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Borges AR, Link F, Engstler M, Jones NG. The Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor: A Linchpin for Cell Surface Versatility of Trypanosomatids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:720536. [PMID: 34790656 PMCID: PMC8591177 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) to anchor proteins to the cell surface is widespread among eukaryotes. The GPI-anchor is covalently attached to the C-terminus of a protein and mediates the protein’s attachment to the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer. GPI-anchored proteins have a wide range of functions, including acting as receptors, transporters, and adhesion molecules. In unicellular eukaryotic parasites, abundantly expressed GPI-anchored proteins are major virulence factors, which support infection and survival within distinct host environments. While, for example, the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) is the major component of the cell surface of the bloodstream form of African trypanosomes, procyclin is the most abundant protein of the procyclic form which is found in the invertebrate host, the tsetse fly vector. Trypanosoma cruzi, on the other hand, expresses a variety of GPI-anchored molecules on their cell surface, such as mucins, that interact with their hosts. The latter is also true for Leishmania, which use GPI anchors to display, amongst others, lipophosphoglycans on their surface. Clearly, GPI-anchoring is a common feature in trypanosomatids and the fact that it has been maintained throughout eukaryote evolution indicates its adaptive value. Here, we explore and discuss GPI anchors as universal evolutionary building blocks that support the great variety of surface molecules of trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Borges
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Link
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Engstler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicola G Jones
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Morotti ALM, Martins-Teixeira MB, Carvalho I. Protozoan Parasites Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchors: Structures, Functions and Trends for Drug Discovery. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4301-4322. [PMID: 28748758 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170727110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors are molecules located on cell membranes of all eukaryotic organisms. Proteins, enzymes, and other macromolecules which are anchored by GPIs are essential elements for interaction between cells, and are widely used by protozoan parasites when compared to higher eukaryotes. METHODS More than one hundred references were collected to obtain broad information about mammalian and protozoan parasites' GPI structures, biosynthetic pathways, functions and attempts to use these molecules as drug targets against parasitic diseases. Differences between GPI among species were compared and highlighted. Strategies for drug discovery and development against protozoan GPI anchors were discussed based on what has been reported on literature. RESULTS There are many evidences that GPI anchors are crucial for parasite's survival and interaction with hosts' cells. Despite all GPI anchors contain a conserved glycan core, they present variations regarding structural features and biosynthetic pathways between organisms, which could offer adequate selectivity to validate GPI anchors as drug targets. Discussion was developed with focus on the following parasites: Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania, Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii, causative agents of tropical neglected diseases. CONCLUSION This review debates the main variances between parasitic and mammalian GPI anchor biosynthesis and structures, as well as clues for strategic development for new anti-parasitic therapies based on GPI anchors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Malaco Morotti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto - University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ivone Carvalho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto - University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Komath SS, Singh SL, Pratyusha VA, Sah SK. Generating anchors only to lose them: The unusual story of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthesis and remodeling in yeast and fungi. IUBMB Life 2019; 70:355-383. [PMID: 29679465 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are present ubiquitously at the cell surface in all eukaryotes. They play a crucial role in the interaction of the cell with its external environment, allowing the cell to receive signals, respond to challenges, and mediate adhesion. In yeast and fungi, they also participate in the structural integrity of the cell wall and are often essential for survival. Roughly four decades after the discovery of the first GPI-APs, this review provides an overview of the insights gained from studies of the GPI biosynthetic pathway and the future challenges in the field. In particular, we focus on the biosynthetic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has for long been studied as a model organism. Where available, we also provide information about the GPI biosynthetic steps in other yeast/ fungi. Although the core structure of the GPI anchor is conserved across organisms, several variations are built into the biosynthetic pathway. The present Review specifically highlights these variations and their implications. There is growing evidence to suggest that several phenotypes are common to GPI deficiency and should be expected in GPI biosynthetic mutants. However, it appears that several phenotypes are unique to a specific step in the pathway and may even be species-specific. These could suggest the points at which the GPI biosynthetic pathway intersects with other important cellular pathways and could be points of regulation. They could be of particular significance in the study of pathogenic fungi and in identification of new and specific antifungal drugs/ drug targets. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(5):355-383, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sneh Lata Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sudisht Kumar Sah
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Götze S, Azzouz N, Tsai YH, Groß U, Reinhardt A, Anish C, Seeberger PH, Varón Silva D. Toxoplasmose-Diagnose mithilfe eines synthetisch hergestellten Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Glycans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Götze S, Azzouz N, Tsai YH, Groß U, Reinhardt A, Anish C, Seeberger PH, Varón Silva D. Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis using a synthetic glycosylphosphatidylinositol glycan. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13701-5. [PMID: 25323101 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Around 2 billion people worldwide are infected with the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii which induces a variety of medical conditions. For example, primary infection during pregnancy can result in fetal death or mental retardation of the child. Diagnosis of acute infections in pregnant women is challenging but crucially important as the drugs used to treat T. gondii infections are potentially harmful to the unborn child. Better, faster, more reliable, and cheaper means of diagnosis by using defined antigens for accurate serological tests are highly desirable. Synthetic pathogen-specific glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) glycan antigens are diagnostic markers and have been used to distinguish between toxoplasmosis disease states using human sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Götze
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam (Germany); Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
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6
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Capes AS, Crossman A, Urbaniak MD, Gilbert SH, Ferguson MAJ, Gilbert IH. Probing the substrate specificity of Trypanosoma brucei GlcNAc-PI de-N-acetylase with synthetic substrate analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:1919-34. [PMID: 24519084 PMCID: PMC4326964 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42164c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of synthetic analogues of 1-D-(2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-myo-inositol 1-(1,2-di-O-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate), consisting of 7 variants of either the D-myo-inositol, D-GlcpN or the phospholipid components, were prepared and tested as substrates and inhibitors of GlcNAc-PI de-N-acetylase, a genetically validated drug target enzyme responsible for the second step in the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthetic pathway of Trypanosoma brucei. The D-myo-inositol in the physiological substrate was successfully replaced by cyclohexanediol and is still a substrate for T. brucei GlcNAc-PI de-N-acetylase. However, this compound became sensitive to the stereochemistry of the glycoside linkage (the β-anomer was neither substrate or inhibitor) and the structure of the lipid moiety (the hexadecyl derivatives were inhibitors). Chemistry was successfully developed to replace the phosphate with a sulphonamide, but the compound was neither a substrate or an inhibitor, confirming the importance of the phosphate for molecular recognition. We also replaced the glucosamine by an acyclic analogue, but this also was inactive, both as a substrate and inhibitor. These findings add significantly to our understanding of substrate and inhibitor binding to the GlcNAc-PI de-N-acetylase enzyme and will have a bearing on the design of future inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S. Capes
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery , College of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dow Street , Dundee , DD1 5EH , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 1382 386240
| | - Arthur Crossman
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery , College of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dow Street , Dundee , DD1 5EH , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 1382 386240
| | - Michael D. Urbaniak
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery , College of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dow Street , Dundee , DD1 5EH , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 1382 386240
| | - Sophie H. Gilbert
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery , College of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dow Street , Dundee , DD1 5EH , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 1382 386240
| | - Michael A. J. Ferguson
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery , College of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dow Street , Dundee , DD1 5EH , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 1382 386240
| | - Ian H. Gilbert
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery , College of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dow Street , Dundee , DD1 5EH , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 1382 386240
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Low-resolution structure of the soluble domain GPAA1 (yGPAA170-247) of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol transamidase subunit GPAA1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biosci Rep 2013; 33:e00033. [PMID: 23458223 PMCID: PMC3610296 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20120107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol) transamidase complex catalyses the attachment of GPI anchors to eukaryotic proteins in the lumen of ER (endoplasmic reticulum). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPI transamidase complex consists of the subunits yPIG-K (Gpi8p), yPIG-S (Gpi17p), yPIG-T (Gpi16p), yPIG-U (CDC91/GAB1) and yGPAA1. We present the production of the two recombinant proteins yGPAA170–247 and yGPAA170–339 of the luminal domain of S. cerevisiae GPAA1, covering the amino acids 70–247 and 70–339 respectively. The secondary structural content of the stable and monodisperse yGPAA170–247 has been determined to be 28% α-helix and 27% β-sheet. SAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering) data showed that yGPAA170–247 has an Rg (radius of gyration) of 2.72±0.025 nm and Dmax (maximum dimension) of 9.14 nm. These data enabled the determination of the two domain low-resolution solution structure of yGPAA170–247. The large elliptical shape of yGPAA170–247 is connected via a short stalk to the smaller hook-like domain of 0.8 nm in length and 3.5 nm in width. The topological arrangement of yGPAA170–247 will be discussed together with the recently determined low-resolution structures of yPIG-K24–337 and yPIG-S38–467 from S. cerevisiae in the GPI transamidase complex.
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Tsai YH, Liu X, Seeberger PH. Chemical biology of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11438-56. [PMID: 23086912 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are complex glycolipids that are covalently linked to the C-terminus of proteins as a posttranslational modification. They anchor the attached protein to the cell membrane and are essential for normal functioning of eukaryotic cells. GPI-anchored proteins are structurally and functionally diverse. Many GPIs have been structurally characterized but comprehension of their biological functions, beyond the simple physical anchoring, remains largely speculative. Work on functional elucidation at a molecular level is still limited. This Review focuses on the roles of GPI unraveled by using synthetic molecules and summarizes the structural diversity of GPIs, as well as their biological and chemical syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Tsai
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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9
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Tsai YH, Liu X, Seeberger PH. Chemische Biologie der Glycosylphosphatidylinosit-Anker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Abdelwahab NZ, Crossman AT, Sullivan L, Ferguson MAJ, Urbaniak MD. Inhibitors incorporating zinc-binding groups target the GlcNAc-PI de-N-acetylase in Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 79:270-8. [PMID: 22222041 PMCID: PMC3473218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis is genetically and chemically validated as a drug target against the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness. The N-acetylglucosamine-phosphatidylinositol de-N-acetylase (deNAc) is a zinc metalloenzyme responsible for the second step of glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis. We recently reported the synthesis of eight deoxy-2-C-branched monosaccharides containing carboxylic acid, hydroxamic acid, or N-hydroxyurea substituents at the C2 position that may act as zinc-binding groups. Here, we describe the synthesis of a glucocyclitol-phospholipid incorporating a hydroxamic acid moiety and report the biochemical evaluation of the monosaccharides and the glucocyclitol-phospholipid as inhibitors of the trypanosome deNAc in the cell-free system and against recombinant enzyme. Monosaccharides with carboxylic acid or hydroxamic acid substituents were found to be the inhibitors of the trypanosome deNAc with IC50 values 0.1–1.5 mm, and the glucocyclitol-phospholipid was found to be a dual inhibitor of the deNAc and the α1-4-mannose transferase with an apparent IC50 = 19 ± 0.5 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuha Z Abdelwahab
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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11
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van der Peet P, Ralton JE, McConville MJ, Williams SJ. Discovery of inhibitors of Leishmania β-1,2-mannosyltransferases using a click-chemistry-derived guanosine monophosphate library. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32642. [PMID: 22393429 PMCID: PMC3290622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are a medically important group of protozoan parasites that synthesize a novel intracellular carbohydrate reserve polymer termed mannogen. Mannogen is a soluble homopolymer of β-1,2-linked mannose residues that accumulates in the major pathogenic stages in the sandfly vector and mammalian host. While several steps in mannogen biosynthesis have been defined, none of the enzymes have been isolated or characterized. We report the development of a simple assay for the GDP-mannose–dependent β-1,2-mannosyltransferases involved in mannogen synthesis. This assay utilizes octyl α-d-mannopyranoside to prime the formation of short mannogen oligomers up to 5 mannose residues. This assay was used to screen a focussed library of 44 GMP-triazole adducts for inhibitors. Several compounds provided effective inhibition of mannogen β-1,2-mannosyltransferases in a cell-free membrane preparation. This assay and inhibitor compounds will be useful for dissecting the role of different mannosyltransferases in regulating de novo biosynthesis and elongation reactions in mannogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip van der Peet
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie E. Ralton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Malcolm J. McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (MJM); (SJW)
| | - Spencer J. Williams
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (MJM); (SJW)
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12
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Kamariah N, Eisenhaber F, Adhikari S, Eisenhaber B, Grüber G. Purification and crystallization of yeast glycosylphosphatidylinositol transamidase subunit PIG-S (PIG-S(71-467)). Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:896-9. [PMID: 21821889 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111024080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors onto eukaryotic proteins is catalyzed by the transamidase complex, which is composed of at least five subunits (PIG-K, PIG-S, PIG-T, PIG-U and GPAA1). Here, the recombinant protein PIG-S(71-467) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, including residues 71-467 of the entire 534-residue protein, was cloned, expressed and purified to homogeneity. The monodisperse protein was crystallized by the vapour-diffusion method. A diffraction data set was collected to 3.2 Å resolution with 91.6% completeness. The crystals belonged to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 106.72, b = 59.33, c = 124.3 Å, β = 114.19°, and contained two molecules in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelagandan Kamariah
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
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13
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Chawla B, Madhubala R. Drug targets in Leishmania. J Parasit Dis 2010; 34:1-13. [PMID: 21526026 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-010-0006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem and till date there are no effective vaccines available. The control strategy relies solely on chemotherapy of the infected people. However, the present repertoire of drugs is limited and increasing resistance towards them has posed a major concern. The first step in drug discovery is to identify a suitable drug target. The genome sequences of Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum has revealed immense amount of information and has given the opportunity to identify novel drug targets that are unique to these parasites. Utilization of this information in order to come up with a candidate drug molecule requires combining all the technology and using a multi-disciplinary approach, right from characterizing the target protein to high throughput screening of compounds. Leishmania belonging to the order kinetoplastidae emerges from the ancient eukaryotic lineages. They are quite diverse from their mammalian hosts and there are several cellular processes that we are getting to know of, which exist distinctly in these parasites. In this review, we discuss some of the metabolic pathways that are essential and could be used as potential drug targets in Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna Chawla
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
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14
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Azzouz N, Kamena F, Seeberger PH. Synthetic Glycosylphosphatidylinositol as Tools for Glycoparasitology Research. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2010; 14:445-54. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2009.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Azzouz
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Research Campus, Golm, Germany, and Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Faustin Kamena
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Research Campus, Golm, Germany, and Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Research Campus, Golm, Germany, and Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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16
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Chandra S, Ruhela D, Deb A, Vishwakarma RA. Glycobiology of theLeishmaniaparasite and emerging targets for antileishmanial drug discovery. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:739-57. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.495125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Structural remodeling of GPI anchors during biosynthesis and after attachment to proteins. FEBS Lett 2009; 584:1670-7. [PMID: 19883648 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring of proteins is a conserved post-translational modification in eukaryotes. In mammalian cells, approximately 150 proteins on the plasma membrane are attached to the cell surface by GPI anchors, which confer specific properties on proteins, such as association with membrane microdomains. The structures of lipid and glycan moieties on GPI anchors are remodeled during biosynthesis and after attachment to proteins. The remodeling processes are critical for transport and microdomain-association of GPI-anchored proteins. Here, we describe the structural remodeling of GPI anchors and genes required for the processes in mammals, yeast, and trypanosomes.
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Hong Y, Kinoshita T. Trypanosome glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2009; 47:197-204. [PMID: 19724691 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite, causes sleeping sickness in humans and Nagana disease in domestic animals in central Africa. The trypanosome surface is extensively covered by glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins known as variant surface glycoproteins and procyclins. GPI anchoring is suggested to be important for trypanosome survival and establishment of infection. Trypanosomes are not only pathogenically important, but also constitute a useful model for elucidating the GPI biosynthesis pathway. This review focuses on the trypanosome GPI biosynthesis pathway. Studies on GPI that will be described indicate the potential for the design of drugs that specifically inhibit trypanosome GPI biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonchul Hong
- Department of Parasitology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
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19
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Zhao Q, de Zoysa RSS, Wang D, Jayawardhana DA, Guan X. Real-time monitoring of peptide cleavage using a nanopore probe. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:6324-5. [PMID: 19368382 DOI: 10.1021/ja9004893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a rapid, label-free method for monitoring peptide cleavage. Monitoring peptide translocation through an engineered ion channel in the absence and the presence of an enzyme allowed quantitative chemical kinetics information on enzymatic processes to be obtained. In addition to its potential application in disease diagnostics and drug discovery, this peptide/protein cleavage approach is envisioned for further development as a novel rapid, label-free protein sequencing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
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20
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Chapter 1 Overview of GPI Biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(09)26001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
Control of African trypanosomiasis caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei is an important issue in medicine, veterinary medicine, and agricultural economy. Because vaccine development is unlikely, development of safer and more effective chemotherapeutics is critical. The biosynthetic pathway of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), which acts as membrane anchors of coat proteins, variant surface glycoproteins, and transferrin receptors, is a validated target of drug development. An article in this issue reports the first chemically synthesized inhibitor of the third mannosyltransferase from the GPI pathway, stimulating further investigation toward practical and useful compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taroh Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Immunoglycobiology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, and Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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