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Wang Y, Ming XX, Zhang CP. Fluorine-Containing Inhalation Anesthetics: Chemistry, Properties and Pharmacology. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5599-5652. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191003155703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies on fluorinated inhalation anesthetics, including synthesis, physical chemistry and
pharmacology, have been summarized in this review. Retrospecting the history of inhalation anesthetics
revealed their increasing reliance on fluorine and ether structures. Halothane causes a rare but
severe immune-based hepatotoxicity, which was replaced by enflurane in the 1970s. Isoflurane replaced
enflurane in the 1980s, showing modest advantages (e.g. lower solubility, better metabolic
stability, and without convulsive predisposition). Desflurane and sevoflurane came into use in the
1990s, which are better anesthetics than isoflurane (less hepatotoxicity, lower solubility, and/or
markedly decreased pungency). However, they are still less than perfect. To gain more ideal inhalation
anesthetics, a large number of fluorinated halocarbons, polyfluorocycloalkanes, polyfluorocycloalkenes,
fluoroarenes, and polyfluorooxetanes, were prepared and their potency and toxicity were
evaluated. Although the pharmacology studies suggested that some of these agents produced anesthesia,
no further studies were continued on these compounds because they showed obvious lacking
as anesthetics. Moreover, the anesthetic activity cannot be simply predicted from the molecular
structures but has to be inferred from the experiments. Several regularities were found by experimental
studies: 1) the potency and toxicity of the saturated linear chain halogenated ether are enhanced
when its molecular weight is increased; 2) the margin of safety decreases and the recovery
time is prolonged when the boiling point of the candidate increases; and 3) compounds with an
asymmetric carbon terminal exhibit good anesthesia. Nevertheless, the development of new inhalation
anesthetics, better than desflurane and sevoflurane, is still challenging not only because of the
poor structure/activity relationship known so far but also due to synthetic issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Ming
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Cheng-Pan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
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2
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Liu XR, Zhang MM, Gross ML. Mass Spectrometry-Based Protein Footprinting for Higher-Order Structure Analysis: Fundamentals and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:4355-4454. [PMID: 32319757 PMCID: PMC7531764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteins adopt different higher-order structures (HOS) to enable their unique biological functions. Understanding the complexities of protein higher-order structures and dynamics requires integrated approaches, where mass spectrometry (MS) is now positioned to play a key role. One of those approaches is protein footprinting. Although the initial demonstration of footprinting was for the HOS determination of protein/nucleic acid binding, the concept was later adapted to MS-based protein HOS analysis, through which different covalent labeling approaches "mark" the solvent accessible surface area (SASA) of proteins to reflect protein HOS. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX), where deuterium in D2O replaces hydrogen of the backbone amides, is the most common example of footprinting. Its advantage is that the footprint reflects SASA and hydrogen bonding, whereas one drawback is the labeling is reversible. Another example of footprinting is slow irreversible labeling of functional groups on amino acid side chains by targeted reagents with high specificity, probing structural changes at selected sites. A third footprinting approach is by reactions with fast, irreversible labeling species that are highly reactive and footprint broadly several amino acid residue side chains on the time scale of submilliseconds. All of these covalent labeling approaches combine to constitute a problem-solving toolbox that enables mass spectrometry as a valuable tool for HOS elucidation. As there has been a growing need for MS-based protein footprinting in both academia and industry owing to its high throughput capability, prompt availability, and high spatial resolution, we present a summary of the history, descriptions, principles, mechanisms, and applications of these covalent labeling approaches. Moreover, their applications are highlighted according to the biological questions they can answer. This review is intended as a tutorial for MS-based protein HOS elucidation and as a reference for investigators seeking a MS-based tool to address structural questions in protein science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael L. Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA, 63130
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Woll KA, Peng W, Liang Q, Zhi L, Jacobs JA, Maciunas L, Bhanu N, Garcia BA, Covarrubias M, Loll PJ, Dailey WP, Eckenhoff RG. Photoaffinity Ligand for the Inhalational Anesthetic Sevoflurane Allows Mechanistic Insight into Potassium Channel Modulation. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1353-1362. [PMID: 28333442 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sevoflurane is a commonly used inhaled general anesthetic. Despite this, its mechanism of action remains largely elusive. Compared to other anesthetics, sevoflurane exhibits distinct functional activity. In particular, sevoflurane is a positive modulator of voltage-gated Shaker-related potassium channels (Kv1.x), which are key regulators of action potentials. Here, we report the synthesis and validation of azisevoflurane, a photoaffinity ligand for the direct identification of sevoflurane binding sites in the Kv1.2 channel. Azisevoflurane retains major sevoflurane protein binding interactions and pharmacological properties within in vivo models. Photoactivation of azisevoflurane induces adduction to amino acid residues that accurately reported sevoflurane protein binding sites in model proteins. Pharmacologically relevant concentrations of azisevoflurane analogously potentiated wild-type Kv1.2 and the established mutant Kv1.2 G329T. In wild-type Kv1.2 channels, azisevoflurane photolabeled Leu317 within the internal S4-S5 linker, a vital helix that couples the voltage sensor to the pore region. A residue lining the same binding cavity was photolabeled by azisevoflurane and protected by sevoflurane in the Kv1.2 G329T. Mutagenesis of Leu317 in WT Kv1.2 abolished sevoflurane voltage-dependent positive modulation. Azisevoflurane additionally photolabeled a second distinct site at Thr384 near the external selectivity filter in the Kv1.2 G329T mutant. The identified sevoflurane binding sites are located in critical regions involved in gating of Kv channels and related ion channels. Azisevoflurane has thus emerged as a new tool to discover inhaled anesthetic targets and binding sites and investigate contributions of these targets to general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A. Woll
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department
of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Wesley Peng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Qiansheng Liang
- Department of Neuroscience and Vickie and
Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, JHN 417, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
| | - Lianteng Zhi
- Department of Neuroscience and Vickie and
Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, JHN 417, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
| | - Jack A. Jacobs
- Department
of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Lina Maciunas
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, United States
| | - Natarajan Bhanu
- Epigenetics Program,
Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center, Building 421, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Garcia
- Epigenetics Program,
Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center, Building 421, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Manuel Covarrubias
- Department of Neuroscience and Vickie and
Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, JHN 417, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
| | - Patrick J. Loll
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, United States
| | - William P. Dailey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Roderic G. Eckenhoff
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Weiser BP, Woll KA, Dailey WP, Eckenhoff RG. Mechanisms revealed through general anesthetic photolabeling. CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2013; 4:57-66. [PMID: 24563623 DOI: 10.1007/s40140-013-0040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
General anesthetic photolabels are used to reveal molecular targets and molecular binding sites of anesthetic ligands. After identification, the relevance of anesthetic substrates or binding sites can be tested in biological systems. Halothane and photoactive analogs of isoflurane, propofol, etomidate, neurosteroids, anthracene, and long chain alcohols have been used in anesthetic photolabeling experiments. Interrogated protein targets include the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, GABAA receptor, tubulin, leukocyte function-associated antigen-1, and protein kinase C. In this review, we summarize insights revealed by photolabeling these targets, as well as general features of anesthetics, such as their propensity to partition to mitochondria and bind voltage-dependent anion channels. The theory of anesthetic photolabel design and the experimental application of photoactive ligands are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Weiser
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kellie A Woll
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - William P Dailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Roderic G Eckenhoff
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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5
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Das J. Aliphatic diazirines as photoaffinity probes for proteins: recent developments. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4405-17. [PMID: 21466226 DOI: 10.1021/cr1002722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joydip Das
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA.
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Abstract
Photolabeling has allowed considerable progress in the understanding of anesthetic binding to proteins, of target identity, and of site localization. There are, however, few groups doing this work, so this article is an attempt to demystify the method. We will discuss the theory, method, and limitations of this useful experimental approach.
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Eckenhoff RG, Xi J, Shimaoka M, Bhattacharji A, Covarrubias M, Dailey WP. Azi-isoflurane, a Photolabel Analog of the Commonly Used Inhaled General Anesthetic Isoflurane. ACS Chem Neurosci 2010; 1:139-145. [PMID: 20228895 PMCID: PMC2837340 DOI: 10.1021/cn900014m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatility and low-affinity hamper an ability to define molecular targets of the inhaled anesthetics. Photolabels have proven to be a useful approach in this regard, although none have closely mimicked contemporary drugs. We report here the synthesis and validation of azi-isoflurane, a compound constructed by adding a diazirinyl moiety to the methyl carbon of the commonly used general anesthetic isoflurane. Azi-isoflurane is slightly more hydrophobic than isoflurane, and more potent in tadpoles. This novel compound inhibits Shaw2 K(+) channel currents similarly to isoflurane and binds to apoferritin with enhanced affinity. Finally, when irradiated at 300 nm, azi-isoflurane adducts to residues known to line isoflurane-binding sites in apoferritin and integrin LFA-1, the only proteins with isoflurane binding sites defined by crystallography. This reagent should allow rapid discovery of isoflurane molecular targets and binding sites within those targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jin Xi
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, School of Medicine
| | - Motomu Shimaoka
- Immune Disease Institute; Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aditya Bhattacharji
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Manuel Covarrubias
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Mackinnon AL, Taunton J. Target Identification by Diazirine Photo-Cross-linking and Click Chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 1:55-73. [PMID: 23667793 DOI: 10.1002/9780470559277.ch090167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Target identification of biologically active small-molecules is often the rate-determining step in forward chemical genetics. Photo-affinity labeling (PAL) represents a useful biochemical strategy for target identification in complex protein mixtures. This unit describes the use of alkyl diazirine-based photo-affinity probes and Cu(I)-catalyzed click chemistry to covalently label and visualize the targets of biologically active small-molecules. A general method for affinity purification of probe-modified proteins, useful for identification of protein targets, is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Mackinnon
- Program in Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California 94158-2280, USA
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9
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Identification of a fluorescent general anesthetic, 1-aminoanthracene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:6501-6. [PMID: 19346473 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810590106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a fluorophore, 1-aminoanthracene (1-AMA), that is anesthetic, potentiates GABAergic transmission, and gives an appropriate dissociation constant, K(d) approximately 0.1 mM, for binding to the general anesthetic site in horse spleen apoferritin (HSAF). 1-AMA fluorescence is enhanced when bound to HSAF. Thus, displacement of 1-AMA from HSAF by other anesthetics attenuates the fluorescence signal and allows determination of K(d), as validated by isothermal titration calorimetry. This provides a unique fluorescence assay for compound screening and anesthetic discovery. Additional electrophysiology experiments in isolated cells indicate that 1-AMA potentiates chloride currents elicited by GABA, similar to many general anesthetics. Furthermore, 1-AMA reversibly immobilizes stage 45-50 Xenopus laevis tadpoles (EC(50) = 16 microM) and fluorescence micrographs show 1-AMA localized to brain and olfactory regions. Thus, 1-AMA provides an unprecedented opportunity for studying general anesthetic distribution in vivo at the cellular and subcellular levels.
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Okhrimenko O, Jelesarov I. A survey of the year 2006 literature on applications of isothermal titration calorimetry. J Mol Recognit 2008; 21:1-19. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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