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Critical parameters for design and development of multivalent nanoconstructs: recent trends. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2335-2358. [PMID: 35013982 PMCID: PMC8747862 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A century ago, the groundbreaking concept of the magic bullet was given by Paul Ehrlich. Since then, this concept has been extensively explored in various forms to date. The concept of multivalency is among such advancements of the magic bullet concept. Biologically, the concept of multivalency plays a critical role in significantly huge numbers of biochemical interactions. This concept is the sole reason behind the higher affinity of biological molecules like viruses to more selectively target the host cell surface receptors. Multivalent nanoconstructs are a promising approach for drug delivery by the active targeting principle. Designing and developing effective and target-specific multivalent drug delivery nanoconstructs, on the other hand, remain a challenge. The underlying reason for this is a lack of understanding of the crucial interactions between ligands and cell surface receptors, as well as the design of nanoconstructs. This review highlights the need for a better theoretical understanding of the multivalent effect of what happens to the receptor-ligand complex after it has been established. Furthermore, the critical parameters for designing and developing robust multivalent systems have been emphasized. We have also discussed current advances in the design and development of multivalent nanoconstructs for drug delivery. We believe that a thorough knowledge of theoretical concepts and experimental methodologies may transform a brilliant idea into clinical translation.
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Böhmer VI, Szymanski W, Feringa BL, Elsinga PH. Multivalent Probes in Molecular Imaging: Reality or Future? Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:379-393. [PMID: 33436332 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly developing field of molecular medical imaging focuses on specific visualization of (patho)physiological processes through the application of imaging agents (IAs) in multiple clinical modalities. Although our understanding of the principles underlying efficient IAs design has increased tremendously, many IAs still show poor in vivo imaging performance because of low binding affinity and/or specificity. These limitations can be addressed by taking advantage of multivalency, in which multiple copies of a ligand are employed to strengthen the interaction. We critically address specific challenges associated with the application of multivalent compounds in molecular imaging, and we give directions for a stepwise approach to the design of multivalent imaging probes to improve their target binding and pharmacokinetics (PK) for improved diagnostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena I Böhmer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands; Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AF, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AF, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AF, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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3
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In Vitro Validation of Targeting and Comparison to Mathematical Modeling. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30051429 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8661-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Nanoparticle and other drug delivery platforms have demonstrated promising potential for the delivery of therapeutics or imaging agents in a specific and targeted manner. While a variety of drug delivery platforms have been applied to medicine, in vitro and in silico optimization and validation of these targeting constructs needs to be conducted to maximize in vivo delivery and efficacy. Here, we describe the mathematical and experimental models to predict and validate the transport of a peptide targeting construct through a mock tissue environment to specifically target tumor cells, relative to non-tumor cells. We provide methods to visualize and analyze fluorescence microscopy images, and also describe the methods for creating a finite element model (FEM) that validates important parameters of this experimental system. By comparing and contrasting mathematical modeling results with experimental results, important information can be imparted to the design and functionality of the targeting construct. This information will help to optimize construct design for future therapeutic delivery applications.
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Villaverde G, Alfranca A, Gonzalez-Murillo Á, Melen GJ, Castillo RR, Ramírez M, Baeza A, Vallet-Regí M. Molecular Scaffolds as Double-Targeting Agents For the Diagnosis and Treatment of Neuroblastoma. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3067-3072. [PMID: 30537383 PMCID: PMC6667334 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The selective delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents to tumoral cells has been postulated as one of the most important challenges in the nanomedicine field. Meta-iodobenzilguanidine (MIBG) is widely used for the diagnosis of neuroblastoma (NB) due to its strong affinity for the norepinephrine transporter (NET), usually overexpressed on the membrane of malignant cells. Herein, a family of novel Y-shaped scaffolds has been synthesized, which have structural analogues of MIBG covalently attached at each end of the Y-structure. The cellular uptake capacity of these double-targeting ligands has been evaluated in vitro and in vivo, yielding one specific Y-shaped structure that is able to be engulfed by the malignant cells, and accumulates in the tumoral tissue, at significantly higher levels than the structure containing only one single targeting agent. This Y-shaped ligand can provide a powerful tool for the current treatment and diagnosis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Villaverde
- Dpto. Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12 ¡ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Servicio de Inmunología. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria La Princesa. Diego de León, 62. 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - África Gonzalez-Murillo
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria La Princesa. Diego de León, 62. 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Pediátrica, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo J. Melen
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria La Princesa. Diego de León, 62. 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Pediátrica, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael R. Castillo
- Dpto. Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12 ¡ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria La Princesa. Diego de León, 62. 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Pediátrica, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Baeza
- Dpto. Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12 ¡ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Madrid, Spain
- Dpto. Materiales y Producción Aeroespacial, ETSI Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Dpto. Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12 ¡ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Madrid, Spain
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Villaverde G, Baeza A. Targeting strategies for improving the efficacy of nanomedicine in oncology. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 10:168-181. [PMID: 30746311 PMCID: PMC6350877 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles as drug carriers has provided a powerful weapon in the fight against cancer. These nanocarriers are able to transport drugs that exhibit very different nature such as lipophilic or hydrophilic drugs and big macromolecules as proteins or RNA. Moreover, the external surface of these carriers can be decorated with different moieties with high affinity for specific membrane receptors of the tumoral cells to direct their action specifically to the malignant cells. The selectivity improvement yielded by these nanocarriers provided a significative enhancement in the efficacy of the transported drug, while the apparition of side effects in the host was reduced. Additionally, it is possible to incorporate targeting moieties selective for organelles of the cell, which improves even more the effect of the transported agents. In the last years, more sophisticated strategies such as the use of switchable, hierarchical or double targeting strategies have been proposed for overcoming some of the limitations of conventional targeting strategies. In this review, recent advances in the development of targeted nanoparticles will be described with the aim to present the current state of the art of this technology and its huge potential in the oncological field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Villaverde
- Dpto. Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Baeza
- Dpto. Materiales y Producción Aeroespacial, ETSI Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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Villaverde G, Alfranca A, Gonzalez‐Murillo Á, Melen GJ, Castillo RR, Ramírez M, Baeza A, Vallet‐Regí M. Molecular Scaffolds as Double‐Targeting Agents For the Diagnosis and Treatment of Neuroblastoma. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Villaverde
- Dpto. Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas.Facultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n. Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12 Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de BioingenieríaBiomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Madrid Spain
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Servicio de Inmunología.Hospital Universitario de La Princesa Spain
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria La Princesa Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - África Gonzalez‐Murillo
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria La Princesa Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid Spain
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología PediátricaHospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Madrid Spain
| | - Gustavo J. Melen
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria La Princesa Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid Spain
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología PediátricaHospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Madrid Spain
| | - Rafael R. Castillo
- Dpto. Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas.Facultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n. Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12 Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de BioingenieríaBiomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Madrid Spain
| | - Manuel Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria La Princesa Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid Spain
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología PediátricaHospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Madrid Spain
| | - Alejandro Baeza
- Dpto. Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas.Facultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n. Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12 Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de BioingenieríaBiomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Madrid Spain
- Dpto. Materiales y Producción AeroespacialETSI Aeronáutica y del EspacioUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - María Vallet‐Regí
- Dpto. Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas.Facultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n. Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12 Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de BioingenieríaBiomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Madrid Spain
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Kalia P, Jain A, Radha Krishnan R, Demuth DR, Steinbach-Rankins JM. Peptide-modified nanoparticles inhibit formation of Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms with Streptococcus gordonii. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:4553-4562. [PMID: 28790818 PMCID: PMC5488760 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s139178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The interaction of Porphyromonas gingivalis with commensal streptococci promotes P. gingivalis colonization of the oral cavity. We previously showed that a synthetic peptide (BAR) derived from Streptococcus gordonii potently inhibited the formation of P. gingivalis/S. gordonii biofilms (IC50 =1.3 µM) and reduced P. gingivalis virulence in a mouse model of periodontitis. Thus, BAR represents a novel therapeutic to control periodontitis by limiting P. gingivalis colonization of the oral cavity. Here, we sought to develop drug-delivery vehicles for potential use in the oral cavity that comprise BAR-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). METHODS PLGA-NPs were initially modified with palmitylated avidin and subsequently conjugated with biotinylated BAR. The extent of BAR modification was quantified using a fluorescent-labeled peptide. Inhibition of P. gingivalis adherence to S. gordonii by BAR-modified NPs was compared with free peptide using a two-species biofilm model. RESULTS BAR-modified NPs exhibited an average size of 99±29 nm and a more positive surface charge than unmodified NPs (zeta potentials of -7 mV and -25 mV, respectively). Binding saturation occurred when 37 nmol BAR/mg of avidin-NPs was used, which resulted in a payload of 7.42 nmol BAR/mg NPs. BAR-modified NPs bound to P. gingivalis in a dose-dependent manner and more potently inhibited P. gingivalis/S. gordonii adherence and biofilm formation relative to an equimolar amount of free peptide (IC50 of 0.2 µM versus 1.3 µM). BAR-modified NPs also disrupted the preformed P. gingivalis/S. gordonii biofilms more effectively than free peptide. Finally, we demonstrate that BAR-modified NPs promoted multivalent association with P. gingivalis, providing an explanation for the increased effectiveness of NPs. CONCLUSION These results indicate that BAR-modified NPs deliver a higher local dose of peptide and may represent a more effective therapeutic approach to limit P. gingivalis colonization of the oral cavity compared to treatment with formulations of free peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paridhi Kalia
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry
| | - Ankita Jain
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry
| | - Ranjith Radha Krishnan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry
| | - Donald R Demuth
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine
| | - Jill M Steinbach-Rankins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville Speed School of Engineering.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine.,Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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8
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Vogelbaum MA, Aghi MK. Convection-enhanced delivery for the treatment of glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2015; 17 Suppl 2:ii3-ii8. [PMID: 25746090 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) remains a formidable challenge. Survival rates remain poor despite decades of clinical trials of conventional and novel, biologically targeted therapeutics. There is considerable evidence that most of these therapeutics do not reach their targets in the brain when administered via conventional routes (intravenous or oral). Hence, direct delivery of therapeutics to the brain and to brain tumors is an active area of investigation. One of these techniques, convection-enhanced delivery (CED), involves the implantation of catheters through which conventional and novel therapeutic formulations can be delivered using continuous, low-positive-pressure bulk flow. Investigation in preclinical and clinical settings has demonstrated that CED can produce effective delivery of therapeutics to substantial volumes of brain and brain tumor. However, limitations in catheter technology and imaging of delivery have prevented this technique from being reliable and reproducible, and the only completed phase III study in GBM did not show a survival benefit for patients treated with an investigational therapeutic delivered via CED. Further development of CED is ongoing, with novel catheter designs and imaging approaches that may allow CED to become a more effective therapeutic delivery technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Vogelbaum
- Brain Tumor & Neuro-Oncology Center and Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.A.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.K.A.)
| | - Manish K Aghi
- Brain Tumor & Neuro-Oncology Center and Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.A.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.K.A.)
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9
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Healy AT, Vogelbaum MA. Convection-enhanced drug delivery for gliomas. Surg Neurol Int 2015; 6:S59-67. [PMID: 25722934 PMCID: PMC4338487 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.151337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of aggressive multi-modality treatments, patients diagnosed with anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma continue to display poor median survival. The success of our current conventional and targeted chemotherapies are largely hindered by systemic- and neurotoxicity, as well as poor central nervous system (CNS) penetration. Interstitial drug administration via convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is an alternative that potentially overcomes systemic toxicities and CNS delivery issues by directly bypassing the blood–brain barrier (BBB). This novel approach not only allows for directed administration, but also allows for newer, tumor-selective agents, which would normally be excluded from the CNS due to molecular size alone. To date, randomized trials of CED therapy have yet to definitely show survival advantage as compared with today's standard of care, however, early studies appear to have been limited by “first generation” delivery techniques. Taking into consideration lessons learned from early trials along with decades of research, newer CED technologies and therapeutic agents are emerging, which are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Healy
- Neurosurgical Resident, Department of Neurological Surgery, Director, Center for Translational Therapeutics, Associate Director, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, ND40, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Michael A Vogelbaum
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Director, Center for Translational Therapeutics, Associate Director, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, ND40, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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10
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Bryden F, Savoie H, Rosca EV, Boyle RW. PET/PDT theranostics: synthesis and biological evaluation of a peptide-targeted gallium porphyrin. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:4925-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02949f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In pursuit of the goal of a molecular theranostic suitable for use as a PET radiotracer and a photosensitiser for PDT, a novel 68Ga radiolabelled peptide–porphyrin conjugate targeting the α6β1-integrin has been developed.
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11
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Hart NJ, Chung WJ, Weber C, Ananthakrishnan K, Anderson M, Patek R, Zhang Z, Limesand SW, Vagner J, Lynch RM. Hetero-bivalent GLP-1/glibenclamide for targeting pancreatic β-cells. Chembiochem 2013; 15:135-45. [PMID: 24259278 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) cell signalling cascades are initiated upon binding of a specific agonist ligand to its cell surface receptor. Linking multiple heterologous ligands that simultaneously bind and potentially link different receptors on the cell surface is a unique approach to modulate cell responses. Moreover, if the target receptors are selected based on analysis of cell-specific expression of a receptor combination, then the linked binding elements might provide enhanced specificity of targeting the cell type of interest, that is, only to cells that express the complementary receptors. Two receptors whose expression is relatively specific (in combination) to insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells are the sulfonylurea-1 (SUR1) and the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors. A heterobivalent ligand was assembled from the active fragment of GLP-1 (7-36 GLP-1) and glibenclamide, a small organic ligand for SUR1. The synthetic construct was labelled with Cy5 or europium chelated in DTPA to evaluate binding to β-cells, by using fluorescence microscopy or time-resolved saturation and competition binding assays, respectively. Once the ligand binds to β-cells, it is rapidly capped and presumably removed from the cell surface by endocytosis. The bivalent ligand had an affinity approximately fivefold higher than monomeric europium-labelled GLP-1, likely a result of cooperative binding to the complementary receptors on the βTC3 cells. The high-affinity binding was lost in the presence of either unlabelled monomer, thus demonstrating that interaction with both receptors is required for the enhanced binding at low concentrations. Importantly, bivalent enhancement was accomplished in a cell system with physiological levels of expression of the complementary receptors, thus indicating that this approach might be applicable for β-cell targeting in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Hart
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, 1656 E. Mabel St., Tucson, AZ 85721 (USA)
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12
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Multivalent ligand: design principle for targeted therapeutic delivery approach. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:1171-87. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multivalent interactions of biological molecules play an important role in many biochemical events. A multivalent ligand comprises of multiple copies of ligands conjugated to scaffolds, allowing the simultaneous binding of multivalent ligands to multiple binding sites or receptors. Many research groups have successfully designed and synthesized multivalent ligands to increase the binding affinity, avidity and specificity of the ligand to the receptor. A multimeric ligand is a promising option for the specific treatment of diseases. In this review, the factors affecting multivalent interactions, including the size and shape of the ligand, geometry and an arrangement of ligands on the scaffold, linker length, thermodynamic, and kinetics of the interactions are discussed. Examples of the multivalent ligand applications for therapeutic delivery are also summarized.
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13
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Brabez N, Lynch RM, Xu L, Gillies RJ, Chassaing G, Lavielle S, Hruby VJ. Design, synthesis, and biological studies of efficient multivalent melanotropin ligands: tools toward melanoma diagnosis and treatment. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7375-84. [PMID: 21928837 DOI: 10.1021/jm2009937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To achieve early detection and specific cancer treatment, we propose the use of multivalent interactions in which a series of binding events leads to increased affinity and consequently to selectivity. Using melanotropin (MSH) ligands, our aim is to target melanoma cells which overexpress melanocortin receptors. In this study, we report the design and efficient synthesis of new trivalent ligands bearing MSH ligands. Evaluation of these multimers on a cell model engineered to overexpress melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4R) showed up to a 350-fold increase in binding compared to the monomer, resulting in a trivalent construct with nanomolar affinity starting from a micromolar affinity ligand. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production was also investigated, leading to more insights into the effects of multivalent compounds on transduction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Brabez
- UPMC Paris06, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules, Université P. et M. Curie, 75005 Paris France
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14
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Jordan VC, Caplan MR, Bennett KM. Simplified synthesis and relaxometry of magnetoferritin for magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 2011; 64:1260-6. [PMID: 20677230 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Magnetoferritin nanoparticles have been developed as high-relaxivity, functional contrast agents for MRI. Several previous techniques have relied on unloading native ferritin and re-incorporation of iron into the core, often resulting in a polydisperse sample. Here, a simplified technique is developed using commercially available horse spleen apoferritin to create monodisperse magnetoferritin. Iron oxide atoms were incorporated into the protein core via a step-wise Fe(II)Chloride addition to the protein solution under low O(2) conditions; subsequent filtration steps allow for separation of completely filled and superparamagnetic magnetoferritin from the partially filled ferritin. This method yields a monodisperse and homogenous solution of spherical particles with magnetic properties that can be used for molecular magnetic resonance imaging. With a transverse per-iron and per-particle relaxivity of 78 mM(-1) sec(-1) and 404,045 mM(-1) sec(-1), respectively, it is possible to detect ∼ 10 nM nanoparticle concentrations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Clavijo Jordan
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-9709, USA
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15
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Stukel JM, Li RC, Maynard HD, Caplan MR. Two-step synthesis of multivalent cancer-targeting constructs. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:160-7. [PMID: 19924844 DOI: 10.1021/bm9010276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective targeting of constructs to pathological cells by conjugating one or more ligands for an overexpressed receptor has been proposed to enhance the delivery of therapeutics to and imaging of specific cells of interest. Previous work in our lab has demonstrated the efficacy of targeting glioblastoma cells with a multivalent, biomacromolecular construct targeted to the alpha(6)beta(1)-integrin. However, solid-phase synthesis of this construct was inefficient in terms of cost and number of steps. Here we show proof-of-concept of a two-step synthesis that can be used to create similar constructs targeted to glioblastoma cells. Specifically, a well-defined aldehyde side chain polymer was synthesized and oxime chemistry was employed to conjugate ligands specific for the alpha(6)beta(1)-integrin. These constructs were then tested in competitive binding, fluorescence binding, and toxicity assays, through which we demonstrate that constructs are multivalent, preferentially target glioblastoma cells, and are nontoxic. Rapid, potentially low-cost synthesis of targeting constructs will enable their use in the clinic and for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Stukel
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Center for Interventional Biomaterials, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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16
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Rosca EV, Gillies RJ, Caplan MR. Glioblastoma targeting via integrins is concentration dependent. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 104:408-17. [PMID: 19575417 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach to treat cancer more selectively is achieved by targeting drugs to cells via conjugating the drug or imaging agent to an antibody or ligand for a cell surface receptor that is over-expressed by the target cell population. Previous work by us has suggested that enhanced specificity can be obtained by multivalency of binding moieties. In this study we investigated the binding specificity of a multivalent construct including three peptides segments (TWYKIAFQRNRK), which bind the alpha(6)beta(1)-integrin, linked by poly(ethylene glycol) spacers. The binding specificity of the constructs was calculated by quantifying their binding to target cells (glioma cells, SF 767) relative to non-targeted cells (normal human astrocytes, NHA). Dodecapeptide constructs (monovalent) exhibit specificity equal to the ratio of receptor expression at all concentrations. However, trivalent constructs demonstrated a sharp increase in specificity at concentrations less than the affinity of the receptor-ligand bond (4.28 microM). These experiments (conducted at 4 degrees C) were consistent with the theoretical prediction and indicate that the biophysical model captures the basic trend of the data in the absence of receptor internalization, although the concentration at which increased specificity is observed is greater than predicted. The biophysical model does not predict the results of 37 degrees C experiments, and this is shown to be due to internalization which occurs at 37 degrees C but not at 4 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Rosca
- Harrington Department of Bioengineering, Arizona State University, PO Box 879709, Tempe, Arizona 85287-9709, USA
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17
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Stukel JM, Caplan MR. Targeted drug delivery for treatment and imaging of glioblastoma multiforme. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:705-18. [PMID: 19538036 DOI: 10.1517/17425240902988470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is a grade IV astrocytic tumor with a very high mortality rate. Although current treatment often includes surgical resection, this rarely removes all primary tumor cells, so is usually followed by radiation and/or chemotherapy. Remaining migratory tumor cells invade surrounding healthy tissue and contribute to secondary and tertiary tumor recurrence; therefore, despite significant research into glioma removal and treatment, prognosis remains poor. A variety of treatment modalities have been investigated to deliver drug to these cells, including systemic, diffusive and convection-enhanced delivery (CED). As systemic delivery is limited by molecules larger than approximately 500 Da being unable to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), therapeutic concentrations are difficult to attain; thus, localized delivery options relying on diffusion and CED have been used to circumvent the BBB. Although CED enables delivery to a greater volume of tissue than diffusive delivery alone, limitations still exist, requiring that these delivery strategies be improved. This review enumerates the strengths and weaknesses of these currently used strategies and details how predictive mathematical modeling can be used to aid investigators in optimizing these delivery modalities for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Stukel
- Arizona State University, Center for Interventional Biomaterials, Harrington Department of Bioengineering, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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18
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Abstract
Eukaryotic DNA is packaged into a nucleoprotein structure known as chromatin, which is comprised of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins. Chromatin structure is highly dynamic, and can shift from a transcriptionally inactive state to an active form in response to intra- and extracellular signals. A major factor in chromatin architecture is the covalent modification of histones through the addition of chemical moieties, such as acetyl, methyl, ubiquitin, and phosphate groups. The acetylation of the amino-terminal tails of histones is a process that is highly conserved in eukaryotes, and was one of the earliest histone modifications characterized. Since its identification in 1964, a large body of evidence has accumulated demonstrating that histone acetylation plays an important role in transcription. Despite our ever-growing understanding of the nuclear processes involved in nucleosome acetylation, however, the exact biochemical mechanisms underlying the downstream effects of histone acetylation have yet to be fully elucidated. To date, histone acetylation has been proposed to function in 2 nonmutually exclusive manners: by directly altering chromatin structure, and by acting as a molecular tag for the recruitment of chromatin-modifying complexes. Here, we discuss recent research focusing on these 2 potential roles of histone acetylation and clarify what we actually know about the function of this modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BCV6T1Z3, Canada
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Shewmake TA, Solis FJ, Gillies RJ, Caplan MR. Effects of Linker Length and Flexibility on Multivalent Targeting. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:3057-64. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800529b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Shewmake
- Harrington Department of Bioengineering and Center for Interventional Biomaterials, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, Department of Integrated Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West, Phoenix, Arizona 85032, and Department of Radiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Francisco J. Solis
- Harrington Department of Bioengineering and Center for Interventional Biomaterials, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, Department of Integrated Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West, Phoenix, Arizona 85032, and Department of Radiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Robert J. Gillies
- Harrington Department of Bioengineering and Center for Interventional Biomaterials, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, Department of Integrated Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West, Phoenix, Arizona 85032, and Department of Radiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Michael R. Caplan
- Harrington Department of Bioengineering and Center for Interventional Biomaterials, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, Department of Integrated Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West, Phoenix, Arizona 85032, and Department of Radiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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