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Biodiesel Production through Acid Catalyst In Situ Reactive Extraction of Chlorella vulgaris Foamate. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15124482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A method of biodiesel production from the freshwater microalgae Chlorella vulgaris based on the conversion of the dewatered algal biomass from a foam column (“foamate”) was investigated. The foam column collected and concentrated the microalgae. The foam was generated by passing air through a pool of algae, to which a collector/surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) had been added. To produce biodiesel, the resultant “foamate” was esterified in situ using sulfuric acid and methanol. The effect of reaction temperature (30–70 °C), reaction time (30–120 min) and methanol/oil molar ratio (100–1000), were examined in a single-stage extraction–transesterification experiment on biodiesel yield at concentration of the catalyst H2SO4/oil molar ratio of (8.5/1). The thermodynamics and kinetics of transesterification of the microalgae oil were also investigated. The maximum biodiesel yield (96 ± 0.2%) was obtained at a reaction temperature of 70 °C, a reaction time of 90 min and methanol/oil molar ratio of 1000/1. Reaction kinetic parameters were determined that fitted the experimental data at all temperatures. A reversible reaction with first order forward and second order backward kinetics were found to be a good match for the experimental results. The kinetic model fitted experiments well under various temperatures and methanol/oil mole ratios. Under the most suitable conditions of reaction temperature, reaction time and methanol/oil molar ratio, the apparent activation energy was found to be 18.7 kJ/mol and pre-exponential factor 51.4 min−1. The activation entropy (ΔS), change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) and variation in activation enthalpy (ΔH) revealed that the transesterification reaction is endergonic and unspontaneous, while the endothermic nature of the reaction was confirmed by the positive value (16.6 kJ/mol) of the ΔH. The thermodynamic information and kinetic model reported here will provide valuable insight into the understanding of the in situ transesterification process from algae foamate to biodiesel.
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Hairy root culture technology: applications, constraints and prospect. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 105:35-53. [PMID: 33226470 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hairy root (HR) culture, a successful biotechnology combining in vitro tissue culture with recombinant DNA machinery, is intended for the genetic improvement of plants. This technology has been put to use since the last three decades for genetic advancement of medicinal and aromatic plants and also to harvest the economical products in the form of secondary metabolites that are significantly important for their ethnobotanical and pharmacological properties. It also provides an efficient way out for the quicker extraction and quantification of the valuable phytochemicals. The current review provides an account of the in vitro HR culture technology and its wide-scale applications in the field of research as well as in pharmaceutical industries. Different facets of HR with respect to the culture establishment, phytochemical production as well as research investigations concerning the areas of gene manipulation, biotransformation of the secondary metabolites, phytoremediation, their industrial utilisations and different problems encountered during the application of this technology have been covered in this appraisal. Eventually, an idea has been provided on HR about the recent trends on the progress of this technology that may open up newer prospects in near future and calls for further research and explorations in this field. KEY POINTS: • Genetic engineering-based HR culture aims towards enhanced secondary metabolite production. • This review explores an insight in the HR technology and its multi-faceted approaches. • Up-to-date ground-breaking research applications and constraints of HR culture are discussed.
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Scarpa ES, Emanuelli M, Frati A, Pozzi V, Antonini E, Diamantini G, Di Ruscio G, Sartini D, Armeni T, Palma F, Ninfali P. Betacyanins enhance vitexin-2-O-xyloside mediated inhibition of proliferation of T24 bladder cancer cells. Food Funct 2018; 7:4772-4780. [PMID: 27812566 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01130f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Betacyanins (BC) were purified from beetroot (Beta vulgaris var. rubra L.) and tested, alone or in combination with vitexin-2-O-xyloside (XVX) from Beta vulgaris var. cicla L., for their ability to reduce the proliferation rate in T24 bladder cancer cells. Combination of BC and XVX exhibited a synergistic effect concerning the inhibition of proliferation in T24 cancer cells at 24 and 48 h but not after 72 h of incubation. The induction of apoptosis was evidenced by means of fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, as well as through the increase in caspase 3 and 8 activities. Using RTqPCR experiments, it was shown that the combination of XVX + BC was able to enhance the expression levels of pro-apoptotic BAX and downregulate anti-apoptotic BIRC5 (survivin), as well as pro-survival CTNNB1 (β-catenin). The most evident effect of BC was the increase of the activity of caspase 8, leading to induction of extrinsic apoptosis. Moreover, XVX, BC and their combination showed no cytotoxic effect on normal human skin NCTC 2544 keratinocytes. These results demonstrated the efficacy and the mechanisms of the action of BC and XVX, extracted from edible plants, and suggested that a diet or a nutrition supplement, enriched with these bioactive molecules, could be used in the prevention of human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Scarpa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy.
| | - M Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy and New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - A Frati
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy.
| | - V Pozzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy and New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - E Antonini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy.
| | - G Diamantini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy.
| | - G Di Ruscio
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - D Sartini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - T Armeni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - F Palma
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy.
| | - P Ninfali
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy.
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Khan MI. Plant Betalains: Safety, Antioxidant Activity, Clinical Efficacy, and Bioavailability. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 15:316-330. [PMID: 33371594 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Betalains are accepted food additives derived from vacuoles of plants belonging to about 17 families in the order Caryophyllales. These pigments are composed of a nitrogenous core structure, betalamic acid [4-(2-oxoethylidene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid]. Betalamic acid condenses with imino compounds (cyclo-DOPA and/or its glucosyl derivatives) or amines and/or their derivatives to form violet betacyanins (for example, betanin) and yellow betaxanthins (for example, indicaxanthin), respectively. Till date, structures of 75 betalains have been elucidated from plants under the order Caryophyllales. The extracted betalains are safe to consume and they act as micronutrients in the body. In vitro studies to highlight radical-scavenging activity, cell culture studies to assess cytotoxicity and absorption of betalains, and proven clinical efficacies are compiled in this review. The literature on biological activity has not been analyzed for a synthesis of safety, clinical efficacy, and bioavailability to arrive at the concentrations required for the purported health benefits. Most betalains are under-utilized in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations due to poor stability and lack of scientific reports highlighting their superior tinctorial strength including flourescence, water solubility, and functional value alongside their bioavailability. This is the first comprehensive review on the dietary safety, biological activity and bioavailability of betalains. Based on this review, for future debate and input from health professionals, a human daily intake of betanin and indicaxanthin can be proposed at 100 and 50 mg, respectively.
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Attallah MF, Hamed MM, El Afifi EM, Aly HF. Removal of 226Ra and 228Ra from TENORM sludge waste using surfactants solutions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2015; 139:78-84. [PMID: 25464043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of using surfactants as extracting agent for the removal of radium species from TENORM sludge produced from petroleum industry is evaluated. In this investigation cationic and nonionic surfactants were used as extracting agents for the removal of radium radionuclides from the sludge waste. Two surfactants namely cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and Triton X-100 (TX100) were investigated as the extracting agents. Different parameters affecting the removal of both (226)Ra and (228)Ra by the two surfactants as well as their admixture were studied by the batch technique. These parameters include effect of shaking time, surfactants concentration and temperature as well as the effect of surfactants admixture. It was found that, higher solution temperature improves the removal efficiency of radium species. Combined extraction of nonionic and cationic surfactants produces synergistic effect in removal both (226)Ra and (228)Ra, where the removals reached 84% and 80% for (226)Ra and (228)Ra, respectively, were obtained using surfactants admixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Attallah
- Hot Laboratories and Waste Management Center, Atomic Energy Authority of Egypt, PO.13759 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mostafa M Hamed
- Hot Laboratories and Waste Management Center, Atomic Energy Authority of Egypt, PO.13759 Cairo, Egypt
| | - E M El Afifi
- Hot Laboratories and Waste Management Center, Atomic Energy Authority of Egypt, PO.13759 Cairo, Egypt
| | - H F Aly
- Hot Laboratories and Waste Management Center, Atomic Energy Authority of Egypt, PO.13759 Cairo, Egypt
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Neelwarne B, Thimmaraju R. Bioreactor for cultivation of red beet hairy roots andin siturecovery of primary and secondary metabolites. Eng Life Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200800116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Doolan IA, Wilkinson MG. Comparison of the effects of various attenuation methods on cell permeability and accessibility of intracellular enzymes in Lactococcus lactis strains. Int Dairy J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Thimmaraju R, Venkatachalam L, Bhagyalakshmi N. Morphometric and biochemical characterization of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) hairy roots obtained after single and double transformations. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:1039-1052. [PMID: 18327591 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 02/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
It is known that T-DNA of Agrobacterium rhizogenes affects processes of plant development and activates the synthesis of secondary metabolites in transformed plant cells. In the present investigation, we provide evidence that different strains of A. rhizogenes significantly affect morphometric, morphological and functional characteristics of hairy roots of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Infection with four strains of A. rhizogenes (A4, A 2/83, A 20/83 and LMG-150) resulted in ten clones of hairy roots, which were named accordingly as A4(1), A4(2), A4(3), A 2/83(1), A 2/83(2), A 2/83(3), A 20/83(1), A 20/83(2), A 20/83(3) and LMG-150. Their growth characteristics, pigment content, levels of endogenous auxin and T-DNA copy number showed significant differences probably due to the physiological status of the host cell rather than the T-DNA copy number. Although A 2/83 showed highest hairy root induction capacity, the best hairy root clone was obtained with strain LMG-150 that produced highest biomass and pigments. In this root clone, the enzyme peroxidase was found involved in altering the endogenous auxin pool. When root clone LMG-150 was re-transformed to insert additional individual rol genes, two double transformed clones were obtained, one for rolABC and the other for rolC gene where the former produced higher biomass and betalaine than the latter. Despite the established fact that rol genes of T-DNA influence endogenous phytohormones, no direct correlation among the single transformants and the double transformants was found. This is the first report, in our knowledge, where a hairy root clone has been used to obtain double transformants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thimmaraju
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India
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Guillon S, Trémouillaux-Guiller J, Pati PK, Rideau M, Gantet P. Harnessing the potential of hairy roots: dawn of a new era. Trends Biotechnol 2006; 24:403-9. [PMID: 16870285 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, hairy root research for the production of important secondary metabolites has received a lot of attention. The addition of knowledge to overcome the limiting culture parameters of the regulation of the metabolic pathway by specific molecules and the development of novel tools for metabolic engineering now offer new possibilities to improve the hairy root technique for the production of metabolites. Furthermore, engineering hairy roots for the production of animal proteins of therapeutic interest in confined and controlled in vitro conditions is seen as one of the exciting spin-offs of the technology. Recent progress made in the scale-up of the hairy root cultures has paved the way for industrial exploitation of this system. This review highlights some of the significant progress made in the past three years and discusses the potential implications of that research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Guillon
- UPRES EA 2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François Rabelais, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
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Guillon S, Trémouillaux-Guiller J, Pati PK, Rideau M, Gantet P. Hairy root research: recent scenario and exciting prospects. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 9:341-6. [PMID: 16616871 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
High stability of the production of secondary metabolites is an interesting characteristic of hairy root cultures. For 25 years, hairy roots have been investigated as a biological system for the production of valuable compounds from medicinal plants. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism of hairy root development, which is based on the transfer of Agrobacterium rhizogenes T-DNA into the plant genome, has facilitated its increasing use in metabolic engineering. Hairy roots can also produce recombinant proteins from transgenic roots, and thereby hold immense potential for the pharmaceutical industry. In addition, hairy roots offer promise for phytoremediation because of their abundant neoplastic root proliferation. Recent progress in the scaling-up of hairy root cultures is making this system an attractive tool for industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Guillon
- UPRES EA 2106 'Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales', Université François Rabelais, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
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Different biotic and abiotic elicitors influence betalain production in hairy root cultures of Beta vulgaris in shake-flask and bioreactor. Process Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2005.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Suresh B, Thimmaraju R, Bhagyalakshmi N, Ravishankar G. Polyamine and methyl jasmonate-influenced enhancement of betalaine production in hairy root cultures of Beta vulgaris grown in a bubble column reactor and studies on efflux of pigments. Process Biochem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2003.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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