1
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Schmitt S, Nuhn L, Barz M, Butt HJ, Koynov K. Shining Light on Polymeric Drug Nanocarriers with Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100892. [PMID: 35174569 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles as carriers is an extremely promising way for administration of therapeutic agents, such as drug molecules, proteins and nucleic acids. Such nanocarriers (NCs) can increase the solubility of hydrophobic compounds, protect their cargo from the environment, and if properly functionalized, deliver it to specific target cells and tissues. Polymer-based NCs are especially promising, because they offer high degree of versatility and tunability. However, in order to get a full advantage of this therapeutic approach and develop efficient delivery systems, a careful characterization of the NCs is needed. This Feature Article highlights the fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) technique as a powerful and versatile tool for NCs characterization at all stages of the drug delivery process. In particular, FCS can monitor and quantify the size of the NCs and the drug loading efficiency after preparation, the NCs stability and possible interactions with, e.g., plasma proteins in the blood stream and the kinetic of drug release in the cytoplasm of the target cells. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Schmitt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Jürgen Butt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
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2
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Chaya H, Naito M, Cho M, Toh K, Hayashi K, Fukushima S, Yamasaki Y, Kataoka K, Miyata K. Dynamic Stabilization of Unit Polyion Complexes Incorporating Small Interfering RNA by Fine-Tuning of Cationic Block Length in Two-Branched Poly(ethylene glycol)- b-poly(l-lysine). Biomacromolecules 2021; 23:388-397. [PMID: 34935361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To stabilize small interfering RNA (siRNA) in the bloodstream for systemic RNAi therapeutics, we previously fabricated ultrasmall siRNA nanocarriers that were sub-20 nm in hydrodynamic diameter, named as unit polyion complexes (uPICs), using two-branched poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-lysine) (bPEG-PLys). The blood retention time of uPICs is dramatically increased in the presence of free bPEG-PLys, suggesting dynamic stabilization of uPICs by free bPEG-PLys based on their equilibrium. Herein, we examined how the degree of polymerization of PLys (DPPLys) affected the dynamic stability of uPICs in the bloodstream during prolonged circulation. We prepared a series of bPEG-PLys with DPPLys values of 10, 13, 20, 40, and 80 for the uPIC formation and siRNA with 40 negative charges. These bPEG-PLys were then evaluated in physicochemical characterization and pharmacokinetic analyses. Structural analyses revealed that the uPIC size and association numbers were mainly determined by the molecular weights of PEG and DPPLys, respectively. Under bPEG-PLys-rich conditions, the hydrodynamic diameters of uPICs were 15-20 nm, which were comparable to that of the bPEG block (i.e., ∼18 nm). Importantly, DPPLys significantly affected the association constant of bPEG-PLys to siRNA (Ka) and blood retention of free bPEG-PLys. A smaller DPPLys resulted in a lower Ka and a longer blood retention time of free bPEG-PLys. Thus, DPPLys can control the dynamic stability of uPICs, i.e., the balance between Ka and blood concentration of free bPEG-PLys. Ultimately, the bPEG-PLys with DPPLys values of 14 and 19 prolonged the blood circulation of siRNA-loaded uPICs with relatively small amounts of free bPEG-PLys. This study revealed that the uPIC formation between siRNA and bPEG-PLys can be controlled by their charges, which may be helpful for designing PIC-based delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Chaya
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Naito
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masaru Cho
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuko Toh
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hayashi
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Shigeto Fukushima
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yamasaki
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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3
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Liu Y, Yin L. α-Amino acid N-carboxyanhydride (NCA)-derived synthetic polypeptides for nucleic acids delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:139-163. [PMID: 33333206 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, gene therapy has come into the spotlight for the prevention and treatment of a wide range of diseases. Polypeptides have been widely used in mediating nucleic acid delivery, due to their versatilities in chemical structures, desired biodegradability, and low cytotoxicity. Chemistry plays an essential role in the development of innovative polypeptides to address the challenges of producing efficient and safe gene vectors. In this Review, we mainly focused on the latest chemical advances in the design and preparation of polypeptide-based nucleic acid delivery vehicles. We first discussed the synthetic approach of polypeptides via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs), and introduced the various types of polypeptide-based gene delivery systems. The extracellular and intracellular barriers against nucleic acid delivery were then outlined, followed by detailed review on the recent advances in polypeptide-based delivery systems that can overcome these barriers to enable in vitro and in vivo gene transfection. Finally, we concluded this review with perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lichen Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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4
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Freitag F, Wagner E. Optimizing synthetic nucleic acid and protein nanocarriers: The chemical evolution approach. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 168:30-54. [PMID: 32246984 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optimizing synthetic nanocarriers is like searching for a needle in a haystack. How to find the most suitable carrier for intracellular delivery of a specified macromolecular nanoagent for a given disease target location? Here, we review different synthetic 'chemical evolution' strategies that have been pursued. Libraries of nanocarriers have been generated either by unbiased combinatorial chemistry or by variation and novel combination of known functional delivery elements. As in natural evolution, definition of nanocarriers as sequences, as barcode or design principle, may fuel chemical evolution. Screening in appropriate test system may not only provide delivery candidates, but also a refined understanding of cellular delivery including novel, unpredictable mechanisms. Combined with rational design and computational algorithms, candidates can be further optimized in subsequent evolution cycles into nanocarriers with improved safety and efficacy. Optimization of nanocarriers differs for various cargos, as illustrated for plasmid DNA, siRNA, mRNA, proteins, or genome-editing nucleases.
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5
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Kim BS, Naito M, Chaya H, Hori M, Hayashi K, Min HS, Yi Y, Kim HJ, Nagata T, Anraku Y, Kishimura A, Kataoka K, Miyata K. Noncovalent Stabilization of Vesicular Polyion Complexes with Chemically Modified/Single-Stranded Oligonucleotides and PEG- b-guanidinylated Polypeptides for Intracavity Encapsulation of Effector Enzymes Aimed at Cooperative Gene Knockdown. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4365-4376. [PMID: 32924444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
For the simultaneous delivery of antisense oligonucleotides and their effector enzymes into cells, nanosized vesicular polyion complexes (PICs) were fabricated from oppositely charged polyion pairs of oligonucleotides and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-b-polypeptides. First, the polyion component structures were carefully designed to facilitate a multimolecular (or secondary) association of unit PICs for noncovalent (or chemical cross-linking-free) stabilization of vesicular PICs. Chemically modified, single-stranded oligonucleotides (SSOs) dramatically stabilized the multimolecular associates under physiological conditions, compared to control SSOs without chemical modifications and duplex oligonucleotides. In addition, a high degree of guanidino groups in the polypeptide segment was also crucial for the high stability of multimolecular associates. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy revealed the stabilized multimolecular associates to have a 100 nm sized vesicular architecture with a narrow size distribution. The loading number of SSOs per nanovesicle was determined to be ∼2500 using fluorescence correlation spectroscopic analyses with fluorescently labeled SSOs. Furthermore, the nanovesicle stably encapsulated ribonuclease H (RNase H) as an effector enzyme at ∼10 per nanovesicle through simple vortex-mixing with preformed nanovesicles. Ultimately, the RNase H-encapsulated nanovesicle efficiently delivered SSOs with RNase H into cultured cancer cells, thereby eliciting the significantly higher gene knockdown compared with empty nanovesicles (without RNase H) or a mixture of nanovesicles with RNase H without encapsulation. These results demonstrate the great potential of noncovalently stabilized nanovesicles for the codelivery of two varying bio-macromolecule payloads for ensuring their cooperative biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beob Soo Kim
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Naito
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Chaya
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Mao Hori
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hayashi
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hyun Su Min
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yu Yi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nagata
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Anraku
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kishimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan.,Institute for Future Initiatives, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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6
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Miyazaki T, Igarashi K, Matsumoto Y, Cabral H. One-Pot Synthesis of PEG–Poly(amino acid) Block Copolymers Assembling Polymeric Micelles with PEG-Detachable Functionality. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:5727-5733. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Miyazaki
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazunori Igarashi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yu Matsumoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Horacio Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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7
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Kim HJ, Yi Y, Kim A, Miyata K. Small Delivery Vehicles of siRNA for Enhanced Cancer Targeting. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2377-2390. [PMID: 29864287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) drugs have been considered to treat various diseases in major organs. However, siRNA drugs developed for cancer therapy are hindered from proceeding to the clinic. To date, various delivery formulations have been developed from cationic lipids, polymers, and/or inorganic nanoparticles for systemic siRNA delivery to solid tumors. Most of these delivery vehicles do not generate small particle sizes and pharmacokinetics required for accumulation in target cancer cells compared with clinically tested anticancer drug-loaded polymeric micelles. This review describes the significance of small, long-circulating vehicles for efficient delivery of siRNA to cancer tissues via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. We summarize recent biological evidence that supports the size effect of delivery vehicles in tumor microenvironments and introduce promising strategies for the construction of small vehicles with sizes of 10-50 nm. We then discuss the feasibility of these delivery vehicles with respect to translation to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Kim
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Yu Yi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan.,CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , National Center for Nanosciecne and Technology , No. 11 Beiyitiao , Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Ahram Kim
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennoudai , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8573 , Japan
| | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
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8
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Naito M, Yoshinaga N, Ishii T, Matsumoto A, Miyahara Y, Miyata K, Kataoka K. Enhanced Intracellular Delivery of siRNA by Controlling ATP-Responsivity of Phenylboronic Acid-Functionalized Polyion Complex Micelles. Macromol Biosci 2017; 18. [PMID: 29250901 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a long-standing challenge in oligonucleotide therapeutics. Herein, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-responsive polyion complex micelles assembled from poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(l-lysine) (PEG-PLys) bearing 4-carboxy-3-fluorophenylboronic acid (FPBA) moiety in the PLys side chains (FPBA micelle) for the delivery of cholesterol-modified siRNA (Chol-siRNA) are described. The pKa of FPBA moiety is 7.2 and, therefore, it exists in equilibrium between negatively charged tetravalent and noncharged hydrophobic trivalent forms in physiological pH conditions. Each form cooperatively stabilizes the micelle in distinct modes, that is, a covalent ester-linkage between charged boronate and ribose functionality at 3' ends of Chol-siRNA and a hydrophobic interaction between noncharged boronic acid and Chol-siRNA. When exposed to ATP at a concentration associated with the intracellular environment, the Chol-siRNA/boronate linkage is readily cleaved to facilitate the release of Chol-siRNA into cytoplasm. In order to further optimize this switching capability, the effect of FPBA modification rate is studied for the resulting ATP-responsive behavior of the micelles. As a result, the range of 23-35% in the modification rate is found suitable to maximize the gene silencing efficiency, demonstrating the potential of the FPBA-modified micelles as ATP-responsive smart siRNA carrier systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Naito
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoto Yoshinaga
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ishii
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Akira Matsumoto
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan.,Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyahara
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan.,Policy Alternatives Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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9
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Lee DJ, Kessel E, Lehto T, Liu X, Yoshinaga N, Padari K, Chen YC, Kempter S, Uchida S, Rädler JO, Pooga M, Sheu MT, Kataoka K, Wagner E. Systemic Delivery of Folate-PEG siRNA Lipopolyplexes with Enhanced Intracellular Stability for In Vivo Gene Silencing in Leukemia. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2393-2409. [PMID: 28772071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against degradation and targeted delivery across the plasma and endosomal membranes to the final site of RNA interference (RNAi) are major aims for the development of siRNA therapeutics. Targeting for folate receptor (FR)-expressing tumors, we optimized siRNA polyplexes by coformulating a folate-PEG-oligoaminoamide (for surface shielding and targeting) with one of three lipo-oligoaminoamides (optionally tyrosine-modified, for optimizing stability and size) to generate ∼100 nm targeted lipopolyplexes (TLPs), which self-stabilize by cysteine disulfide cross-links. To better understand parameters for improved tumor-directed gene silencing, we analyzed intracellular distribution and siRNA release kinetics. FR-mediated endocytosis and endosomal escape of TLPs was confirmed by immuno-TEM. We monitored colocalization of TLPs with endosomes and lysosomes, and onset of siRNA release by time-lapse confocal microscopy; analyzed intracellular stability by FRET using double-labeled siRNA; and correlated results with knockdown of eGFPLuc protein and EG5 mRNA expression. The most potent formulation, TLP1, containing lipopolyplex-stabilizing tyrosine trimers, was found to unpack siRNA in sustained manner with up to 5-fold higher intracellular siRNA stability after 4 h compared to other TLPs. Unexpectedly, data indicated that intracellular siRNA stability instead of an early endosomal exit dominate as a deciding factor for silencing efficiency of TLPs. After i.v. administration in a subcutaneous leukemia mouse model, TLP1 exhibited ligand-dependent tumoral siRNA retention, resulting in 65% EG5 gene silencing at mRNA level without detectable adverse effects. In sum, tyrosine-modified TLP1 conveys superior protection of siRNA for an effective tumor-targeted delivery and RNAi in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Jang Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) , Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Kessel
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) , Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Taavi Lehto
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Xueying Liu
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Institute of Industry Promotion-Kawasaki , 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, 210-0821 Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Naoto Yoshinaga
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kärt Padari
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology and Institute of Technology, University of Tartu , 23 Riia Str., 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ying-Chen Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University , No. 250, Wuxin St., 11031 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susanne Kempter
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Satoshi Uchida
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Institute of Industry Promotion-Kawasaki , 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, 210-0821 Kawasaki, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joachim O Rädler
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) , Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany.,Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Margus Pooga
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology and Institute of Technology, University of Tartu , 23 Riia Str., 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ming-Thau Sheu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University , No. 250, Wuxin St., 11031 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Institute of Industry Promotion-Kawasaki , 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, 210-0821 Kawasaki, Japan.,Policy Alternatives Research Institute, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) , Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
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10
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Small nanosized poly(vinyl benzyl trimethylammonium chloride) based polyplexes for siRNA delivery. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:388-396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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11
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Stocke NA, Zhang X, Hilt JZ, DeRouchey JE. Transport in PEG-Based Hydrogels: Role of Water Content at Synthesis and Crosslinker Molecular Weight. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael A. Stocke
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; University of Kentucky; Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Kentucky; Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - J. Zach Hilt
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; University of Kentucky; Lexington KY 40506 USA
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12
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Lee SJ, Kim MJ, Kwon IC, Roberts TM. Delivery strategies and potential targets for siRNA in major cancer types. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 104:2-15. [PMID: 27259398 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has gained attention as a potential therapeutic reagent due to its ability to inhibit specific genes in many genetic diseases. For many years, studies of siRNA have progressively advanced toward novel treatment strategies against cancer. Cancer is caused by various mutations in hundreds of genes including both proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. In order to develop siRNAs as therapeutic agents for cancer treatment, delivery strategies for siRNA must be carefully designed and potential gene targets carefully selected for optimal anti-cancer effects. In this review, various modifications and delivery strategies for siRNA delivery are discussed. In addition, we present current thinking on target gene selection in major tumor types.
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13
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Greco CT, Epps TH, Sullivan MO. Mechanistic Design of Polymer Nanocarriers to Spatiotemporally Control Gene Silencing. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:1582-1594. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad T. Greco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Millicent O. Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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14
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Hayashi K, Chaya H, Fukushima S, Watanabe S, Takemoto H, Osada K, Nishiyama N, Miyata K, Kataoka K. Influence of RNA Strand Rigidity on Polyion Complex Formation with Block Catiomers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:486-93. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Hayashi
- Department of Bioengineering; Graduate School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Chaya
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shigeto Fukushima
- Department of Materials Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Sumiyo Watanabe
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Takemoto
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Polymer Chemistry Division; Chemical Resources Laboratory; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 4259 Nagatsuta Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Kensuke Osada
- Department of Bioengineering; Graduate School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency; PRESTO; 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Polymer Chemistry Division; Chemical Resources Laboratory; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 4259 Nagatsuta Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine; Institute of Industry Promotion-Kawasaki; 3-25-14 Tonomachi Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821 Japan
| | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Department of Bioengineering; Graduate School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Department of Materials Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine; Institute of Industry Promotion-Kawasaki; 3-25-14 Tonomachi Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821 Japan
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15
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Hashim PK, Okuro K, Sasaki S, Hoashi Y, Aida T. Reductively Cleavable Nanocaplets for siRNA Delivery by Template-Assisted Oxidative Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15608-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. K. Hashim
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kou Okuro
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Sasaki
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1,
Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Hoashi
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1,
Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Riken Center for
Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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16
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Grubbs JB, Arnold RM, Roy A, Durie K, Bilbrey JA, Gao J, Locklin J. Degradable Polycaprolactone and Polylactide Homopolymer and Block Copolymer Brushes Prepared by Surface-Initiated Polymerization with Triazabicyclodecene and Zirconium Catalysts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:10183-10189. [PMID: 26317405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization (SI-ROP) of polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactide (PLA) polymer brushes with controlled degradation rates were prepared on oxide substrates. PCL brushes were polymerized from hydroxyl-terminated monolayers utilizing triazabicyclodecene (TBD) as the polymerization catalyst. A consistent brush thickness of 40 nm could be achieved with a reproducible unique crystalline morphology. The organocatalyzed PCL brushes were chain extended using lactide in the presence of zirconium n-butoxide to successfully grow PCL/PLA block copolymer (PCL-b-PLA) brushes with a final thickness of 55 nm. The degradation properties of "grafted from" PCL brush and the PCL-b-PLA brush were compared to "grafted to" PCL brushes, and we observed that the brush density plays a major role in degradation kinetics. Solutions of methanol/water at pH 14 were used to better solvate the brushes and increase the kinetics of degradation. This framework enables a control of degradation that allows for the precise removal of these coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe B Grubbs
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Meredian Holdings Group - MHG, 140 Industrial Boulevard, Bainbridge, Georgia 39817, United States
| | - Rachelle M Arnold
- Meredian Holdings Group - MHG, 140 Industrial Boulevard, Bainbridge, Georgia 39817, United States
| | - Anandi Roy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Karson Durie
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jenna A Bilbrey
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jason Locklin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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17
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Lächelt U, Wagner E. Nucleic Acid Therapeutics Using Polyplexes: A Journey of 50 Years (and Beyond). Chem Rev 2015; 115:11043-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5006793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Lächelt
- Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Nanosystems
Initiative
Munich (NIM), 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Nanosystems
Initiative
Munich (NIM), 80799 Munich, Germany
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18
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Ross NL, Munsell EV, Sabanayagam C, Sullivan MO. Histone-targeted Polyplexes Avoid Endosomal Escape and Enter the Nucleus During Postmitotic Redistribution of ER Membranes. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 4:e226. [PMID: 25668340 PMCID: PMC4345312 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2015.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nonviral gene delivery is a promising therapeutic approach because of its safety and controllability, yet limited gene transfer efficacy is a common issue. Most nonviral strategies rely upon endosomal escape designs; however, endosomal escape is often uncorrelated with improved gene transfer and membranolytic structures are typically cytotoxic. Previously, we showed that histone-targeted polyplexes trafficked to the nucleus through an alternative route involving caveolae and the Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), using pathways similar to several pathogens. We hypothesized that the efficacy of these polyplexes was due to an increased utilization of native vesicular trafficking as well as regulation by histone effectors. Accordingly, using confocal microscopy and cellular fractionation, we determined that a key effect of histone-targeting was to route polyplexes away from clathrin-mediated recycling pathways by harnessing endomembrane transfer routes regulated by histone methyltransferases. An unprecedented finding was that polyplexes accumulated in Rab6-labeled Golgi/ER vesicles and ultimately shuttled directly into the nucleus during ER-mediated nuclear envelope reassembly. Specifically, super resolution microscopy and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy unequivocally indicated that the polyplexes remained associated with ER vesicles/membranes until mitosis, when they were redistributed into the nucleus. These novel findings highlight alternative mechanisms to subvert endolysosomal trafficking and harness the ER to enhance gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki L Ross
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Erik V Munsell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | | | - Millicent O Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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19
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Zhang X, Hansing J, Netz RR, DeRouchey JE. Particle transport through hydrogels is charge asymmetric. Biophys J 2015; 108:530-9. [PMID: 25650921 PMCID: PMC4317548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transport processes within biological polymer networks, including mucus and the extracellular matrix, play an important role in the human body, where they serve as a filter for the exchange of molecules and nanoparticles. Such polymer networks are complex and heterogeneous hydrogel environments that regulate diffusive processes through finely tuned particle-network interactions. In this work, we present experimental and theoretical studies to examine the role of electrostatics on the basic mechanisms governing the diffusion of charged probe molecules inside model polymer networks. Translational diffusion coefficients are determined by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy measurements for probe molecules in uncharged as well as cationic and anionic polymer solutions. We show that particle transport in the charged hydrogels is highly asymmetric, with diffusion slowed down much more by electrostatic attraction than by repulsion, and that the filtering capability of the gel is sensitive to the solution ionic strength. Brownian dynamics simulations of a simple model are used to examine key parameters, including interaction strength and interaction range within the model networks. Simulations, which are in quantitative agreement with our experiments, reveal the charge asymmetry to be due to the sticking of particles at the vertices of the oppositely charged polymer networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Johann Hansing
- Fachbereich für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland R Netz
- Fachbereich für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason E DeRouchey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
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20
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Kim HJ, Takemoto H, Yi Y, Zheng M, Maeda Y, Chaya H, Hayashi K, Mi P, Pittella F, Christie RJ, Toh K, Matsumoto Y, Nishiyama N, Miyata K, Kataoka K. Precise engineering of siRNA delivery vehicles to tumors using polyion complexes and gold nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8979-8991. [PMID: 25133608 DOI: 10.1021/nn502125h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
For systemic delivery of siRNA to solid tumors, a size-regulated and reversibly stabilized nanoarchitecture was constructed by using a 20 kDa siRNA-loaded unimer polyion complex (uPIC) and 20 nm gold nanoparticle (AuNP). The uPIC was selectively prepared by charge-matched polyionic complexation of a poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lysine) (PEG-PLL) copolymer bearing ∼40 positive charges (and thiol group at the ω-end) with a single siRNA bearing 40 negative charges. The thiol group at the ω-end of PEG-PLL further enabled successful conjugation of the uPICs onto the single AuNP through coordinate bonding, generating a nanoarchitecture (uPIC-AuNP) with a size of 38 nm and a narrow size distribution. In contrast, mixing thiolated PEG-PLLs and AuNPs produced a large aggregate in the absence of siRNA, suggesting the essential role of the preformed uPIC in the formation of nanoarchitecture. The smart uPIC-AuNPs were stable in serum-containing media and more resistant against heparin-induced counter polyanion exchange, compared to uPICs alone. On the other hand, the treatment of uPIC-AuNPs with an intracellular concentration of glutathione substantially compromised their stability and triggered the release of siRNA, demonstrating the reversible stability of these nanoarchitectures relative to thiol exchange and negatively charged AuNP surface. The uPIC-AuNPs efficiently delivered siRNA into cultured cancer cells, facilitating significant sequence-specific gene silencing without cytotoxicity. Systemically administered uPIC-AuNPs showed appreciably longer blood circulation time compared to controls, i.e., bare AuNPs and uPICs, indicating that the conjugation of uPICs onto AuNP was crucial for enhancing blood circulation time. Finally, the uPIC-AuNPs efficiently accumulated in a subcutaneously inoculated luciferase-expressing cervical cancer (HeLa-Luc) model and achieved significant luciferase gene silencing in the tumor tissue. These results demonstrate the strong potential of uPIC-AuNP nanoarchitectures for systemic siRNA delivery to solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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21
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Klein PM, Wagner E. Bioreducible polycations as shuttles for therapeutic nucleic acid and protein transfection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:804-17. [PMID: 24219092 PMCID: PMC4098974 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Nucleic acids such as gene-encoding DNAs, gene-silencing small interfering RNAs, or recombinant proteins addressing intracellular molecular targets present a major new therapeutic modality, provided efficient solutions for intracellular delivery can be found. The different physiological redox environments inside and outside the cell can be utilized for optimizing the involved transport processes. RECENT ADVANCES Intracellular delivery of nucleic acids or proteins requires dynamic carriers that discriminate between different cellular locations. Bioreducible cationic polymers can package their therapeutic cargo stably in the extracellular environment, but sense the reducing intracellular cytosolic environment. Based on disulfide cleavage, carriers are degraded into biocompatible fragments and release the cargo in functional form. Disulfide linkages between oligocations, between the carrier and the cargo, or spatial caging of complexed cargo by disulfides have been pursued, with polymers or precise sequence-defined peptides and oligomers. CRITICAL ISSUES A quantitative knowledge of the bioreductive capacities within different biological compartments and the involved cellular reduction processes would be greatly helpful for improved carriers with disulfides cleaved within the right compartment at the right time. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Novel designs of multifunctional nanocarriers will incorporate macromolecular disulfide entry mechanisms previously optimized by natural evolution of toxins and viruses. In addition to extracellular stabilization and intracellular disassembly, tuned disulfides will contribute to deshielding at the cell surface, or translocation from intracellular compartments to the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M. Klein
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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22
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Jung J, Kim H, Ree M. Self-assembly of novel lipid-mimicking brush polymers in nanoscale thin films. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:701-708. [PMID: 24838200 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52263f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of well-defined poly(oxy(11-phosphorylcholineundecylthiomethyl)ethylene-ran-oxy(n-dodecylthiomethyl)ethylene) (PECH-PCm: m = 0-100 mol% phosphorylcholine (PC)) polymers were used to prepare nanoscale thin films that were characterized by synchrotron X-ray reflectivity (XR) analysis. The quantitative XR analysis provided structural insights into the PECH-PCm thin films. The PECH-PC0 polymer film formed a well-ordered in-plane oriented molecular multibilayer structure, whose individual layers consisted of two sublayers. One sublayer was composed of the fully extended backbones and inner part of the bristles, exhibiting a relatively low electron density, whereas the other sublayer was composed of a bilayer of the outer parts of the bristles without interdigitation. The PECH-PC100 polymer film also formed a well-ordered in-plane oriented molecular multibilayer structure, the individual layers of which were composed of four sublayers rather than two. The bristles in the layer were interdigitated in part via the zwitterionic interactions of the PC end groups. Surprisingly, regardless of the copolymer composition, the PECH-PCm random copolymer molecules in the thin films self-assembled to form a multilayered structure that resembled the structure formed by the PECH-PC100 polymer. These properties have not been observed in other conventional random brush copolymer films. The remarkable multibilayer structures originated from the zwitterionic PC end groups and their favorable interactions and interdigitated structures, which overcame any negative contributions caused by the heterogeneity of the bristles. The unique self-assembly properties of the PECH-PCm polymers always provide a PC-rich surface. The PECH-PCm random copolymers successfully mimicked the molecular bilayer structures formed by natural lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwoon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Center for Electro-Photo Behaviors in Advanced Molecular Systems, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Polymer Research Institute, and BK School of Molecular Science, Pohang University of Science & Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Sizovs A, Song X, Waxham MN, Jia Y, Feng F, Chen J, Wicker AC, Xu J, Yu Y, Wang J. Precisely tunable engineering of sub-30 nm monodisperse oligonucleotide nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 136:234-40. [PMID: 24344996 DOI: 10.1021/ja408879b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advancement of RNAi therapies is mainly hindered by the development of efficient delivery vehicles. The ability to create small size (<30 nm) oligonucleotide nanoparticles is essential for many aspects of the delivery process but is often overlooked. In this report, we describe diblock star polymers that can reproducibly complex double-stranded oligonucleotides into monodisperse nanoparticles with 15, 23, or 30 nm in diameter. The polymer-nucleic acid nanoparticles have a core-shell architecture with dense PEG brush coating. We characterized these nanoparticles using ITC, DLS, FRET, FCS, TIRF, and TEM. In addition to small size, these nanoparticles have neutral zeta-potentials, making the presented polymer architecture a very attractive platform for investigation of yet poorly studied polyplex size range for siRNA and antisense oligonucleotide delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antons Sizovs
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, §Center for Drug Discovery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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24
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Multifunctional polyion complex micelle featuring enhanced stability, targetability, and endosome escapability for systemic siRNA delivery to subcutaneous model of lung cancer. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2013; 4:50-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-013-0175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Guk K, Lim H, Kim B, Hong M, Khang G, Lee D. Acid-cleavable ketal containing poly(β-amino ester) for enhanced siRNA delivery. Int J Pharm 2013; 453:541-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Takemoto H, Miyata K, Hattori S, Ishii T, Suma T, Uchida S, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K. Acidic pH-Responsive siRNA Conjugate for Reversible Carrier Stability and Accelerated Endosomal Escape with Reduced IFNα-Associated Immune Response. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:6218-21. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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27
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Takemoto H, Miyata K, Hattori S, Ishii T, Suma T, Uchida S, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K. Acidic pH-Responsive siRNA Conjugate for Reversible Carrier Stability and Accelerated Endosomal Escape with Reduced IFNα-Associated Immune Response. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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28
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Lim H, Noh J, Kim Y, Kim H, Kim J, Khang G, Lee D. Acid-Degradable Cationic Poly(ketal amidoamine) for Enhanced RNA Interference In Vitro and In Vivo. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:240-7. [DOI: 10.1021/bm301669e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsuk Lim
- Department
of BIN Fusion Technology and ‡Polymer Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer·Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
| | - Joungyoun Noh
- Department
of BIN Fusion Technology and ‡Polymer Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer·Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
| | - Yerang Kim
- Department
of BIN Fusion Technology and ‡Polymer Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer·Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
| | - Hyungmin Kim
- Department
of BIN Fusion Technology and ‡Polymer Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer·Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department
of BIN Fusion Technology and ‡Polymer Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer·Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
| | - Gilson Khang
- Department
of BIN Fusion Technology and ‡Polymer Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer·Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
| | - Dongwon Lee
- Department
of BIN Fusion Technology and ‡Polymer Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer·Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
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29
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Hernandez-Garcia A, Werten MWT, Stuart MC, de Wolf FA, de Vries R. Coating of single DNA molecules by genetically engineered protein diblock copolymers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:3491-3501. [PMID: 22865731 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Coating DNA is an effective way to modulate its physical properties and interactions. Current chemosynthetic polymers form DNA aggregates with random size and shape. In this study, monodisperse protein diblock copolymers are produced at high yield in recombinant yeast. They carry a large hydrophilic colloidal block (≈400 amino acids) linked to a short binding block (≈12 basic amino acids). It is demonstrated that these protein polymers complex single DNA molecules as highly stable nanorods, reminiscent of cylindrical viruses. It is proposed that inter- and intramolecular bridging of DNA molecules are prevented completely by the small size of the binding block attached to the large colloidal stability block. These protein diblocks serve as a scaffold that can be tuned for application in DNA-based nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Hernandez-Garcia
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Dutch Polymer Institute, John F. Kennedylaan 2, 5612 AB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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30
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Troiber C, Kasper JC, Milani S, Scheible M, Martin I, Schaubhut F, Küchler S, Rädler J, Simmel FC, Friess W, Wagner E. Comparison of four different particle sizing methods for siRNA polyplex characterization. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 84:255-64. [PMID: 23079135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability to reliably determine the size of siRNA polyplexes is the key for the rational design of particles and their formulation, as well as, their safe application in vivo. At the moment, no standard technique for size measurements is available. Each method has different underlying principles and hence may give different results. Here, four different analytical methods were evaluated for their suitability to analyze the characteristics of homogeneous and heterogeneous siRNA polyplexes: dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), nanoparticle trafficking analysis (NTA), and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Three different siRNA polyplex compositions generated with different, precise, and hydrophobically modified oligoaminoamides were used in this study. All of the evaluated methods were suitable for analysis of medium sized, homogeneous siRNA polyplexes (~120 nm). Small particles (<40 nm) could not be tracked with NTA, but with the other three methods. Heterogeneous polyplexes were generally difficult to analyze. Only by visualization with AFM, the heterogeneity of those polyplexes was observable. FCS was the only method suitable for measuring polyplex stability in 90% fetal bovine serum. Physico-chemical characteristics of polyplexes are important quality criterions for successful in vivo application and future formulation development. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis by more than one method is of particular importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Troiber
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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Yan M, Liang M, Wen J, Liu Y, Lu Y, Chen ISY. Single siRNA nanocapsules for enhanced RNAi delivery. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13542-5. [PMID: 22866878 DOI: 10.1021/ja304649a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic siRNA has been considered as a highly promising therapeutic agent for human diseases. However, clinical use of siRNA has been hampered by instability in the body and inability to deliver sufficient RNA interference compounds to the tissues or cells. To address this challenge, we present here a single siRNA nanocapsule delivery technology, which is achieved by encapsulating a single siRNA molecule within a degradable polymer nanocapsule with a diameter around 20 nm and positive surface charge. As proof-of-concept, since CCR5 is considered a major silencing target of HIV therapy, CCR5-siRNA nanocapsules were delivered into 293T cells and successfully downregulated the CCR5 RNA fused with mCherry reporter RNA. In the absence of human serum, nanocapsules and lipofectamine silenced expression of CCR5-mCherry expression to 8% and 15%, respectively. Such nanocapsules maintain the integrity of siRNA inside even after incubation with ribonuclease and serum for 1 h; under the same conditions, siRNA is degraded in the native form or when formulated with lipofectamine. In the presence of serum, CCR5-siRNA nanocapsules knocked down CCR5-mCherry expression to less than 15% while siRNAs delivered through lipofectamine slightly knocked down the expression to 55%. In summary, this work provides a novel platform for siRNA delivery that can be developed for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Wagner E. Polymers for siRNA delivery: inspired by viruses to be targeted, dynamic, and precise. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1005-13. [PMID: 22191535 DOI: 10.1021/ar2002232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic small interfering RNA (siRNA) presents an exciting novel medical opportunity. Although researchers agree that siRNA could have a great therapeutic impact, the required extracellular and intracellular delivery of these molecules into the disease-associated target cells presents the primary roadblock for the broader translation of these molecules into medicines. Thus, the design of adequate delivery technologies has utmost importance. Viruses are natural masterpieces of nucleic acid delivery and present chemists and drug delivery experts with a template for the design of artificial carriers for synthetic nucleic acids such as siRNA. They have been developed into gene vectors and have provided convincing successes in gene therapy. Optimized by biological evolution, viruses are programmed to be dynamic and bioresponsive as they enter living cells, and they carry out their functions in a precisely defined sequence. However, because they are synthesized within living cells and with naturally available nucleotides and amino acids, the chemistry of viruses is limited. With the use of diverse synthetic molecules and macromolecules, chemists can provide delivery solutions beyond the scope of the natural evolution of viruses. This Account describes the design and synthesis of "synthetic siRNA viruses." These structures contain elements that mimic the delivery functions of viral particles and surface domains that shield against undesired biological interactions and enable specific host cell receptor binding through the presentation of multiple targeting ligands. For example, cationic polymers can reversibly package one or more siRNA molecules into nanoparticle cores to protect them against a degradative bioenvironment. After internalization by receptor-mediated endocytosis into the acidifying endosomes of cells, synthetic siRNA can escape from these vesicles through the activation of membrane-disruption domains as viruses do and reach the cytoplasm, the location of RNA interference. This multistep task presents an attractive challenge for chemists. Similar to the design of prodrugs, the functional domains of these systems have to be activated in a dynamic mode, triggered by conformational changes or bond cleavages in the relevant microenvironment such as the acidic endosome or disulfide-reducing cytoplasm. These chemical analogues of viral domains are often synthetically simpler and more easily accessible molecules than viral proteins. Their precise assembly into multifunctional macromolecular and supramolecular structures is facilitated by improved analytical techniques, precise orthogonal conjugation chemistries, and sequence-defined polymer syntheses. The chemical evolution of microdomains using chemical libraries and macromolecular and supramolecular evolution could provide key strategies for optimizing siRNA carriers to selected medical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research, and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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Rudorf S, Rädler JO. Self-assembly of stable monomolecular nucleic acid lipid particles with a size of 30 nm. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:11652-8. [PMID: 22694262 DOI: 10.1021/ja302930b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The design of efficient nucleic acid complexes is key to progress in genetic research and therapies based on RNA interference. For optimal transport within tissue and across extracellular barriers, nucleic acid carriers need to be small and stable. In this Article, we prepare and characterize mono-nucleic acid lipid particles (mono-NALPs). The particles consist of single short double-stranded oligonucleotides or single siRNA molecules each encapsulated within a closed shell of a cationic-zwitterionic lipid bilayer, furnished with an outer polyethylene glycol (PEG) shield. The particles self-assemble by solvent exchange from a solution containing nucleic acid mixed with the four lipid components DOTAP, DOPE, DOPC, and DSPE-PEG(2000). Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, we monitor the formation of mono-NALPs from short double-stranded oligonucleotides or siRNA and lipids into monodisperse particles of approximately 30 nm in diameter. Small angle neutron and X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy experiments substantiate a micelle-like core-shell structure of the particles. The PEGylated lipid shell protects the nucleic acid core against degradation by nucleases, sterically stabilizes the mono-NALPs against disassembly in collagen networks, and prevents nonspecific binding to cells. Hence, PEG-lipid shielded mono-NALPs are the smallest stable siRNA lipid system possible and may provide a structural design to be built upon for the development of novel nucleic acid delivery systems with enhanced biodistribution in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Rudorf
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, D-80539 Munich, Germany
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Dohmen C, Edinger D, Fröhlich T, Schreiner L, Lächelt U, Troiber C, Rädler J, Hadwiger P, Vornlocher HP, Wagner E. Nanosized multifunctional polyplexes for receptor-mediated siRNA delivery. ACS NANO 2012; 6:5198-5208. [PMID: 22646997 DOI: 10.1021/nn300960m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although our understanding of RNAi and our knowledge on designing and synthesizing active and safe siRNAs significantly increased during the past decade, targeted delivery remains the major limitation in the development of siRNA therapeutics. On one hand, practical considerations dictate robust chemistry reproducibly providing precise carrier molecules. On the other hand, the multistep delivery process requires dynamic multifunctional carriers of substantial complexity. We present a monodisperse and multifunctional carrier system, synthesized by solid phase supported chemistry, for siRNA delivery in vitro and in vivo. The sequence-defined assembly includes a precise cationic (oligoethanamino)amide core, terminated at the ends by two cysteines for bioreversible polyplex stabilization, at a defined central position attached to a monodisperse polyethylene glycol chain coupled to a terminal folic acid as cell targeting ligand. Complexation with an endosomolytic influenza peptide-siRNA conjugate results in nanosized functional polyplexes of 6 nm hydrodynamic diameter. The necessity of each functional substructure of the carrier system for a specific and efficient gene silencing was confirmed. The nanosized polyplexes showed stability in vivo, receptor-specific cell targeting, and silencing of the EG5 gene in receptor-positive tumors. The nanosized appearance of these particles can be precisely controlled by the oligomer design (from 5.8 to 8.8 nm diameter). A complete surface charge shielding together with the high stability result in good tolerability in vivo and the absence of accumulation in nontargeted tissues such as liver, lung, or spleen. Due to their small size, siRNA polyplexes are efficiently cleared by the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dohmen
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Santosh M, Panigrahi S, Bhattacharyya D, Sood AK, Maiti PK. Unzipping and binding of small interfering RNA with single walled carbon nanotube: A platform for small interfering RNA delivery. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:065106. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3682780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Scholz C, Wagner E. Therapeutic plasmid DNA versus siRNA delivery: common and different tasks for synthetic carriers. J Control Release 2011; 161:554-65. [PMID: 22123560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy offers great opportunities for the treatment of severe diseases including cancer. In recent years the design of synthetic carriers for nucleic acid delivery has become a research field of increasing interest. Studies on the delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA) have brought up a variety of gene delivery vehicles. The more recently emerged gene silencing strategy by the intracellular delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) takes benefit from existing expertise in pDNA transfer. Despite common properties however, delivery of siRNA also faces distinct challenges due to apparent differences in size, stability of the formed nucleic acid complexes, the location and mechanism of action. This review emphasizes the common aspects and main differences between pDNA and siRNA delivery, taking into consideration a wide spectrum of polymer-based, lipidic and peptide carriers. Challenges and opportunities which result from these differences as well as the recent progress made in the optimization of carrier design are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Scholz
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-based Drug Research, and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Son S, Kim G, Singha K, Park S, Ree M, Kim WJ. Artificial cell membrane-mimicking nanostructure facilitates efficient gene delivery through fusogenic interaction with the plasma membrane of living cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:2991-2997. [PMID: 21901821 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sejin Son
- Department of Chemistry, BK School of Molecular Science, Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
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Louguet S, Kumar AC, Sigaud G, Duguet E, Lecommandoux S, Schatz C. A physico-chemical investigation of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(l-lysine) copolymer adsorption onto silica nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 359:413-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kim JC, Jung J, Rho Y, Kim M, Kwon W, Kim H, Kim IJ, Kim JR, Ree M. Well-defined DNA-mimic brush polymers bearing adenine moieties: synthesis, layer-by-layer self-assembly, and biocompatibility. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:2822-33. [PMID: 21595437 DOI: 10.1021/bm200572t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two new DNA-mimicking brush polymers were synthesized: poly[oxy(11-(3-(9-adeninyl)propionato)-undecanyl-1-thiomethyl)ethylene] (PECH-AP) and poly[oxy(11-(5-(9-adenylethyloxy)-4-oxopentanoato)undecanyl-1-thiomethyl)ethylene] (PECH-AS). These polymers were found to be thermally stable up to 220 °C and could be applied easily by conventional coating processes to produce good quality films. Interestingly, both brush polymers formed molecular multibilayer structures to provide an adenine-rich surface. Despite the structural similarities, PECH-AS surprisingly exhibited higher hydrophilicity and better water sorption properties than PECH-AP. These differences were attributed to the chemical structures in the bristles of the polymers. The adenine-rich surfaces of the polymer films demonstrated selective protein adsorption, suppressed bacterial adherence, facilitated HEp-2 cell adhesion, and exhibited good biocompatibility in mice. However, the high hydrophilicity and good water sorption characteristics of the PECH-AS film suggest that this brush polymer is better suited to applications requiring good biocompatibility and reduced chance of bacterial infection compared with the PECH-AP film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chul Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Research Institute, and BK School of Molecular Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Tamura A, Nagasaki Y. Smart siRNA delivery systems based on polymeric nanoassemblies and nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 5:1089-102. [PMID: 20874023 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference is a post-transcriptional gene-silencing pathway induced by double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA). The potential use of siRNA as a therapeutic agent has attracted great attention as a novel approach to the treatment of several intractable diseases. Despite the rapid progress in the therapeutic use of siRNA, systemic application is still controversial due to the limitations of siRNA, such as low enzymatic tolerability, cellular internalization and body distribution after systemic administration. This review describes the recent progress and strategies of siRNA delivery systems based on polyion complexes. Numerous siRNA-containing polyion complex systems bound together through electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged siRNA and positively charged components, including synthetic polymers, biopolymers and nanoparticles, have been developed for the therapeutic application of siRNA. Additionally, stimulus-sensitive smart siRNA carrier systems, including bioreducible polycations and hydrophilic polymer-siRNA conjugates, have been developed to enhance the gene-silencing efficacy of siRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tamura
- Graduate School of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba. 1-1-1 Ten-noudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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41
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Li F, Mahato RI. RNA interference for improving the outcome of islet transplantation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:47-68. [PMID: 21156190 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Islet transplantation has the potential to cure type 1 diabetes. Despite recent therapeutic success, it is still not common because a large number of transplanted islets get damaged by multiple challenges including instant blood mediated inflammatory reaction, hypoxia/reperfusion injury, inflammatory cytokines, and immune rejection. RNA interference (RNAi) is a novel strategy to selectively degrade target mRNA. The use of RNAi technologies to downregulate the expression of harmful genes has the potential to improve the outcome of islet transplantation. The aim of this review is to gain a thorough understanding of biological obstacles to islet transplantation and discuss how to overcome these barriers using different RNAi technologies. This eventually will help improve islet survival and function post transplantation. Chemically synthesized small interferring RNA (siRNA), vector based short hairpin RNA (shRNA), and their critical design elements (such as sequences, promoters, and backbone) are discussed. The application of combinatorial RNAi in islet transplantation is also discussed. Last but not the least, several delivery strategies for enhanced gene silencing are discussed, including chemical modification of siRNA, complex formation, bioconjugation, and viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
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42
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Hönig D, DeRouchey J, Jungmann R, Koch C, Plank C, Rädler JO. Biophysical characterization of copolymer-protected gene vectors. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:1802-9. [PMID: 20672861 DOI: 10.1021/bm1002569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A copolymer-protected gene vector (COPROG) is a three-component gene delivery system consisting of a preformed DNA and branched polyethylenimine (bPEI) complex subsequently modified by the addition of a copolymer (P6YE5C) incorporating both poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and anionic peptides. Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), we characterized and compared the self-assembly of bPEI/DNA particles and COPROG complexes. In low salt buffer, both bPEI/DNA and COPROG formulations form stable nanoparticles with hydrodynamic radii between 60-120 nm. COPROG particles, as compared to bPEI/DNA, show greatly improved particle stability to both physiological salt as well as low pH conditions. Binding stoichiometry of the three-component COPROG system was investigated by dual-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS). It was found that a significant fraction of P6YE5C copolymer aggregates with excess bPEI forming bPEI/P6YE5C "ghost complexes" with no DNA inside. The ratio of ghost particles to COPROG complexes is about 4:1. In addition, we find a large fraction of excess P6YE5C copolymer, which remains unbound in solution. We observe a 2-4-fold enhanced reporter gene expression with COPROG formulations at various equivalents as compared to bPEI-DNA alone. We believe that both complex stabilization as well as the capture of excess bPEI into ghost particles induced by the copolymer is responsible for the improvement in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hönig
- Soft Condensed Matter Group, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 Munich, Germany
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43
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Vasumathi V, Maiti PK. Complexation of siRNA with Dendrimer: A Molecular Modeling Approach. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1012495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Vasumathi
- Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Prabal K. Maiti
- Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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Kim HJ, Ishii A, Miyata K, Lee Y, Wu S, Oba M, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K. Introduction of stearoyl moieties into a biocompatible cationic polyaspartamide derivative, PAsp(DET), with endosomal escaping function for enhanced siRNA-mediated gene knockdown. J Control Release 2010; 145:141-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Xu L, Gorman CB. Poly(lactic acid) brushes grow longer at lower temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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46
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Shimizu H, Hori Y, Kaname S, Yamada K, Nishiyama N, Matsumoto S, Miyata K, Oba M, Yamada A, Kataoka K, Fujita T. siRNA-based therapy ameliorates glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21:622-33. [PMID: 20203158 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2009030295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference by short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) holds promise as a therapeutic strategy, but use of siRNAs in vivo remains limited. Here, we developed a system to target delivery of siRNAs to glomeruli via poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(l-lysine)-based vehicles. The siRNA/nanocarrier complex was approximately 10 to 20 nm in diameter, a size that would allow it to move across the fenestrated endothelium to access to the mesangium. After intraperitoneal injection of fluorescence-labeled siRNA/nanocarrier complexes, we detected siRNAs in the blood circulation for a prolonged time. Repeated intraperitoneal administration of a mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) siRNA/nanocarrier complex suppressed glomerular MAPK1 mRNA and protein expression in a mouse model of glomerulonephritis; this improved kidney function, reduced proteinuria, and ameliorated glomerular sclerosis. Furthermore, this therapy reduced the expression of the profibrotic markers TGF-beta1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and fibronectin. In conclusion, we successfully silenced intraglomerular genes with siRNA using nanocarriers. This technique could aid the investigation of molecular mechanisms of renal disease and has potential as a molecular therapy of glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Shimizu
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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47
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Grigsby CL, Leong KW. Balancing protection and release of DNA: tools to address a bottleneck of non-viral gene delivery. J R Soc Interface 2009; 7 Suppl 1:S67-82. [PMID: 19734186 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2009.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering polymeric gene-delivery vectors to release an intact DNA payload at the optimal time and subcellular compartment remains a formidable challenge. An ideal vector would provide total protection of complexed DNA from degradation prior to releasing it efficiently near or within the nucleus of a target cell. While optimization of polymer properties, such as molecular weight and charge density, has proved largely inadequate in addressing this challenge, applying polymeric carriers that respond to temperature, light, pH and redox environment to trigger a switch from a tight, protective complex to a more relaxed interaction favouring release at the appropriate time and place has shown promise. Currently, a paucity of gene carriers able to satisfy the contrary requirements of adequate DNA protection and efficient release contributes to the slow progression of non-viral gene therapy towards clinical translation. This review highlights the promising carrier designs that may achieve an optimal balance of DNA protection and release. It also discusses the imaging techniques and three-dimensional in vitro models that can help study these two barriers in the non-viral gene transfer process. Ultimately, efficacious non-viral gene therapy will depend on the combination of intelligent material design, innovative imaging techniques and sophisticated in vitro model systems to facilitate the rational design of polymeric gene-delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Grigsby
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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48
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Tamura A, Oishi M, Nagasaki Y. Enhanced Cytoplasmic Delivery of siRNA Using a Stabilized Polyion Complex Based on PEGylated Nanogels with a Cross-Linked Polyamine Structure. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1818-27. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900252d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tamura
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), Master’s School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics Satellite (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) and University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-noudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Motoi Oishi
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), Master’s School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics Satellite (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) and University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-noudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), Master’s School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics Satellite (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) and University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-noudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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Matsumoto S, Christie RJ, Nishiyama N, Miyata K, Ishii A, Oba M, Koyama H, Yamasaki Y, Kataoka K. Environment-responsive block copolymer micelles with a disulfide cross-linked core for enhanced siRNA delivery. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:119-27. [PMID: 19061333 DOI: 10.1021/bm800985e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A core-shell-type polyion complex (PIC) micelle with a disulfide cross-linked core was prepared through the assembly of iminothiolane-modified poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-lysine) [PEG-b-(PLL-IM)] and siRNA at a characteristic optimum mixing ratio. The PIC micelles showed a spherical shape of approximately 60 nm in diameter with a narrow distribution. The micellar structure was maintained at physiological ionic strength but was disrupted under reductive conditions because of the cleavage of disulfide cross-links, which is desirable for siRNA release in the intracellular reductive environment. Importantly, environment-responsive PIC micelles achieved 100-fold higher siRNA transfection efficacy compared with non-cross-linked PICs prepared from PEG-b-poly(L-lysine), which were not stable at physiological ionic strength. PICs formed with PEG-b-(PLL-IM) at nonoptimum ratios did not assemble into micellar structure and did not achieve gene silencing following siRNA transfection. These findings show the feasibility of core cross-linked PIC micelles as carriers for therapeutic siRNA and show that stable micellar structure is critical for effective siRNA delivery into target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Matsumoto
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Mochizuki S, Sakurai K. A Novel Polysaccharide/Polynucleotide Complex and its Application to Bio-functional DNA Delivery System. Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.pj2008309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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