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Timsina H, McTyer J, Rao RR, Almodovar J. A comparative evaluation of layer-by-layer assembly techniques for surface modification of microcarriers used in human mesenchymal stromal cell manufacturing. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100605. [PMID: 35377534 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The demand for large quantities of highly potent human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) is growing given their therapeutic potential. To meet high production needs, suspension-based cell cultures using microcarriers are commonly used. Microcarriers are commonly made of or coated with extracellular matrix proteins or charged compounds to promote cell adhesion and proliferation. In this work, we demonstrate a simple method (draining filter) to perform layer by layer (LbL) assembly on microcarriers to create multilayers of heparin and collagen and further demonstrate that these multilayers have a positive effect on hMSC viability after 48 hours of culture. The draining filter method is evaluated against two other methods found in literature - centrifugation and fluidized bed, showing that the draining filter method can perform the surface modification with greater efficiency and with less materials and steps needed in the coating process. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanta Timsina
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Jasmine McTyer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, 127 Earle Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Raj R Rao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Jorge Almodovar
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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2
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Claus C, Fritz R, Schilling E, Reibetanz U. The Metabolic Response of Various Cell Lines to Microtubule-Driven Uptake of Lipid- and Polymer-Coated Layer-by-Layer Microcarriers. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1441. [PMID: 34575517 PMCID: PMC8465159 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid structures, such as liposomes or micelles, are of high interest as an approach to support the transport and delivery of active agents as a drug delivery system. However, there are many open questions regarding their uptake and impact on cellular metabolism. In this study, lipid structures were assembled as a supported lipid bilayer on top of biopolymer-coated microcarriers based on the Layer-by-Layer assembly strategy. The functionalized microcarriers were then applied to various human and animal cell lines in addition to primary human macrophages (MΦ). Here, their influence on cellular metabolism and their intracellular localization were detected by extracellular flux analysis and immunofluorescence analysis, respectively. The impact of microcarriers on metabolic parameters was in most cell types rather low. However, lipid bilayer-supported microcarriers induced a decrease in oxygen consumption rate (OCR, indicative for mitochondrial respiration) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR, indicative for glycolysis) in Vero cells. Additionally, in Vero cells lipid bilayer microcarriers showed a more pronounced association with microtubule filaments than polymer-coated microcarrier. Furthermore, they localized to a perinuclear region and induced nuclei with some deformations at a higher rate than unfunctionalized carriers. This association was reduced through the application of the microtubule polymerization inhibitor nocodazole. Thus, the effect of respective lipid structures as a drug delivery system on cells has to be considered in the context of the respective target cell, but in general can be regarded as rather low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Claus
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Fritz
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Erik Schilling
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Uta Reibetanz
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
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3
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Brueckner M, Hollenbach-Latzko S, Reibetanz U. Dual Transport of Active Substances with a Layer-by-Layer-Based Drug Delivery System to Terminate Inflammatory Processes. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000097. [PMID: 32627917 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Conventional therapies for chronic inflammation with high dose application of active agents are often accompanied with severe side effects so that other therapeutical strategies shall be developed to be less physically demanding but still highly efficient. Locally applied Layer-by-Layer (LbL) microcarriers transporting a low, but efficient dosage of active agents directly into the inflamed tissue offer a gentle therapy option. Here, the inhibition of highly degradative enzyme human neutrophile elastase (HNE) is adressed, which is produced and secreted by neutrophile granulocytes (PMNs) in the progress of inflammation. The protected transport and release of its natural inhibitor α1-antitrypsin (AT) as a constituent of the microcarrier's biopolymer multilayer allows for an efficient inhibition of extra- and intracellular elastase. The HOCl scavenger molecule cefoperazone, which preserves AT activity, as an additional multilayer constituent induces a much higher efficacy of the inhibitor. The successful assembly of both agents in different layers of the multilayer and the subsequent HNE inhibition in PMNs is investigated. The parallel application of cefoperazone leads to an enhanced inhibitory effect even with reduced AT amount and reduced carrier:cell ratio. It is demonstrated that the modular assembly strategy of LbL carriers allows for efficient synergistic effect of active agents in inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Brueckner
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstr 16-18, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
| | | | - Uta Reibetanz
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstr 16-18, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
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4
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Scheffler K, Bilz NC, Brueckner M, Stanifer ML, Boulant S, Claus C, Reibetanz U. Enhanced Uptake and Endosomal Release of LbL Microcarriers Functionalized with Reversible Fusion Proteins. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:1553-1567. [PMID: 35021646 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The efficient application of smart drug-delivery systems requires further improvement of their cellular uptake and in particular their release from endolysosomal compartments into the cytoplasm of target cells. The usage of virus proteins allows for such developments, as viruses have evolved efficient entry mechanisms into the cell, mediated by their fusion proteins. In our investigations, the transferability of the glycoprotein G which is a fusion protein of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G) onto the surface of a layer-by-layer (LbL) designed microcarrier was investigated. The assembly of VSV-G as a reversible viral fusion protein onto LbL microcarriers indeed induced an enhanced uptake rate on Vero cells as well as a fast and efficient release of the intact carriers from endolysosomes into the cytoplasm. Additionally, neither virus-associated effects on cellular viability nor activation of an interferon response were detected. Our study emphasizes the suitability of VSV-G as an efficient surface functionalization of drug-delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Scheffler
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole C Bilz
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mandy Brueckner
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Megan L Stanifer
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Research Group "Cellular Polarity and Viral Infection" (F140), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Claus
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uta Reibetanz
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
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5
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Barayeu U, Lange M, Méndez L, Arnhold J, Shadyro OI, Fedorova M, Flemmig J. Cytochrome c autocatalyzed carbonylation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and cardiolipins. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1816-1830. [PMID: 30541920 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c (cyt c) is a small hemoprotein involved in electron shuttling in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and is now also recognized as an important mediator of apoptotic cell death. Its role in inducing programmed cell death is closely associated with the formation of a complex with the mitochondrion-specific phospholipid cardiolipin (CL), leading to a gain of peroxidase activity. However, the molecular mechanisms behind this gain and eventual cyt c autoinactivation via its release from mitochondrial membranes remain largely unknown. Here, we examined the kinetics of the H2O2-mediated peroxidase activity of cyt c both in the presence and absence of tetraoleoyl cardiolipin (TOCL)- and tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin (TLCL)-containing liposomes to evaluate the role of cyt c-CL complex formation in the induction and stimulation of cyt c peroxidase activity. Moreover, we examined peroxide-mediated cyt c heme degradation to gain insights into the mechanisms by which cyt c self-limits its peroxidase activity. Bottom-up proteomics revealed >50 oxidative modifications on cyt c upon peroxide reduction. Of note, one of these by-products was the Tyr-based "cofactor" trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ) capable of inducing deamination of Lys ϵ-amino groups and formation of the carbonylated product aminoadipic semialdehyde. In view of these results, we propose that autoinduced carbonylation, and thus removal of a positive charge in Lys, abrogates binding of cyt c to negatively charged CL. The proposed mechanism may be responsible for release of cyt c from mitochondrial membranes and ensuing inactivation of its peroxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uladzimir Barayeu
- From the Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, and.,Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mike Lange
- From the Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, and.,Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lucía Méndez
- From the Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, and.,Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Marine Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain, and
| | - Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oleg I Shadyro
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, 220030 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Maria Fedorova
- From the Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, and .,Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Flemmig
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany,
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6
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Brueckner M, Scheffler K, Reibetanz U. Enhanced cytoplasmic release of drug delivery systems: chloroquine as a multilayer and template constituent of layer-by-layer microcarriers. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:5153-5163. [PMID: 32254542 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01202d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nano- and microcarriers as vehicles for active agents are applied to support them to reach their target in a defined, specific, and protected way. This implies not only a safe transport of agents towards the desired cell type or tissue but also the intracellular processing of the carrier: in particular, release of the incorporated carriers into the cytoplasm is a prerequisite for the successful subsequent delivery of most active agents and is often impeded by endolysosomal degenerative enzymes. We address this issue by using the layer-by-layer strategy of carrier assembly offering the opportunity to independently integrate and carry active agents but also specific agents preventing endolysosomal acidification. The weak base chloroquine (CQ) was investigated as a multilayer, template and capsule constituent regarding its ability to delay endolysosomal acidification and prolong the tolerable time frame in endolysosomes, which allows the carrier to finally escape into the cytoplasm. As a model and reporter active agent, plasmid encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein was used as a multilayer-assembly component to illustrate the cytoplasmic release of the intact carrier by final expression of the green fluorescent protein. Integrating CQ into the carrier, GFP expression could be strongly increased and a transfection efficiency of up to 20% could be obtained. This represents a very high transfection rate for a drug delivery system reached by only one additional reagent that has no further influence on the activity of the transported drug and cell viability, offering a significantly enhanced delivery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Brueckner
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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7
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Scheffler K, Claus C, Stanifer ML, Boulant S, Reibetanz U. Reversible Fusion Proteins as a Tool to Enhance Uptake of Virus-Functionalized LbL Microcarriers. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3212-3223. [PMID: 29966082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For the efficient treatment of an increasing number of diseases the development of new therapeutics as well as novel drug delivery systems is essential. Such drug delivery systems (DDS) must not only consider biodegradability and protective packaging but must also target and control the release of active substances, which is one of the most important points in DDS application. We highlight the improvement of these key aspects, the increased interaction rate of Layer-by-Layer (LbL) designed microcarriers as a promising DDS after functionalization with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). We make use of the unique conformational reversibility of the fusion protein of VSV as a surface functionalization of LbL microcarriers. This reversibility allows for VSV to be used both as a tool for assembly onto the DDS and as an initiator for an efficient cellular uptake. We could show that the evolutionary optimized viral fusion machinery can be successfully combined with a biophysical DDS for optimization of its cellular interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Scheffler
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Claudia Claus
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Megan L Stanifer
- Schaller research group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology , Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Schaller research group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology , Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany.,Research Group "Cellular polarity and viral infection" (F140), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Uta Reibetanz
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
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8
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Göse M, Scheffler K, Reibetanz U. Specific Uptake of Lipid-Antibody-Functionalized LbL Microcarriers by Cells. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3672-3682. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Göse
- Institute for Medical Physics
and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kira Scheffler
- Institute for Medical Physics
and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uta Reibetanz
- Institute for Medical Physics
and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Polomska A, Leroux JC, Brambilla D. Layer-by-Layer Coating of Solid Drug Cores: A Versatile Method to Improve Stability, Control Release and Tune Surface Properties. Macromol Biosci 2016; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Polomska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ); Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1-5/10 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ); Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1-5/10 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Davide Brambilla
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ); Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1-5/10 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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10
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Reibetanz U, Hübner D, Jung M, Liebert UG, Claus C. Influence of Growth Characteristics of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells on Their Uptake Efficiency for Layer-by-Layer Microcarriers. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6563-6573. [PMID: 27362252 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the ability to differentiate into any specialized somatic cell type, which makes them an attractive tool for a wide variety of scientific approaches, including regenerative medicine. However, their pluripotent state and their growth in compact colonies render them difficult to access and, therefore, restrict delivery of specific agents for cell manipulation. Thus, our investigation focus was set on the evaluation of the capability of layer-by-layer (LbL) designed microcarriers to serve as a potential drug delivery system to iPSCs, as they offer several appealing advantages. Most notably, these carriers allow for the transport of active agents in a protected environment and for a rather specific delivery through surface modifications. As we could show, charge and mode of LbL carrier application as well as the size of the iPSC colonies determine the interaction with and the uptake rate by iPSCs. None of the examined conditions had an influence on iPSC colony properties such as colony morphology and size or maintenance of pluripotent properties. An overall interaction rate of LbL carriers with iPSCs of up to 20% was achieved. Those data emphasize the applicability of LbL carriers for stem cell research. Additionally, the potential use of LbL carriers as a promising delivery tool for iPSCs was contrasted to viral particles and liposomes. The identified differences among those delivery tools have substantiated our major conclusion that LbL carrier uptake rate is influenced by characteristic features of the iPSC colonies (most notably colony size) in addition to their surface charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Reibetanz
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig , 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denise Hübner
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig , 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg , Halle, Germany
| | - Uwe Gerd Liebert
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig , 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Claus
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig , 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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