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Sulaeva I, Sto̷pamo FG, Melikhov I, Budischowsky D, Rahikainen JL, Borisova A, Marjamaa K, Kruus K, Eijsink VGH, Várnai A, Potthast A. Beyond the Surface: A Methodological Exploration of Enzyme Impact along the Cellulose Fiber Cross-Section. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3076-3086. [PMID: 38634234 PMCID: PMC11094719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite the wide range of analytical tools available for the characterization of cellulose, the in-depth characterization of inhomogeneous, layered cellulose fiber structures remains a challenge. When treating fibers or spinning man-made fibers, the question always arises as to whether the changes in the fiber structure affect only the surface or the entire fiber. Here, we developed an analysis tool based on the sequential limited dissolution of cellulose fiber layers. The method can reveal potential differences in fiber properties along the cross-sectional profile of natural or man-made cellulose fibers. In this analytical approach, carbonyl groups are labeled with a carbonyl selective fluorescence label (CCOA), after which thin fiber layers are sequentially dissolved with the solvent system DMAc/LiCl (9% w/v) and analyzed with size exclusion chromatography coupled with light scattering and fluorescence detection. The analysis of these fractions allowed for the recording of the changes in the chemical structure across the layers, resulting in a detailed cross-sectional profile of the different functionalities and molecular weight distributions. The method was optimized and tested in practice with LPMO (lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase)-treated cotton fibers, where it revealed the depth of fiber modification by the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sulaeva
- Core
Facility Analysis of Lignocellulosics (ALICE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Fredrik Gjerstad Sto̷pamo
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU − Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ivan Melikhov
- Institute
of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Strasse
24, A-3430 Tulln
an der Donau, Austria
| | - David Budischowsky
- Institute
of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Strasse
24, A-3430 Tulln
an der Donau, Austria
| | - Jenni L. Rahikainen
- Solutions
for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Anna Borisova
- Solutions
for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kaisa Marjamaa
- Solutions
for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kristiina Kruus
- Solutions
for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU − Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU − Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute
of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Strasse
24, A-3430 Tulln
an der Donau, Austria
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Gusenbauer C, Nypelö T, Jakob DS, Xu XG, Vezenov DV, Asaadi S, Sixta H, Konnerth J. Differences in surface chemistry of regenerated lignocellulose fibers determined by chemically sensitive scanning probe microscopy. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2520-2527. [PMID: 33736273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuning the composition of regenerated lignocellulosic fibers in the production process enables targeting of specific material properties. In composite materials, such properties could be manipulated by controlled heterogeneous distribution of chemical components of regenerated fibers. This attribute requires a visualization method to show their inherent chemical characteristics. We compared complementary microscopic techniques to analyze the surface chemistry of four differently tuned regenerated lignocellulosic fibers. Adhesion properties were visualized with chemical force microscopy and showed contrasts towards hydrophilic and hydrophobic atomic force microscopy tips. Fibers containing xylan showed heterogeneous adhesion properties within the fiber structure towards hydrophilic tips. Additionally, peak force infrared microscopy mapped spectroscopic contrasts with nanometer resolution and provided point infrared spectra, which were consistent to classical infrared microscopy data. With this setup, infrared signals with a spatial resolution below 20 nm reveal chemical gradients in specific fiber types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gusenbauer
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Devon S Jakob
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Dmitri V Vezenov
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Shirin Asaadi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
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Colson J, Pettersson T, Asaadi S, Sixta H, Nypelö T, Mautner A, Konnerth J. Adhesion properties of regenerated lignocellulosic fibres towards poly(lactic acid) microspheres assessed by colloidal probe technique. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 532:819-829. [PMID: 30145523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the field of polymer reinforcement, it is important to understand the interactions involved between the polymer matrix and the reinforcing component. This paper is a contribution to the fundamental understanding of the adhesion mechanisms involved in natural fibre reinforced composites. We report on the use of the colloidal probe technique for the assessment of the adhesion behaviour between poly(lactic acid) microspheres and embedded cross-sections of regenerated lignocellulosic fibres. These fibres consisted of tailored mixtures of cellulose, lignin and xylan, the amount of which was determined beforehand. The influence of the chemical composition of the fibres on the adhesion behaviour was studied in ambient air and in dry atmosphere. In ambient air, capillary forces resulted in larger adhesion between the sphere and the fibres. Changing the ambient medium to a dry nitrogen atmosphere allowed reducing the capillary forces, leading to a drop in the adhesion forces. Differences between fibres of distinct chemical compositions could be measured only on freshly cut surfaces. Moreover, the surface energy of the fibres was assessed by inverse gas chromatography. Compared to fibres containing solely cellulose, the presence of lignin and/or hemicellulose led to higher adhesion and lower surface energy, suggesting that these chemicals could serve as natural coupling agents between hydrophobic and hydrophilic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Colson
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Torbjörn Pettersson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Fibre Technology, Teknikringen 58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Shirin Asaadi
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Andreas Mautner
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Materials Chemistry & Research, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
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Silbermann S, Weilach C, Kliba G, Fackler K, Potthast A. Improving molar mass analysis of cellulose samples with limited solubility. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 178:302-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Li J, Hu H, Li H, Huang L, Chen L, Ni Y. Kinetics and mechanism of hemicelluloses removal from cellulosic fibers during the cold caustic extraction process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 234:61-66. [PMID: 28319774 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effective separation of hemicelluloses and cellulose is desirable for the production of high-purity cellulose, which is a sustainable raw material for many value-added applications. For this purpose, the kinetics and mechanism of hemicelluloses removal from the cold caustic extraction (CCE) were investigated in the present study. The hemicelluloses removal process consists of: 1) the bulk phase, characteristic of significant hemicelluloses removal; 2) the transition phase, hemicelluloses transferring from the inner to the outer region of the fiber wall, with negligible overall hemicelluloses removal; 3) the residual phase, presenting a weak but continuing hemicelluloses removal. Furthermore, the enzymatic peeling method was adopted to study the fundamentals of hemicelluloses removal. The results showed that the molecular weight of hemicelluloses is the main parameter governing their diffusion/dissolution processes, and that the low molecular weight hemicelluloses are preferentially removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Li
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada; Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Huichao Hu
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Hailong Li
- Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Liulian Huang
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lihui Chen
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
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Effect of pretreatment on arabinoxylan distribution in wheat bran. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 121:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Altaner CM, Tokareva EN, Jarvis MC, Harris PJ. Distribution of (1->4)-beta-galactans, arabinogalactan proteins, xylans and (1->3)-beta-glucans in tracheid cell walls of softwoods. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 30:782-93. [PMID: 20382964 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpq021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides were located in the walls of normal and compression wood tracheids of Pinus radiata (radiata pine), Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce) and Picea abies (Norway spruce) by transmission electron microscopy using immunogold labelling with monoclonal antibodies to (1-->4)-beta-galactan (LM5), (1-->3)-beta-glucan, arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) (MAC207) and heteroxylans (LM10 and LM11). In fully differentiated compression wood tracheids, (1-->4)-beta-galactan was found in the S2((L)) layer and, to a smaller extent, at the interface between the compound middle lamella and the S1 layer. (1-->4)-beta-Galactan appeared to be displaced from, or modified in, the S1 layer during cell wall formation. (1-->3)-beta-Glucan (callose) was confined to the helical cavities in the inner S2 layer of severe compression wood. MAC207 AGP glycan epitope was found exclusively in the S1 and S3 layers of normal wood tracheids and in the S1 and inner S2 layers of compression wood tracheids. Binding of LM10, which specifically recognizes unsubstituted or low-substituted xylans, occurred at similar locations to the MAC207 epitope, whereas binding of LM11, which recognizes more highly substituted as well as unsubstituted xylans, occurred throughout the tracheid walls with the exception of the primary wall. Immunogold labelling showed that the different wall layers of softwood tracheids have different polysaccharide compositions which change abruptly during cell wall formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens M Altaner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Structural changes and alkaline solubility of wood cellulose fibers after enzymatic peeling treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yoneda Y, Krainz K, Liebner F, Potthast A, Rosenau T, Karakawa M, Nakatsubo F. “Furan Endwise Peeling” of Celluloses: Mechanistic Studies and Application Perspectives of a Novel Reaction. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abu-Rous M, Varga K, Bechtold T, Schuster KC. A new method to visualize and characterize the pore structure of TENCEL® (Lyocell) and other man-made cellulosic fibres using a fluorescent dye molecular probe. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Li P, Li SP, Wang YT. Optimization of CZE for analysis of phytochemical bioactive compounds. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:4808-19. [PMID: 17136720 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Advantages of CZE such as high efficiency, low cost, short analysis time, and easy implementation result in its wide applications for analysis of phytochemical bioactive compounds (e.g. flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic acid, saponins, anthraquinones and coumarins). However, several aspects, including sample preparation, separation, and detection have significant effects on CZE analysis. Therefore, optimization of these procedures is necessary for development of the method. In this review, sample preparation such as extraction method and preconcentration, separation factors including buffer type, concentration and pH, additives, voltage and temperature, as well as detection, e.g. direct and indirect UV detection, LIF and MS were discussed for optimization of CZE analysis on phytochemical bioactive compounds. The optimized strategies were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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