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Molina L, Williams DE, Andersen RJ, Golsteyn RM. Isolation of a natural product with anti-mitotic activity from a toxic Canadian prairie plant. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07131. [PMID: 34095597 PMCID: PMC8167235 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We are investigating plants from the prairie ecological zone of Canada to identify natural products that inhibit mitosis in cancer cells. Investigation of plant parts from the Canadian plant species Hymenoxys richardsonii (Asteraceae) revealed that leaf extracts (PP-360A) had anti-mitotic activity on human cancer cell lines. Cells treated with leaf extracts acquired a rounded morphology, similar to that of cells in mitosis. We demonstrated that the rounded cells contained mitotic spindles and phospho-histone H3 using the techniques of immunofluorescence microscopy. By biology-guided fractionation of H. richardsonii leaves, we isolated a sesquiterpene lactone named hymenoratin, which had not been previously assigned a biological activity. Cells treated with hymenoratin have phospho-histone H3 positive chromosomes, a mitotic spindle, and enter a prolonged mitotic arrest in which the spindles become distorted. By Western blot analysis, hymenoratin treated cells acquire high levels of cyclin B and dephosphorylated Cdk1. There is a growing body of evidence that select members of the sesquiterpene lactone chemical family have anti-mitotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Molina
- Natural Product and Cancer Cell Laboratories, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - David E Williams
- Department of Earth, Ocean, Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Raymond J Andersen
- Department of Earth, Ocean, Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Roy M Golsteyn
- Natural Product and Cancer Cell Laboratories, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4 Canada
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Jiang S, Du J, Kong Q, Li C, Li Y, Sun H, Pu J, Mao B. A Group of ent-Kaurane Diterpenoids Inhibit Hedgehog Signaling and Induce Cilia Elongation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139830. [PMID: 26439749 PMCID: PMC4595341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays important roles in the tumorigenesis of multiple cancers and is a key target for drug discovery. In a screen of natural products extracted from Chinese herbs, we identified eight ent-Kaurane diterpenoids and two triterpene dilactones as novel Hh pathway antagonists. Epistatic analyses suggest that these compounds likely act at the level or downstream of Smoothened (Smo) and upstream of Suppressor of Fused (Sufu). The ent-Kauranoid-treated cells showed elongated cilia, suppressed Smo trafficking to cilia, and mitotic defects, while the triterpene dilactones had no effect on the cilia and ciliary Smo. These ent-Kaurane diterpenoids provide new prototypes of Hh inhibitors, and are valuable probes for deciphering the mechanisms of Smo ciliary transport and ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyou Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jiacheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qinghua Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Chaocui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Handong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jianxin Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- * E-mail: (BM); (JP)
| | - Bingyu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- * E-mail: (BM); (JP)
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Wang T, Wu YF, Wang XL. Molecular structure and vibrational bands and 13C chemical shift assignments of both enmein-type diterpenoids by DFT study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 117:449-458. [PMID: 24013676 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report here theoretical and experimental studies on the molecular structure and vibrational and NMR spectra of both natural enmein type diterpenoids molecule (6, 7-seco-ent-kaurenes enmein type), isolated from the leaves of Isodon japonica (Burm.f.) Hara var. galaucocalyx (maxin) Hara. The optimized geometry, total energy, NMR chemical shifts and vibrational wavenumbers of epinodosinol and epinodosin have been determined using B3LYP method with 6-311G (d,p) basis set. A complete vibrational assignment is provided for the observed IR spectra of studied compounds. The calculated wavenumbers and 13C c.s. are in an excellent agreement with the experimental values. Quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP/6-311G (d,p) level of theory have been carried out on studied compounds to obtain a set of molecular electronic properties (MEP,HOMO, LUMO and gap energies ΔEg). Electrostatic potential surfaces have been mapped over the electron density isosurfaces to obtain information about the size, shape, charge density distribution and chemical reactivity of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze 274015, PR China.
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Patil H, Cho KI, Lee J, Yang Y, Orry A, Ferreira PA. Kinesin-1 and mitochondrial motility control by discrimination of structurally equivalent but distinct subdomains in Ran-GTP-binding domains of Ran-binding protein 2. Open Biol 2013; 3:120183. [PMID: 23536549 PMCID: PMC3718338 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pleckstrin homology (PH) domain is a versatile fold that mediates a variety of protein–protein and protein–phosphatidylinositol lipid interactions. The Ran-binding protein 2 (RanBP2) contains four interspersed Ran GTPase-binding domains (RBDn= 1–4) with close structural homology to the PH domain of Bruton's tyrosine kinase. The RBD2, kinesin-binding domain (KBD) and RBD3 comprise a tripartite domain (R2KR3) of RanBP2 that causes the unfolding, microtubule binding and biphasic activation of kinesin-1, a crucial anterograde motor of mitochondrial motility. However, the interplay between Ran GTPase and R2KR3 of RanBP2 in kinesin-1 activation and mitochondrial motility is elusive. We use structure–function, biochemical, kinetic and cell-based assays with time-lapse live-cell microscopy of over 260 000 mitochondrial-motility-related events to find mutually exclusive subdomains in RBD2 and RBD3 towards Ran GTPase binding, kinesin-1 activation and mitochondrial motility regulation. The RBD2 and RBD3 exhibit Ran-GTP-independent, subdomain and stereochemical-dependent discrimination on the biphasic kinetics of kinesin-1 activation or regulation of mitochondrial motility. Further, KBD alone and R2KR3 stimulate and suppress, respectively, multiple biophysical parameters of mitochondrial motility. The regulation of the bidirectional transport of mitochondria by either KBD or R2KR3 is highly coordinated, because their kinetic effects are accompanied always by changes in mitochondrial motile events of either transport polarity. These studies uncover novel roles in Ran GTPase-independent subdomains of RBD2 and RBD3, and KBD of RanBP2, that confer antagonizing and multi-modal mechanisms of kinesin-1 activation and regulation of mitochondrial motility. These findings open new venues towards the pharmacological harnessing of cooperative and competitive mechanisms regulating kinesins, RanBP2 or mitochondrial motility in disparate human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemangi Patil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Gerard M, Deleersnijder A, Demeulemeester J, Debyser Z, Baekelandt V. Unraveling the role of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases in neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2011; 44:13-27. [PMID: 21553017 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunophilins are a family of highly conserved proteins with a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity that binds immunosuppressive drugs such as FK506, cyclosporin A, and rapamycin. Immunophilins can be divided into two subfamilies, the cyclophilins, and the FK506 binding proteins (FKBPs). Next to the immunophilins, a third group of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases exist, the parvulins, which do not influence the immune system. The beneficial role of immunophilin ligands in neurodegenerative disease models has been known for more than a decade but remains largely unexplained in terms of molecular mechanisms. In this review, we summarize reported effects of parvulins, immunophilins, and their ligands in the context of neurodegeneration. We focus on the role of FKBP12 in Parkinson's disease and propose it as a novel drug target for therapy of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Gerard
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, IRC, K.U. Leuven-Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Flanders, Belgium
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel exo-methylene cyclopentanone tetracyclic diterpenoids as antitumor agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:130-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) presents with fulminant encephalopathy and characteristic brain lesions following viral infection. The rarity and unpredictability of the disorder have significantly impaired its study. Growing recognition of ANE and the discovery of causative missense mutations in the nuclear pore gene RANBP2 give promising steps toward unraveling this disease. This review summarizes recent advances of clinical and scientific understanding of ANE. RECENT FINDINGS Inflammatory factors participate in the pathogenesis of ANE, but the lack of difference between influenza and noninfluenza ANE focuses attention on the abnormal host response as causative. Early treatment with steroids provides the best outcome for patients who do not have brainstem lesions. Missense mutations in RANBP2 cause the majority of familial and recurrent ANE cases, but other single-gene causes of ANE are possible for familial, recurrent, and sporadic cases. SUMMARY Early recognition and systematic evaluation of ANE are necessary. Modeling ANE as a genetic disorder may provide the most immediate gains in the understanding and treatment of ANE and related disorders.
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Galat A, Bua J. Molecular aspects of cyclophilins mediating therapeutic actions of their ligands. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3467-88. [PMID: 20602248 PMCID: PMC11115621 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive cyclic peptide that binds with a high affinity to 18 kDa human cyclophilin-A (hCyPA). CsA and its several natural derivatives have some pharmacological potential in treatment of diverse immune disorders. More than 20 paralogues of CyPA are expressed in the human body while expression levels and functions of numerous ORFs encoding cyclophilin-like sequences remain unknown. Certain derivatives of CsA devoid of immunosuppressive activity may have some potential in treatments of Alzheimer diseases, Hepatitis C and HIV infections, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, congenital muscular dystrophy, asthma and various parasitic infections. Here, we discuss structural and functional aspects of the human cyclophilins and their interaction with various intra-cellular targets that can be under the control of CsA or its complexes with diverse cyclophilins that are selectively expressed in different cellular compartments. Some molecular aspects of the cyclophilins expressed in parasites invading humans and causing diseases were also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Galat
- SIMOPRO, Institute de Biologie et de Technologies de Saclay, DSV/CEA, Bat. 152, CE-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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Xu HZ, Huang Y, Wu YL, Zhao Y, Xiao WL, Lin QS, Sun HD, Dai W, Chen GQ. Pharicin A, a novel natural ent-kaurene diterpenoid, induces mitotic arrest and mitotic catastrophe of cancer cells by interfering with BubR1 function. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:2897-907. [PMID: 20603598 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.14.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the functional characterization of a new ent-kaurene diterpenoid termed pharicin A, which was originally isolated from Isodon, a perennial shrub frequently used in Chinese folk medicine for tumor treatment. Pharicin A induces mitotic arrest in leukemia and solid tumor-derived cells identified by their morphology, DNA content and mitotic marker analyses. Pharicin A-induced mitotic arrest is associated with unaligned chromosomes, aberrant BubR1 localization and deregulated spindle checkpoint activation. Pharicin A directly binds to BubR1 in vitro, which is correlated with premature sister chromatid separation in vivo. Pharicin A also induces mitotic arrest in paclitaxel-resistant Jurkat and U2OS cells. Combined, our study strongly suggests that pharicin A represents a novel class of small molecule compounds capable of perturbing mitotic progression and initiating mitotic catastrophe, which merits further preclinical and clinical investigations for cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Zhang Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Cheng KW, Wong CC, Wang M, He QY, Chen F. Identification and characterization of molecular targets of natural products by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:126-155. [PMID: 19319922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Natural products, and their derivatives and mimics, have contributed to the development of important therapeutics to combat diseases such as infections and cancers over the past decades. The value of natural products to modern drug discovery is still considerable. However, its development is hampered by a lack of a mechanistic understanding of their molecular action, as opposed to the emerging molecule-targeted therapeutics that are tailored to a specific protein target(s). Recent advances in the mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches have the potential to offer unprecedented insights into the molecular action of natural products. Chemical proteomics is established as an invaluable tool for the identification of protein targets of natural products. Small-molecule affinity selection combined with mass spectrometry is a successful strategy to "fish" cellular targets from the entire proteome. Mass spectrometry-based profiling of protein expression is also routinely employed to elucidate molecular pathways involved in the therapeutic and possible toxicological responses upon treatment with natural products. In addition, mass spectrometry is increasingly utilized to probe structural aspects of natural products-protein interactions. Limited proteolysis, photoaffinity labeling, and hydrogen/deuterium exchange in conjunction with mass spectrometry are sensitive and high-throughput strategies that provide low-resolution structural information of non-covalent natural product-protein complexes. In this review, we provide an overview on the applications of mass spectrometry-based techniques in the identification and characterization of natural product-protein interactions, and we describe how these applications might revolutionize natural product-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Wing Cheng
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
SUMO proteins are small ubiquitin-like modifiers found in all eukaryotes that become covalently conjugated to other cellular proteins. The SUMO conjugation pathway is biochemically similar to ubiquitin conjugation, although the enzymes within the pathway act exclusively on SUMO proteins. This post-translational modification controls many processes. Here, I will focus on evidence that SUMOylation plays a critical role(s) in mitosis: Early studies showed a genetic requirement for SUMO pathway components in the process of cell division, while later findings implicated SUMOylation in the control of mitotic chromosome structure, cell cycle progression, kinetochore function and cytokinesis. Recent insights into the targets of SUMOylation are likely to be extremely helpful in understanding each of these aspects. Finally, growing evidence suggests that SUMOylation is a downstream target of regulation through Ran, a small GTPase with important functions in both interphase nuclear trafficking and mitotic spindle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Dasso
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, NICHD/NIH, Building 18, Room 106, MSC-5431, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Ruiz Y, Rodrígues J, Arvelo F, Usubillaga A, Monsalve M, Diez N, Galindo-Castro I. Cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing effect of ent-15-oxo-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid, a derivative of grandiflorolic acid from Espeletia schultzii. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:432-8. [PMID: 17869315 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ent-Kaurenic acid and many natural derivatives of this diterpene are known to have interesting biological properties. ent-15-Oxo-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid can be easily obtained from grandiflorolic acid which was first isolated from Espeletia grandiflora. The present work describes the proapoptotic effect of ent-15-oxo-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid on the human prostate carcinoma epithelial cell line PC-3 as evidenced by the changes in the expression level of proteins associated with the execution and regulation of apoptosis. Cell viability was affected upon exposure to the compound, the IC(50) were determined as 3.7 microg/ml, which is 4 times lower than that corresponding to a primary cell culture of fibroblasts (14.8 microg/mL). Through Western blot analysis, active forms of caspace-3 associated with the specific proteolysis of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were detected. Reduced levels of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, as well as the appearance of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, were also demonstrated. Thus, ent-15-oxo-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid may be a promising lead compound for new chemopreventive strategies, alone or in combination with traditional chemotherapy agents to overcome drug resistance in tumoral cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarimar Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Proteómica, Centro de Biotecnología, Fundación IDEA, Carretera Nacional Hoyo de la Puerta-Baruta, Valle de Sartenejas, Municipio Baruta, Edo. Miranda, Caracas 1015-A, Venezuela
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Roy A, Roberts FG, Wilderman PR, Zhou K, Peters RJ, Coates RM. 16-Aza-ent-beyerane and 16-Aza-ent-trachylobane: potent mechanism-based inhibitors of recombinant ent-kaurene synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:12453-60. [PMID: 17892288 PMCID: PMC3714097 DOI: 10.1021/ja072447e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The secondary ent-beyeran-16-yl carbocation (7) is a key branch point intermediate in mechanistic schemes to rationalize the cyclic structures of many tetra- and pentacyclic diterpenes, including ent-beyerene, ent-kaurene, ent-trachylobane, and ent-atiserene, presumed precursors to >1000 known diterpenes. To evaluate these mechanistic hypotheses, we synthesized the heterocyclic analogues 16-aza-ent-beyerane (12) and 16-aza-ent-trachylobane (13) by means of Hg(II)- and Pb(IV)-induced cyclizations onto the Delta12 double bonds of tricyclic intermediates bearing carbamoylmethyl and aminomethyl groups at C-8. The 13,16-seco-16-norcarbamate (20a) was obtained from ent-beyeran-16-one oxime (17) by Beckmann fragmentation, hydrolysis, and Curtius rearrangement. The aza analogues inhibited recombinant ent-kaurene synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana (GST-rAtKS) with inhibition constants (IC50 = 1 x 10-7 and 1 x 10-6 M) similar in magnitude to the pseudo-binding constant of the bicyclic ent-copalyl diphosphate substrate (Km = 3 x 10-7 M). Large enhancements of binding affinities (IC50 = 4 x 10-9 and 2 x 10-8 M) were observed in the presence of 1 mM pyrophosphate, which is consistent with a tightly bound ent-beyeranyl+/pyrophosphate- ion pair intermediate in the cyclization-rearrangement catalyzed by this diterpene synthase. The weak inhibition (IC50 = 1 x 10-5 M) exhibited by ent-beyeran-16-exo-yl diphosphate (11) and its failure to undergo bridge rearrangement to kaurene appear to rule out the covalent diphosphate as a free intermediate. 16-Aza-ent-beyerane is proposed as an effective mimic for the ent-beyeran-16-yl carbocation with potential applications as an active site probe for the various ent-diterpene cyclases and as a novel, selective inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Roy
- Albany Molecular Sciences, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Frank G. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana, IL 61801
| | - P. Ross Wilderman
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Ke Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Reuben J. Peters
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Robert M. Coates
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana, IL 61801
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