscosity of the high-molecular-weight gelatin was in the same magnitude as that of HydroThane, which might lead to less phase separation. A better understanding of the effects of alterations in the gelatin molecular weight and type on the formation and properties of the gelatin-HydroThane IPN should facilitate the development of promising composite biomaterials for wound dressing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry T Peng
- Defence Research and Development Canada-Toronto, 1133 Sheppard Avenue West, P.O. Box 2000, Toronto, ON, Canada M3M 3B9.
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Wang S, Kempen DH, Simha NK, Lewis JL, Windebank AJ, Yaszemski MJ, Lu L. Photo-cross-linked hybrid polymer networks consisting of poly(propylene fumarate) and poly(caprolactone fumarate): controlled physical properties and regulated bone and nerve cell responses. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:1229-41. [PMID: 18307311 DOI: 10.1021/bm7012313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to achieve suitable polymeric biomaterials with controlled physical properties for hard and soft tissue replacements, we have developed a series of blends consisting of two photo-cross-linkable polymers: polypropylene fumarate (PPF) and polycaprolactone fumarate (PCLF). Physical properties of both un-cross-linked and UV cross-linked PPF/PCLF blends with PPF composition ranging from 0% to 100% have been investigated extensively. It has been found that the physical properties such as thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties could be modulated efficiently by varying the PPF composition in the blends. Thermal properties including glass transition temperature (T g) and melting temperature (T m) have been correlated with their rheological and mechanical properties. Surface characteristics such as surface morphology, hydrophilicity, and the capability of adsorbing serum protein from culture medium have also been examined for the cross-linked polymer and blend disks. For potential applications in bone and nerve tissue engineering, in vitro cell studies including cytotoxicity, cell adhesion, and proliferation on cross-linked disks with controlled physical properties have been performed using rat bone marrow stromal cells and SPL201 cells, respectively. In addition, the role of mechanical properties such as surface stiffness in modulating cell responses has been emphasized using this model blend system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanfeng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Clapper JD, Skeie JM, Mullins RF, Guymon CA. Development and characterization of photopolymerizable biodegradable materials from PEG–PLA–PEG block macromonomers. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Lin Y, Zhang KY, Dong ZM, Dong LS, Li YS. Study of Hydrogen-Bonded Blend of Polylactide with Biodegradable Hyperbranched Poly(ester amide). Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma070989a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Kun-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhong-Min Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Li-Song Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yue-Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Oudshoorn MHM, Rissmann R, Bouwstra JA, Hennink WE. Synthesis and characterization of hyperbranched polyglycerol hydrogels. Biomaterials 2006; 27:5471-9. [PMID: 16859743 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbranched polyglycerol (HyPG; M(n) 2000g/mol) was derivatized with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) in dimethyl sulfoxide using 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine as a catalyst to obtain methacrylated HyPG (HyPG-MA). The degree of substitution (DS, the percentage of derivatized hydroxyl groups), established by NMR and RP-HPLC, was fully controlled in the range of 0.7-70 by varying the molar ratio of GMA to HyPG in the reaction mixture. This indicates that for e.g. a DS of 28, 9 out of the 32 hydroxyl groups of a HyPG molecule were esterified with methacryloyl groups. Under the selected conditions, the reaction reached an equilibrium within 4h. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that under the applied conditions the reaction was reversible. Hydrogels were obtained by crosslinking HyPG-MA in aqueous solutions using potassium peroxodisulfate (KPS) and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) as initiator and catalyst, respectively. Within 10min, 99% of the methacryloyl groups were polymerized. Rheological analysis showed that the storage modulus of these gels could be tailored by varying the concentration of HyPG-MA in the aqueous solution as well as by the DS. Moreover, the obtained hydrogels have a limited swelling capacity indicating that rather dimensionally stable networks were obtained. As an alternative for radical polymerization with KPS and TEMED, the HyPG-MA could also be crosslinked by photopolymerization using Irgacure 2959 as photoinitiator. A methacrylate conversion of 99% was obtained within 3min of illumination. As for the gels prepared with KPS and TEMED, networks formed by photopolymerization also had a high shear storage modulus and showed limited swelling. Hydrogels based on HyPG have great potential as drug delivery matrices and for tissue engineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion H M Oudshoorn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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