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Zhang YN, Wan XC, Tang Y, Chen Y, Zheng FH, Cui ZH, Zhang H, Zhou Z, Fang GM. Employing unnatural promiscuity of sortase to construct peptide macrocycle libraries for ligand discovery. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9649-9656. [PMID: 38939140 PMCID: PMC11206207 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01992j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
With the increasing attention paid to macrocyclic scaffolds in peptide drug development, genetically encoded peptide macrocycle libraries have become invaluable sources for the discovery of high-affinity peptide ligands targeting disease-associated proteins. The traditional phage display technique of constructing disulfide-tethered macrocycles by cysteine oxidation has the inherent drawback of reduction instability of the disulfide bond. Chemical macrocyclization solves the problem of disulfide bond instability, but the involved highly electrophilic reagents are usually toxic to phages and may bring undesirable side reactions. Here, we report a unique Sortase-mediated Peptide Ligation and One-pot Cyclization strategy (SPLOC) to generate peptide macrocycle libraries, avoiding the undesired reactions of electrophiles with phages. The key to this platform is to mine the unnatural promiscuity of sortase on the X residue of the pentapeptide recognition sequence (LPXTG). Low reactive electrophiles are incorporated into the X-residue side chain, enabling intramolecular cyclization with the cysteine residue of the phage-displayed peptide library. Utilizing the genetically encoded peptide macrocycle library constructed by the SPLOC platform, we found a high-affinity bicyclic peptide binding TEAD4 with a nanomolar KD value (63.9 nM). Importantly, the binding affinity of the bicyclic peptide ligand is 102-fold lower than that of the acyclic analogue. To our knowledge, this is the first time to mine the unnatural promiscuity of ligases to generate peptide macrocycles, providing a new avenue for the construction of genetically encoded cyclic peptide libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ni Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Cui Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University Cancer Center, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai 200072 P. R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Feng-Hao Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Hui Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Zhaocai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
| | - Ge-Min Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
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Iskandar SE, Haberman VA, Bowers AA. Expanding the Chemical Diversity of Genetically Encoded Libraries. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2020; 22:712-733. [PMID: 33167616 PMCID: PMC8284915 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.0c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The power of ribosomes has increasingly been harnessed for the synthesis and selection of molecular libraries. Technologies, such as phage display, yeast display, and mRNA display, effectively couple genotype to phenotype for the molecular evolution of high affinity epitopes for many therapeutic targets. Genetic code expansion is central to the success of these technologies, allowing researchers to surpass the intrinsic capabilities of the ribosome and access new, genetically encoded materials for these selections. Here, we review techniques for the chemical expansion of genetically encoded libraries, their abilities and limits, and opportunities for further development. Importantly, we also discuss methods and metrics used to assess the efficiency of modification and library diversity with these new techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina E Iskandar
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Victoria A Haberman
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Albert A Bowers
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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3
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Ohshima T, Sakono M. Enzymatic Installation of Functional Molecules on Amyloid-Based Polymers. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2687-2691. [PMID: 29068665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We produced a functional polymer whose framework comprised transthyretin (TTR) amyloid fibrils. In order to immobilize functional molecules onto the amyloid fibrils, transpeptidase sortase A (srtA), which catalyzes the covalent binding of LPXTG with polyglycine, was employed. After the preparation of the amyloid fibril of LPETGG-tagged TTR, immobilization of Gly5-fused GFP on the amyloid fibrils by srtA-mediated transpeptidation was carried out. SrtA recognized the amyloid fibrils consisting of an LPETGG-tagged TTR variant (L55P) as a good substrate, resulting in successful preparation of a GFP-immobilized amyloid. Intriguingly, the replacement of GFP with Gly5-fused luciferase was confirmed when the GFP-immobilized amyloids were mixed with Gly5-luciferase in the presence of srtA. Thus, it was found that functional molecules covalently immobilized on amyloid could be detached and substituted with other tagged molecules by using srtA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Ohshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama , 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Masafumi Sakono
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama , 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
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Tan XL, Pan M, Zheng Y, Gao S, Liang LJ, Li YM. Sortase-mediated chemical protein synthesis reveals the bidentate binding of bisphosphorylated p62 with K63 diubiquitin. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6881-6887. [PMID: 29147513 PMCID: PMC5636944 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02937c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of S403 or S407 of the autophagic receptor protein p62 has recently been discovered to enhance the binding of p62 with ubiquitinated protein substrates to upregulate selective autophagy. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of how phosphorylation regulates the recruitment of ubiquitinated proteins, we report the first chemical synthesis of homogeneously phosphorylated p62, which enables the setting up of accurate in vitro systems for biochemical studies. Our synthesis employs the technology of sortase A-mediated protein hydrazide ligation, which successfully affords three types of phosphorylated p62 at the multi-milligram scale. Quantitative biochemical measurements show that the binding affinity of S403/S407-bisphosphorylated p62 to K63 diubiquitin is significantly higher than that of mono-phosphorylated p62. This finding suggests that phosphorylated S403 and S407 sites should bind to different epitopes on the ubiquitin chain. Furthermore, glutamate mutation is found to give a significantly impaired binding affinity, implying the necessity of using chemically synthesized phosphorylated p62 for the biochemical study of selective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Long Tan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China.,School of Biological and Medical Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , Anhui 230009 , China .
| | - Man Pan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yong Zheng
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , Anhui 230009 , China . .,High Magnetic Field Laboratory , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230031 , China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Lu-Jun Liang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , Anhui 230009 , China .
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Schmohl L, Bierlmeier J, von Kügelgen N, Kurz L, Reis P, Barthels F, Mach P, Schutkowski M, Freund C, Schwarzer D. Identification of sortase substrates by specificity profiling. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5002-5007. [PMID: 28684010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sortases catalyze the attachment of surface proteins to the peptidoglycan layer of gram-positive bacteria and further represent powerful tools of protein chemistry. During catalysis sortases cleave a donor substrate containing the LPxTG (x=any amino acid) sorting motif under formation of an enzyme-bound thioester and ligate this intermediate to an acceptor protein containing an N-terminal glycine residue. In addition to the well-established sortase A of Staphylococcus aureus several homologs of this enzyme have been identified in the genomes of gram-positive bacteria. We have profiled the specificity of seven sortases of Staphylococci and Streptococci origin and observed that sortases of the latter class displayed a more relaxed specificity for donor and acceptor substrates than their Staphylococci counterparts. Streptococci sortases prefer an LPKLG donor substrate sequence compared to the canonical sorting motif LPKTG. These findings might facilitate the use of Streptococci sortases as tools of protein chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schmohl
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jan Bierlmeier
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nicolai von Kügelgen
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Leonie Kurz
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Pascal Reis
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Barthels
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Pia Mach
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mike Schutkowski
- Institut für Biochemie and Biotechnologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thielallee 63, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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6
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Schmohl L, Bierlmeier J, Gerth F, Freund C, Schwarzer D. Engineering sortase A by screening a second-generation library using phage display. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:631-635. [PMID: 28185387 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sortase-mediated ligation is one of the most commonly used chemo-enzymatic techniques for the site-specific modification of proteins. We have established a new library of sortase mutants for directed evolution of sortase substrate selectivity. Phage display screens of this second-generation library yielded sortase mutants that ligate substrate proteins containing an APxTG or FPxTG recognition sequence instead of the canonical LPxTG sorting motif. These findings indicate that the second-generation sortase library is well suited for sortase engineering in order to increase the versatility of sortase-mediated ligation. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schmohl
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Bierlmeier
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Gerth
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
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7
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Schmohl L, Wagner FR, Schümann M, Krause E, Schwarzer D. Semisynthesis and initial characterization of sortase A mutants containing selenocysteine and homocysteine. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2883-9. [PMID: 25900629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial transpeptidase sortase A is a well-established tool in protein chemistry and catalyzes the chemoselective ligation of peptides and proteins. During catalysis sortase A cleaves the conserved Leu-Pro-X-Thr-Gly sorting motif at the Thr residue under concomitant thioester formation at active site Cys184. We have used expressed protein ligation (EPL) to generate sortase mutants with Cys184 replaced by selenocysteine (Sec) and homocysteine (Hcy). Sec-sortase showed a moderate 2-3-fold reduction in catalytic activity in contrast to Hcy-sortase which is a poor catalyst with less than 1% of wild-type activity. The sensitivity of the active site nucleophiles towards an alkylation reagent correlated with the pKa values of the mutated residues. Furthermore, the pH-profile of Sec-sortase was shifted to more acidic conditions when compared to the wild-type enzyme. These observations provide information on sortase catalysis and the semisynthetic enzymes might represent useful tools for further biochemical investigations and engineering approaches of sortases A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schmohl
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Felix Roman Wagner
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Schümann
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eberhard Krause
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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8
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Schmohl L, Schwarzer D. Sortase-mediated ligations for the site-specific modification of proteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 22:122-8. [PMID: 25299574 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sortase-mediated ligation (SML) is one of the most commonly used techniques for the site-specific modification of proteins. Here, a brief overview on advantages and limitations of this technology in comparison with other chemoselective protein modification techniques is provided and successful approaches that extend the application range of SML are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schmohl
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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9
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Policarpo RL, Kang H, Liao X, Rabideau AE, Simon MD, Pentelute BL. Flow-based enzymatic ligation by sortase A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9203-8. [PMID: 24989829 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sortase-mediated ligation (sortagging) is a versatile, powerful strategy for protein modification. Because the sortase reaction reaches equilibrium, a large excess of polyglycine nucleophile is often employed to drive the reaction forward and suppress sortase-mediated side reactions. A flow-based sortagging platform employing immobilized sortase A within a microreactor was developed that permits efficient sortagging at low nucleophile concentrations. The platform was tested with several reaction partners and used to generate a protein bioconjugate inaccessible by solution-phase batch sortagging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco L Policarpo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
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10
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Policarpo RL, Kang H, Liao X, Rabideau AE, Simon MD, Pentelute BL. Flow-Based Enzymatic Ligation by Sortase A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Schmohl L, Schwarzer D. Chemo-enzymatic three-fragment assembly of semisynthetic proteins. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:145-51. [PMID: 24402733 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the development of a method for three-fragment assemblies of semisynthetic proteins by combining sortase-mediated ligation with site-specific bioconjugation catalyzed by the 4'-phosphopantetheine transferase Sfp. This method enables the introduction of synthetic peptides into central regions of proteins without the need to purify intermediates. The assembled proteins are linked at the N-terminal junction with a 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety and with a peptide bond at the C-terminal ligation site. We have demonstrated the applicability of this method by assembling a semisynthetic model protein derived from fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based reporters from three fragments in a one-pot reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schmohl
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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