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Kim WK, Choi K, Hyeon C, Jang SJ. General Chemical Reaction Network Theory for Olfactory Sensing Based on G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: Elucidation of Odorant Mixture Effects and Agonist-Synergist Threshold. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8412-8420. [PMID: 37712530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a general chemical reaction network theory for olfactory sensing processes that employ G-protein-coupled receptors as olfactory receptors (ORs). The theory can be applied to general mixtures of odorants and an arbitrary number of ORs. Reactions of ORs with G-proteins, in both the presence and absence of odorants, are explicitly considered. A unique feature of the theory is the definition of an odor activity vector consisting of strengths of odorant-induced signals from ORs relative to those due to background G-protein activity in the absence of odorants. It is demonstrated that each component of the odor activity defined this way reduces to a Michaelis-Menten form capable of accounting for cooperation or competition effects between different odorants. The main features of the theory are illustrated for a two-odorant mixture. Known and potential mixture effects, such as suppression, shadowing, inhibition, and synergy, are quantitatively described. Effects of relative values of rate constants, basal activity, and G-protein concentration are also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyu Kim
- Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Hoegiro 85, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02455, Korea
| | - Kiri Choi
- Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Hoegiro 85, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02455, Korea
| | - Changbong Hyeon
- Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Hoegiro 85, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02455, Korea
| | - Seogjoo J Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Queens, New York 11367, United States
- PhD Programs in Chemistry and Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
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2
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Frey T, Kwadha CA, Haag F, Pelletier J, Wallin EA, Holgersson E, Hedenström E, Bohman B, Bengtsson M, Becher PG, Krautwurst D, Witzgall P. The human odorant receptor OR10A6 is tuned to the pheromone of the commensal fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. iScience 2022; 25:105269. [PMID: 36300000 PMCID: PMC9589189 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
All living things speak chemistry. The challenge is to reveal the vocabulary, the odorants that enable communication across phylogenies and to translate them to physiological, behavioral, and ecological function. Olfactory receptors (ORs) interface animals with airborne odorants. Expression in heterologous cells makes it possible to interrogate single ORs and to identify cognate ligands. The cosmopolitan, anthropophilic strain of the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster depends on human resources and housing for survival. Curiously, humans sense the pheromone (Z)-4-undecenal (Z4-11Al) released by single fly females. A screening of all human ORs shows that the most highly expressed OR10A6 is tuned to Z4-11Al. Females of an ancestral African fly strain release a blend of Z4-11Al and Z4-9Al that produces a different aroma, which is how we distinguish these fly strains by nose. That flies and humans sense Z4-11Al via dedicated ORs shows how convergent evolution shapes communication channels between vertebrate and invertebrate animals. Humans sense the sex pheromone Z411-Al released by single Drosophila melanogaster females The most highly expressed human olfactory receptor OR10A6 is tuned to Z411-Al An African fly strain emits two aldehydes, which we distinguish from Z411-Al by nose Convergent evolution shapes chemical communication between phylogenies
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Frey
- Leibniz-Institut für Lebensmittel-Systembiologie an der Technischen Universität München, Lise-Meitner Strasse 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Charles A. Kwadha
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Franziska Haag
- Leibniz-Institut für Lebensmittel-Systembiologie an der Technischen Universität München, Lise-Meitner Strasse 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Julien Pelletier
- Leibniz-Institut für Lebensmittel-Systembiologie an der Technischen Universität München, Lise-Meitner Strasse 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Erika A. Wallin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Mid Sweden University, Holmgatan 10, 85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | | | - Erik Hedenström
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Mid Sweden University, Holmgatan 10, 85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Björn Bohman
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Marie Bengtsson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Paul G. Becher
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Leibniz-Institut für Lebensmittel-Systembiologie an der Technischen Universität München, Lise-Meitner Strasse 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Witzgall
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden,Corresponding author
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Etsè KS, Djidjolé Etsè K, Zaragoza G, Mouithys-Mickalad A. Structural description, IR, TGA, antiradical, HRP activity inhibition and molecular docking exploration of N-cyclohexyl-N-tosylformamide. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Aljaafari MN, Alkhoori MA, Hag-Ali M, Cheng WH, Lim SHE, Loh JY, Lai KS. Contribution of Aldehydes and Their Derivatives to Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Activities. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113589. [PMID: 35684521 PMCID: PMC9182322 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are intricate combinations of evaporative compounds produced by aromatic plants and extracted by distillation or expression. EOs are natural secondary metabolites derived from plants and have been found to be useful in food and nutraceutical manufacturing, perfumery and cosmetics; they have also been found to alleviate the phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in addition to functioning as antibacterial and antifungal agents, balancing menstrual cycles and being efficacious as an immune system booster. Several main aldehyde constituents can be found in different types of EOs, and thus, aldehydes and their derivatives will be the main focus of this study with regard to their antimicrobial, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. This brief study also explores the activity of aldehydes and their derivatives against pathogenic bacteria for future use in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Nasser Aljaafari
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.N.A.); (M.A.A.); (S.-H.-E.L.)
| | - Maryam Abdulraheem Alkhoori
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.N.A.); (M.A.A.); (S.-H.-E.L.)
| | - Mohammed Hag-Ali
- Higher Colleges of Technology Headquarters, CERT Building, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Wan-Hee Cheng
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN, Putra Nilai, Nilai 71800, Malaysia;
| | - Swee-Hua-Erin Lim
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.N.A.); (M.A.A.); (S.-H.-E.L.)
| | - Jiun-Yan Loh
- Centre of Research for Advanced Aquaculture (CORAA), UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.L.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Kok-Song Lai
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.N.A.); (M.A.A.); (S.-H.-E.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.L.); (K.-S.L.)
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5
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Wang C, Andreasson KI. Odorant receptors in macrophages: potential targets for atherosclerosis. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:262-264. [PMID: 35283015 PMCID: PMC10921635 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In a recent report, Orecchioni et al. identify a role for the olfactory receptor (OR) Olfr2 and its human ortholog OR6A2 in atherosclerosis. Vascular macrophage Olfr2 binds octanal, a product of lipid peroxidation, activating the NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β secretion, and driving atherosclerosis pathology. Thus, OR6A2 inhibitors may represent a promising therapy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katrin I Andreasson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Orecchioni M, Kobiyama K, Winkels H, Ghosheh Y, McArdle S, Mikulski Z, Kiosses WB, Fan Z, Wen L, Jung Y, Roy P, Ali AJ, Miyamoto Y, Mangan M, Makings J, Wang Z, Denn A, Vallejo J, Owens M, Durant CP, Braumann S, Mader N, Li L, Matsunami H, Eckmann L, Latz E, Wang Z, Hazen SL, Ley K. Olfactory receptor 2 in vascular macrophages drives atherosclerosis by NLRP3-dependent IL-1 production. Science 2022; 375:214-221. [PMID: 35025664 PMCID: PMC9744443 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the artery walls and involves immune cells such as macrophages. Olfactory receptors (OLFRs) are G protein–coupled chemoreceptors that have a central role in detecting odorants and the sense of smell. We found that mouse vascular macrophages express the olfactory receptor Olfr2 and all associated trafficking and signaling molecules. Olfr2 detects the compound octanal, which activates the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and induces interleukin-1β secretion in human and mouse macrophages. We found that human and mouse blood plasma contains octanal, a product of lipid peroxidation, at concentrations sufficient to activate Olfr2 and the human ortholog olfactory receptor 6A2 (OR6A2). Boosting octanal levels exacerbated atherosclerosis, whereas genetic targeting of Olfr2 in mice significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaques. Our findings suggest that inhibiting OR6A2 may provide a promising strategy to prevent and treat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Holger Winkels
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Cardiology, Heart Center, University Hospital of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yanal Ghosheh
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sara McArdle
- Histology and Microscopy Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Histology and Microscopy Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William B. Kiosses
- Histology and Microscopy Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhichao Fan
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Lai Wen
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yunmin Jung
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Payel Roy
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amal J. Ali
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew Mangan
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Zhihao Wang
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Angela Denn
- Histology and Microscopy Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Michaela Owens
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Simon Braumann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Cardiology, Heart Center, University Hospital of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Navid Mader
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University Hospital of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Lin Li
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Corresponding author.
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7
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Liu MT, Na M, Li Y, Biscoe MR, Ryan K. Conformational Sensing by a Mammalian Olfactory Receptor. Chemistry 2020; 26:11462-11469. [PMID: 32691933 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To identify odors, the mammalian nose deploys hundreds of olfactory receptors (ORs) from the rhodopsin-like class of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Odorants having multiple rotatable bonds present a problem for the stereochemical shape-based matching process assumed to govern the sense of smell through OR-odorant recognition. We conformationally restricted the carbon chain of the odorant octanal to ask whether an OR can respond differently to different odorant conformations. By using calcium imaging to monitor signal transduction in sensory neurons expressing the mouse aldehyde OR, Olfr2, we found that the spatial position of the C7 and C8 carbon atoms of octanal, in relation to its -CHO group, determines whether an aliphatic aldehyde functions as an agonist, partial agonist or antagonist. Our experiments provide evidence that an odorant can manipulate an OR through its intrinsic conformational repertoire, in unexpected analogy to the photon-controlled aldehyde manipulation observed in rhodopsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ting Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Mihwa Na
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Yadi Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Mark R Biscoe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Kevin Ryan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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8
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de March CA, Fukutani Y, Vihani A, Kida H, Matsunami H. Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31081824 DOI: 10.3791/59446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory perception begins with the interaction of odorants with odorant receptors (OR) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). Odor recognition follows a combinatorial coding scheme, where one OR can be activated by a set of odorants and one odorant can activate a combination of ORs. Through such combinatorial coding, organisms can detect and discriminate between a myriad of volatile odor molecules. Thus, an odor at a given concentration can be described by an activation pattern of ORs, which is specific to each odor. In that sense, cracking the mechanisms that the brain uses to perceive odor requires the understanding odorant-OR interactions. This is why the olfaction community is committed to "de-orphanize" these receptors. Conventional in vitro systems used to identify odorant-OR interactions have utilized incubating cell media with odorant, which is distinct from the natural detection of odors via vapor odorants dissolution into nasal mucosa before interacting with ORs. Here, we describe a new method that allows for real-time monitoring of OR activation via vapor-phase odorants. Our method relies on measuring cAMP release by luminescence using the Glosensor assay. It bridges current gaps between in vivo and in vitro approaches and provides a basis for a biomimetic volatile chemical sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A de March
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center;
| | - Yosuke Fukutani
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center; Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Aashutosh Vihani
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Hitoshi Kida
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center; Department of Mechanical Systems, Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center; Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University;
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9
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Liu MT, Ho J, Liu JK, Purakait R, Morzan UN, Ahmed L, Batista VS, Matsunami H, Ryan K. Carbon chain shape selectivity by the mouse olfactory receptor OR-I7. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:2541-2548. [PMID: 29569669 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00205c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rodent OR-I7 is an olfactory receptor exemplar activated by aliphatic aldehydes such as octanal. Normal alkanals shorter than heptanal bind OR-I7 without activating it and hence function as antagonists in vitro. We report a series of aldehydes designed to probe the structural requirements for aliphatic ligand chains too short to meet the minimum approximate 6.9 Å length requirement for receptor activation. Experiments using recombinant mouse OR-I7 expressed in heterologous cells show that in the context of short aldehyde antagonists, OR-I7 prefers binding aliphatic chains without branches, though a single methyl on carbon-3 is permitted. The receptor can accommodate a surprisingly large number of carbons (e.g. ten in adamantyl) as long as the carbons are part of a conformationally constrained ring system. A rhodopsin-based homology model of mouse OR-I7 docked with the new antagonists suggests that small alkyl branches on the alkyl chain sterically interfere with the hydrophobic residues lining the binding site, but branch carbons can be accommodated when tied back into a compact ring system like the adamantyl and bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ting Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA. and Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jianghai Ho
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Neurobiology, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Jason Karl Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Radhanath Purakait
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Uriel N Morzan
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lucky Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Victor S Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Neurobiology, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Kevin Ryan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA. and Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA and Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Na M, Liu MT, Nguyen MQ, Ryan K. Single-Neuron Comparison of the Olfactory Receptor Response to Deuterated and Nondeuterated Odorants. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:552-562. [PMID: 30343564 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory receptors (ORs) constitute a large subfamily of the Class A G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The molecular details of how these receptors convert odorant chemical information into neural signal are unknown, but are predicted by analogy to other GPCRs to involve stabilization of the activated form of the OR by the odorant. An alternative hypothesis maintains that the vibrational modes of an odorant's bonds constitute the main determinant for OR activation, and that odorants containing deuterium in place of hydrogen should activate different sets of OR family members. Experiments using heterologously expressed ORs have failed to show different responses for deuterated odorants, but experiments in the sensory neuron environment have been lacking. We tested the response to deuterated and nondeuterated versions of p-cymene, 1-octanol, 1-undecanol, and octanal in dissociated mouse olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) by calcium imaging. In all, we tested 23 812 cells, including a subset expressing recombinant mouse olfactory receptor 2 ( Olfr2/OR-I7 ), and found that nearly all of the 1610 odorant-responding neurons were unable to distinguish the D- and H-odorants. These results support the conclusion that if mammals can perceive deuterated odorants differently, the difference arises from the receptor-independent steps of olfaction. Nevertheless, 0.81% of the responding ORNs responded differently to D- and H-odorants, and those in the octanal experiments responded selectively to H-octanal at concentrations from 3 to 100 μM. The few ORs responding differently to H and D may be hypersensitive to one of the several H/D physicochemical differences, such as the difference in H/D hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihwa Na
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Min Ting Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Minh Q. Nguyen
- Taste and Smell Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kevin Ryan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
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Block E. Molecular Basis of Mammalian Odor Discrimination: A Status Report. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:13346-13366. [PMID: 30453735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Humans have 396 unique, intact olfactory receptors (ORs), G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) containing receptor-specific binding sites; other mammals have more. Activation of these transmembrane proteins by an odorant initiates a signaling cascade, evoking an action potential leading to perception of a smell. Because the number of distinguishable odorants vastly exceeds the number of ORs, research has focused on mechanisms of recognition and signaling processes for classes of odorants. In this review, selected recent examples will be presented of "deorphaned" mammalian receptors, where the OR ligands (odorants) as well as key aspects of receptor-odorant interactions were identified using odorant-mediated receptor activation data together with site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling. Based on cumulative evidence from OR deorphaning and olfactory receptor neuron activation studies, a receptor-ligand docking model rather than an alternative bond vibration model is suggested to best explain the molecular basis of the exquisitely sensitive odor discrimination in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Block
- Department of Chemistry , University at Albany, SUNY , Albany , New York 12222 , United States
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12
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Molecular mechanism of activation of human musk receptors OR5AN1 and OR1A1 by ( R)-muscone and diverse other musk-smelling compounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E3950-E3958. [PMID: 29632183 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713026115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding olfaction at the molecular level is challenging due to the lack of crystallographic models of odorant receptors (ORs). To better understand the molecular mechanism of OR activation, we focused on chiral (R)-muscone and other musk-smelling odorants due to their great importance and widespread use in perfumery and traditional medicine, as well as environmental concerns associated with bioaccumulation of musks with estrogenic/antiestrogenic properties. We experimentally and computationally examined the activation of human receptors OR5AN1 and OR1A1, recently identified as specifically responding to musk compounds. OR5AN1 responds at nanomolar concentrations to musk ketone and robustly to macrocyclic sulfoxides and fluorine-substituted macrocyclic ketones; OR1A1 responds only to nitromusks. Structural models of OR5AN1 and OR1A1 based on quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) hybrid methods were validated through direct comparisons with activation profiles from site-directed mutagenesis experiments and analysis of binding energies for 35 musk-related odorants. The experimentally found chiral selectivity of OR5AN1 to (R)- over (S)-muscone was also computationally confirmed for muscone and fluorinated (R)-muscone analogs. Structural models show that OR5AN1, highly responsive to nitromusks over macrocyclic musks, stabilizes odorants by hydrogen bonding to Tyr260 of transmembrane α-helix 6 and hydrophobic interactions with surrounding aromatic residues Phe105, Phe194, and Phe207. The binding of OR1A1 to nitromusks is stabilized by hydrogen bonding to Tyr258 along with hydrophobic interactions with surrounding aromatic residues Tyr251 and Phe206. Hydrophobic/nonpolar and hydrogen bonding interactions contribute, respectively, 77% and 13% to the odorant binding affinities, as shown by an atom-based quantitative structure-activity relationship model.
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Wolf S, Jovancevic N, Gelis L, Pietsch S, Hatt H, Gerwert K. Dynamical Binding Modes Determine Agonistic and Antagonistic Ligand Effects in the Prostate-Specific G-Protein Coupled Receptor (PSGR). Sci Rep 2017; 7:16007. [PMID: 29167480 PMCID: PMC5700038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We analysed the ligand-based activation mechanism of the prostate-specific G-protein coupled receptor (PSGR), which is an olfactory receptor that mediates cellular growth in prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, it is an olfactory receptor with a known chemically near identic antagonist/agonist pair, α- and β-ionone. Using a combined theoretical and experimental approach, we propose that this receptor is activated by a ligand-induced rearrangement of a protein-internal hydrogen bond network. Surprisingly, this rearrangement is not induced by interaction of the ligand with the network, but by dynamic van der Waals contacts of the ligand with the involved amino acid side chains, altering their conformations and intraprotein connectivity. Ligand recognition in this GPCR is therefore highly stereo selective, but seemingly lacks any ligand recognition via polar contacts. A putative olfactory receptor-based drug design scheme will have to take this unique mode of protein/ligand action into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Wolf
- Department of Biophysics, ND 04 North, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
- Department of Biophysics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Nikolina Jovancevic
- Department of Cellphysiology, ND 4, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lian Gelis
- Department of Cellphysiology, ND 4, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pietsch
- Department of Biophysics, ND 04 North, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cellphysiology, ND 4, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Gerwert
- Department of Biophysics, ND 04 North, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Biophysics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, P.R. China
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de March CA, Ryu S, Sicard G, Moon C, Golebiowski J. Structure-odour relationships reviewed in the postgenomic era. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire A. de March
- Institut de Chimie de Nice; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis; UMR CNRS 7272, parc Valrose 06108 Nice cedex 02 France
| | - SangEun Ryu
- Laboratory of Chemical Senses, Department of Brain and Cognitive Science; DGIST (Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology); 50-1 Sang-Ri, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Dalseong-Gun Daegu 711-873 Korea
| | - Gilles Sicard
- Neurobiology of Cellular Interactions and Neurophysiopathology; Aix-Marseille Université; UMR CNRS 7259 13331 Marseille cedex 03 France
| | - Cheil Moon
- Laboratory of Chemical Senses, Department of Brain and Cognitive Science; DGIST (Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology); 50-1 Sang-Ri, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Dalseong-Gun Daegu 711-873 Korea
| | - Jérôme Golebiowski
- Institut de Chimie de Nice; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis; UMR CNRS 7272, parc Valrose 06108 Nice cedex 02 France
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