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Li J, Mathew AP. Effect of decoration route on the nanomechanical, adhesive, and force response of nanocelluloses-An in situ force spectroscopy study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279919. [PMID: 36595547 PMCID: PMC9810197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cellulose derivatives are widely applied in high-tech materials, the relation between their force responses and their surface chemical properties in a biological environment as a function of pH is unknown. Here, interaction forces of surface modified cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), lignin residual cellulose nanocrystals (LCNCs), and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose nanofibres (TCNFs) with OSO3-, COO- and lignin chemical groups were measured using in situ peak force quantitative nanomechanical mapping and force spectroscopy in salt solution at two pH values. We found that the forces acting between the tip and CNC or LCNC are steric dominated showing long range and slow decay as a result of their low surface charge density. High Mw lignin contributed to the increased repulsion range for LCNCs compared to CNCs. The repulsion measured for TCNFs at the very short range was electrostatic force dominating showing a steep decay attributed to its high surface charge density. In the case of TCNFs, electrostatic double layer force was also evidenced by the attraction measured at secondary minima. In all the three cases the electro steric interactions are pH dependent. Dissipation maps verified that the force behavior for each material was related to structural conformation restriction of the groups at compression. The slow decayed repulsion of CNCs or LCNCs is related to a weak restriction of conformational change due to small surface groups or high molecular weight bound polymers forming flat layers, whereas the steep repulsion of TCNFs is attributed to a strong conformation restriction of carboxylic groups occurred by forming extended structure. Our results suggest that the force responses of the materials were dominated by surface charges and structural differences. TCNFs showed superior nanomechanical and repulsion properties over CNCs or LCNCs at neutral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Aji P. Mathew
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Grafting PEG on cellulose nanocrystals via polydopamine chemistry and the effects of PEG graft length on the mechanical performance of composite film. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 271:118405. [PMID: 34364549 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with PEG grafts of various lengths (1 k, 2 k, 5 k, and 10 kDa) were prepared via a polydopamine (PDA) mediated method in the aqueous solution. The prepared CNC-PEGs were further used to reinforce the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) at the loading of 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt% in order to demonstrate the effects of the PEG length on the properties of the PVA/CNC nanocomposites. PEG surface modification resulted in simultaneous improvements in stiffness and toughness. The graft lengths have noticeable impacts on the properties of composites. The shorter graft yields better enhancement in strength and stiffness, attributable to the high efficiency in the stress transfer and high interface adhesion. The longer PEG graft length yields high graft-matrix entanglement, forming a thicker rubbery coating layer that enhances the toughness of PVA/CNC composites.
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Zheng T, Pilla S. Melt Processing of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Filled Composites: Toward Reinforcement and Foam Nucleation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zheng
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Clemson University, 4 Research Drive, Greenville, South Carolina 29607, United States
- Clemson Composites Center, Clemson University, Greenville, South Carolina 29607, United States
| | - Srikanth Pilla
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Clemson University, 4 Research Drive, Greenville, South Carolina 29607, United States
- Clemson Composites Center, Clemson University, Greenville, South Carolina 29607, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29602, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29602, United States
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Badal Tejedor M, Nordgren N, Schuleit M, Millqvist-Fureby A, Rutland MW. AFM Colloidal Probe Measurements Implicate Capillary Condensation in Punch-Particle Surface Interactions during Tableting. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:13180-13188. [PMID: 29048171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion of the powders to the punches is a common issue during tableting. This phenomenon is known as sticking and affects the quality of the manufactured tablets. Defective tablets increase the cost of the manufacturing process. Thus, the ability to predict the tableting performance of the formulation blend before the process is scaled-up is important. The adhesive propensity of the powder to the tableting tools is mostly governed by the surface-surface adhesive interactions. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) colloidal probe is a surface characterization technique that allows the measurement of the adhesive interactions between two materials of interest. In this study, AFM steel colloidal probe measurements were performed on ibuprofen, MCC (microcrystalline cellulose), α-lactose monohydrate, and spray-dried lactose particles as an approach to modeling the punch-particle surface interactions during tableting. The excipients (lactose and MCC) showed constant, small, attractive, and adhesive forces toward the steel surface after a repeated number of contacts. In comparison, ibuprofen displayed a much larger attractive and adhesive interaction increasing over time both in magnitude and in jump-in/jump-out separation distance. The type of interaction acting on the excipient-steel interface can be related to a van der Waals force, which is relatively weak and short-ranged. By contrast, the ibuprofen-steel interaction is described by a capillary force profile. Even though ibuprofen is not highly hydrophilic, the relatively smooth surfaces of the crystals allow "contact flooding" upon contact with the steel probe. Capillary forces increase because of the "harvesting" of moisture-due to the fast condensation kinetics-leaving a residual condensate that contributes to increase the interaction force after each consecutive contact. Local asperity contacts on the more hydrophilic surface of the excipients prevent the flooding of the contact zone, and there is no such adhesive effect under the same ambient conditions. The markedly different behavior detected by force measurements clearly shows the sticky and nonsticky propensity of the materials and allows a mechanistic description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Badal Tejedor
- RISE Bioscience and Materials, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden , Box 5607, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Nordgren
- RISE Bioscience and Materials, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden , Box 5607, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Schuleit
- Novartis Pharma AG, GDC, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Millqvist-Fureby
- RISE Bioscience and Materials, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden , Box 5607, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark W Rutland
- RISE Bioscience and Materials, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden , Box 5607, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Boujemaoui A, Cobo Sanchez C, Engström J, Bruce C, Fogelström L, Carlmark A, Malmström E. Polycaprolactone Nanocomposites Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals Surface-Modified via Covalent Grafting or Physisorption: A Comparative Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:35305-35318. [PMID: 28895728 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have been surface-modified either via covalent grafting or through physisorption of poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) and employed as reinforcement in PCL. Covalent grafting was achieved by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). Two approaches were utilized for the physisorption: using either micelles of poly(dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA-b-PBMA) or latex nanoparticles of poly(dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid)-block-poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (P(DMAEMA-co-MAA)-b-PBMA). Block copolymers (PDMAEMA-b-PBMA)s were obtained by ATRP and subsequently micellized. Latex nanoparticles were produced via reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) mediated surfactant-free emulsion polymerization, employing polymer-induced self-assembly (PISA) for the particle formation. For a reliable comparison, the amounts of micelles/latex particles adsorbed and the amount of polymer grafted onto the CNCs were kept similar. Two different chain lengths of PBMA were targeted, below and above the critical molecular weight for chain entanglement of PBMA (Mn,c ∼ 56 000 g mol-1). Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanocomposites reinforced with unmodified and modified CNCs in different weight percentages (0.5, 1, and 3 wt %) were prepared via melt extrusion. The resulting composites were evaluated by UV-vis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile testing. All materials resulted in higher transparency, greater thermal stability, and stronger mechanical properties than unfilled PCL and nanocomposites containing unmodified CNCs. The degradation temperature of PCL reinforced with grafted CNCs was higher than that of micelle-modified CNCs, and the latter was higher than that of latex-adsorbed CNCs with a long PBMA chain length. The results clearly indicate that covalent grafting is superior to physisorption with regard to thermal and mechanical properties of the final nanocomposite. This unique study is of great value for the future design of CNC-based nanocomposites with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assya Boujemaoui
- Division of Coating Technology and ‡Wallenberg Wood Science Center, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmen Cobo Sanchez
- Division of Coating Technology and ‡Wallenberg Wood Science Center, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim Engström
- Division of Coating Technology and ‡Wallenberg Wood Science Center, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Bruce
- Division of Coating Technology and ‡Wallenberg Wood Science Center, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Fogelström
- Division of Coating Technology and ‡Wallenberg Wood Science Center, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Carlmark
- Division of Coating Technology and ‡Wallenberg Wood Science Center, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Malmström
- Division of Coating Technology and ‡Wallenberg Wood Science Center, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Bruce C, Javakhishvili I, Fogelström L, Carlmark A, Hvilsted S, Malmström E. Well-defined ABA- and BAB-type block copolymers of PDMAEMA and PCL. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04325a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Xu H, Xie L, Jiang X, Li XJ, Li Y, Zhang ZJ, Zhong GJ, Li ZM. Toward Stronger Transcrystalline Layers in Poly(l-lactic acid)/Natural Fiber Biocomposites with the Aid of an Accelerator of Chain Mobility. J Phys Chem B 2013; 118:812-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jp409021q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xu
- College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Xie
- College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Jiang
- College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu-Juan Li
- College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-Jing Zhang
- College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gan-Ji Zhong
- College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
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