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Wei H, Smith JP. Machine Learning for Deconvolution and Segmentation of Hyperspectral Imaging Data from Biopharmaceutical Resins. Mol Pharm 2024. [PMID: 39288012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Biopharmaceutical resins are pivotal inert matrices used across industry and academia, playing crucial roles in a myriad of applications. For biopharmaceutical process research and development applications, a deep understanding of the physical and chemical properties of the resin itself is frequently required, including for drug purification, drug delivery, and immobilized biocatalysis. Nevertheless, the prevailing methodologies currently employed for elucidating these important aspects of biopharmaceutical resins are often lacking, frequently require significant sample alteration, are destructive or ionizing in nature, and may not adequately provide representative information. In this work, we propose the use of unsupervised machine learning technologies, in the form of both non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) and k-means segmentation, in conjugation with Raman hyperspectral imaging to rapidly elucidate the molecular and spatial properties of biopharmaceutical resins. Leveraging our proposed technology, we offer a new approach to comprehensively understanding important resin-based systems for application across biopharmaceuticals and beyond. Specifically, focusing herein on a representative resin widely utilized across the industry (i.e., Immobead 150P), our findings showcase the ability of our machine learning-based technology to molecularly identify and spatially resolve all chemical species present. Further, we offer a comprehensive evaluation of optimal excitation for hyperspectral imaging data collection, demonstrating results across 532, 638, and 785 nm excitation. In all cases, our proposed technology deconvoluted, both spatially and spectrally, resin and glass substrates via NMF. After NMF deconvolution, image segmentation was also successfully accomplished in all data sets via k-means clustering. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report utilizing the combination of two unsupervised machine learning methodologies, combining NMF and k-means, for the rapid deconvolution and segmentation of biopharmaceutical resins. As such, we offer a powerful new data-rich experimentation tool for application across multidisciplinary fields for a deeper understanding of resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wei
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Joseph P Smith
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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2
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Polystyrene networks with polyoxyethylene cross-links covalently grafted onto nano-SiO2 cores: surface-initiated ATRP and thermal investigations. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-03064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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3
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Alvarez J, Saudino G, Musteata V, Madhavan P, Genovese A, Behzad AR, Sougrat R, Boi C, Peinemann KV, Nunes SP. 3D Analysis of Ordered Porous Polymeric Particles using Complementary Electron Microscopy Methods. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13987. [PMID: 31562349 PMCID: PMC6764970 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly porous particles with internal triply periodic minimal surfaces were investigated for sorption of proteins. The visualization of the complex ordered morphology requires complementary advanced methods of electron microscopy for 3D imaging, instead of a simple 2D projection: transmission electron microscopy (TEM) tomography, slice-and-view focused ion beam (FIB) and serial block face (SBF) scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The capability of each method of 3D image reconstruction was demonstrated and their potential of application to other synthetic polymeric systems was discussed. TEM has high resolution for details even smaller than 1 nm, but the imaged volume is relatively restricted (2.5 μm)3. The samples are pre-sliced in an ultramicrotome. FIB and SBF are coupled to a SEM. The sample sectioning is done in situ, respectively by an ion beam or an ultramicrotome, SBF, a method so far mostly applied only to biological systems, was particularly highly informative to reproduce the ordered morphology of block copolymer particles with 32–54 nm nanopores and sampling volume (20 μm)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Alvarez
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, 23955-6900, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giovanni Saudino
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, 23955-6900, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, via Terracini 28, 40131, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Musteata
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, 23955-6900, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Poornima Madhavan
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, 23955-6900, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alessandro Genovese
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, 23955-6900, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Reza Behzad
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, 23955-6900, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rachid Sougrat
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, 23955-6900, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cristiana Boi
- Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, via Terracini 28, 40131, Bologna, Italy
| | - Klaus-Viktor Peinemann
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, 23955-6900, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suzana P Nunes
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, 23955-6900, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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4
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Suspension polymerization technique: parameters affecting polymer properties and application in oxidation reactions. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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5
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Bogolubsky AV, Moroz YS, Savych O, Pipko S, Konovets A, Platonov MO, Vasylchenko OV, Hurmach VV, Grygorenko OO. An Old Story in the Parallel Synthesis World: An Approach to Hydantoin Libraries. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2018; 20:35-43. [PMID: 29227678 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.7b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An approach to the parallel synthesis of hydantoin libraries by reaction of in situ generated 2,2,2-trifluoroethylcarbamates and α-amino esters was developed. To demonstrate utility of the method, a library of 1158 hydantoins designed according to the lead-likeness criteria (MW 200-350, cLogP 1-3) was prepared. The success rate of the method was analyzed as a function of physicochemical parameters of the products, and it was found that the method can be considered as a tool for lead-oriented synthesis. A hydantoin-bearing submicromolar primary hit acting as an Aurora kinase A inhibitor was discovered with a combination of rational design, parallel synthesis using the procedures developed, in silico and in vitro screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yurii S. Moroz
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska
Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Olena Savych
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska
Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Sergey Pipko
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska
Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Angelika Konovets
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska
Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Vasyl V. Hurmach
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska
Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska
Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
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6
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Li M, Joung D, Kozinski JA, Hwang DK. Fabrication of Highly Porous Nonspherical Particles Using Stop-Flow Lithography and the Study of Their Optical Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:184-190. [PMID: 27933811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic flow lithography approach was investigated to synthesize highly porous nonspherical particles and Janus particles in a one-step and high-throughput fashion. In this study, using common solvents as porogens, we were able to synthesize highly porous particles with different shapes using ultraviolet (UV) polymerization-induced phase separation in a microfluidic channel. We also studied the pore-forming process using operating parameters such as porogen type, porogen concentration, and UV intensity to tune the pore size and increase the pore size to submicron levels. By simply coflowing multiple streams in the microfluidic channel, we were able to create porous Janus particles; we showed that their anisotropic swelling/deswelling exhibit a unique optical shifting. The distinctive optical properties and the enlarged surface area of the highly porous particles can improve their performance in various applications such as optical sensors and drug loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital , 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST) , A partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Dehi Joung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital , 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST) , A partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Janusz A Kozinski
- Lassonde School of Engineering, York University , 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Dae Kun Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital , 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST) , A partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
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7
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Mane S, Ponrathnam S, Chavan N. Role of Interfacial Tension of Solvating Diluents and Hydrophilic–Hydrophobic Cross-Linkers in Hyper-Cross-Linked Solid Supports. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Mane
- Polymer Science and Engineering
Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India
| | - Surendra Ponrathnam
- Polymer Science and Engineering
Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India
| | - Nayaku Chavan
- Polymer Science and Engineering
Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India
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8
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Guo S, Yao T, Wang C, Zeng C, Zhang L. Preparation of monodispersed porous polyacrylamide microspheres via phase separation in microchannels. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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10
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Lumpi D, Braunshier C, Horkel E, Hametner C, Fröhlich J. Synthesis and application of monodisperse oligo(oxyethylene)-grafted polystyrene resins for solid-phase organic synthesis. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2014; 16:367-74. [PMID: 24941069 DOI: 10.1021/co500028h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a preliminary investigation by our group, we found that poly(styrene-oxyethylene) graft copolymers (PS-PEG), for example, TentaGel resins, are advantageous for gel-phase (13)C NMR spectroscopy. Because of the solution-like environment provided by the PS-PEG resins, good spectral quality of the attached moiety can be achieved, which is useful for nondestructive on-resin analysis. The general drawbacks of such resins are low loading capacities and the intense signal in the spectra resulting from the PEG linker (>50 units). Here, we describe the characterization of solvent-dependent swelling and reaction kinetics on a new type of resin for solid-phase organic synthesis (SPOS) that allows an accurate monitoring by gel-phase NMR without the above disadvantages. A series of polystyrene-oligo(oxyethylene) graft copolymers containing monodisperse PEG units (n = 2-12) was synthesized. A strong correlation between the linker (PEG) length and the line widths in the (13)C gel-phase spectra was observed, with a grafted PEG chain of 8 units giving similar results in terms of reactivity and gel-phase NMR monitoring to TentaGel resin. Multistep on-resin reaction sequences were performed to prove the applicability of the resins in solid-phase organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lumpi
- Institute of Applied Synthetic
Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Braunshier
- Institute of Applied Synthetic
Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Horkel
- Institute of Applied Synthetic
Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Hametner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic
Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Fröhlich
- Institute of Applied Synthetic
Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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11
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Porous polymer particles—A comprehensive guide to synthesis, characterization, functionalization and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Barroso T, Temtem M, Casimiro T, Aguiar-Ricardo A. Antifouling performance of poly(acrylonitrile)-based membranes: From green synthesis to application. J Supercrit Fluids 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2010.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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14
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Prasath RA, Gokmen MT, Espeel P, Du Prez FE. Thiol-ene and thiol-yne chemistry in microfluidics: a straightforward method towards macroporous and nonporous functional polymer beads. Polym Chem 2010; 1:685. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00041h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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15
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Lu J, Toy PH. Organic polymer supports for synthesis and for reagent and catalyst immobilization. Chem Rev 2009; 109:815-38. [PMID: 19128147 DOI: 10.1021/cr8004444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinni Lu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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16
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Braunshier C, Hametner C, Fröhlich J, Schnöller J, Hutter H. Novel monodisperse PEG-grafted polystyrene resins: synthesis and application in gel-phase 13C NMR spectroscopy. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.09.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Jacob MK, Leena S, Kumar KS. Peptide-polymer biotherapeutic synthesis on novel cross-linked beads with “spatially tunable” and “isolated” functional sites. Biopolymers 2008; 90:512-25. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.20969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Koketsu M, Takahashi A, Ishihara H. A facile preparation of selenohydantoins using isoselenocyanate. J Heterocycl Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570440113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Hydrophilic polymer supports grafted by poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives via atom transfer radical polymerization. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Hérault D, Saluzzo C, Lemaire M. Preparation of monodisperse enantiomerically pure glycidyl methacrylate–ethylene glycol dimethacrylate copolymers in dispersion copolymerization: Functionalization. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2005.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Engström JUA, Helgee B. Functional Beads of Polyvinylpyrrolidone: Promising Support Materials for Solid-Phase Synthesis. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200500555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Engström JUA, Helgee B. Hydrophilic Polymer Supports for Solid-Phase Synthesis: Hydroxyl-Functional Beads of Poly(vinylpyrrolidone). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:355-60. [PMID: 16677005 DOI: 10.1021/cc050148k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) has solubility properties that make it an attractive material for polymer-assisted synthesis applications; however, the naked polymer lacks reactive groups upon which to do chemistry. Furthermore, large differences in radical reactivity between 1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one (NVP) and most other monomers lead to compositional drift during copolymerization, further complicating the introduction of functional groups into the polymer using this method. Monomers that are derivatives of NVP itself are expected to show smaller differences in radical reactivity and therefore provide a way of preparing PVP with adjustable properties. Three monomers introducing hydroxyl-functional groups and a new cross-linker, all derivatives of NVP, were synthesized and used in the preparation of a new type of hydrophilic polymer beads by aqueous suspension polymerization. These lightly cross-linked beads contain hydroxyl groups at a functional loading of 0.21-0.29 mmol/g and swell extensively in a broad range of solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas U A Engström
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Lubbad S, Steiner SA, Fritz JS, Buchmeiser MR. Metathesis polymerization-derived monolithic membranes for solid-phase extraction coupled with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1109:86-91. [PMID: 16360162 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Novel monolithic disks were prepared via ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) from norborn-2-ene (NBE), a crosslinker, i.e., 1,4,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4,4,5,8, exo, endo-dimethanonaphthalene (DMN-H6) and tris(norborn-5-ene-2-ylmethylenoxy)methylsilane, respectively, 2-propanol and toluene (25:25:41:9, all %, w/w) using RuCl2(PCy3)2(CHPh) (Cy=cyclohexyl) as initiator and triphenylphosphine (PPh3) as modulator. Disks 1-2 mm thick were prepared by polymerization in a mold, disks thinner than 1mm were prepared by impregnation of nylon or other porous filters prior to the polymerization step. These disks were evaluated for the preconcentration of iodine and selected organic solutes from dilute aqueous samples by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Quantitative measurement of the extracted solutes was achieved by diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) directly on the surface of the disk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Lubbad
- Institut für Analytische Chemie und Radiochemie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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24
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Bukowska A, Bukowski W, Noworól J. New 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate resins with good swelling characteristics. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shimomura O, Se Lee B, Meth S, Suzuki H, Mahajan S, Nomura R, Janda KD. Synthesis and application of polytetrahydrofuran-grafted polystyrene (PS–PTHF) resin supports for organic synthesis. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Fluorous tagging strategy is applied to solution-phase parallel synthesis of a library containing hydantoin and thiohydantoin analogs. Two perfluoroalkyl (Rf)-tagged alpha-amino esters each react with six aromatic aldehydes under reductive amination conditions. Twelve amino esters then each react with 10 isocyanates and isothiocyanates in parallel. The resulting 120 ureas and thioureas undergo spontaneous cyclization to form the corresponding hydantoins and thiohydantoins. The intermediate and final product purifications are performed with solid-phase extraction (SPE) over FluoroFlash cartridges, no chromatography is required. Using standard instruments and straightforward SPE technique, one chemist accomplished the 120-member library synthesis in less than five working days, including starting material synthesis and product analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Author for correspondence: Fluorous Technologies, Inc. University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center, 970 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA. Phone: +1-412-826-3062, fax: +1-412-826-3053, e-mail:
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27
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Wang Z, Luo J, Zhu XX, Jin S, Tomaszewski MJ. Functionalized Cross-Linked Poly(vinyl alcohol) Resins as Reaction Scavengers and as Supports for Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 6:961-6. [PMID: 15530125 DOI: 10.1021/cc0499183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New hydrophilic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA-OH) resins were prepared by an inverse suspension polymerization using epichlorohydrin as a cross-linker. These novel resins swell in a variety of solvents commonly used in solid-phase organic synthesis, such as dicholomethane, dioxane, methanol, tetrahydrofuran, and dimethylformamide. In addition, PVA-OH shows excellent swelling in water. The cross-linked PVA-OH beads were functionalized with an aldehyde group and were tested as scavengers for primary amines in three different reactions: amide bond formation, reductive amination reaction, and urea formation. With 1-2 equiv of the PVA aldehyde resin, all the excess primary amines were successfully scavenged. The utility of PVA-OH resins as solid supports in mono- and dipeptide synthesis was also investigated using symmetrical anhydride and MSNT/MeIm (2,4,6-mesitylenesulfonyl-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazolide in the presence of 1-methylimidazol) methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
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28
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Yeh WB, Sun CM. Soluble Polymer-Supported Synthesis of Thioxotetrapyrimidinone by Focused Microwave Irradiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 6:279-82. [PMID: 15002978 DOI: 10.1021/cc034070o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ben Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
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30
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Poschalko A, Rohr T, Gruber H, Bianco A, Guichard G, Briand JP, Weber V, Falkenhagen D. SUBPOL: A Novel Sucrose-Based Polymer Support for Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis and Affinity Chromatography Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:13415-26. [PMID: 14583037 DOI: 10.1021/ja035874a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel SUcrose-Based Polymer support (SUBPOL) with tailored morphology suitable for the use in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is described, and its application as a hydrophilic affinity matrix for the specific removal of fibrinogen from human plasma is demonstrated. After suspension polymerization of partly methacrylated 2,1':4,6-di-O-isopropylidene sucrose and subsequent removal of the protecting groups, hydrophilic spherical polymer beads were obtained. The morphology of the resulting resin was controlled by variation of the porogen as well as the average degree of substitution with respect to the methacryloyl groups of the monomer mixture. After introduction of amino groups for a permanent attachment of immobilized peptide ligands, prevention of unintended esterification during SPPS was achieved by silylation of remaining hydroxy groups. Alternatively, a Rink amide linker was introduced prior to SPPS to allow cleavage and subsequent analysis of the peptide assembled on the SUBPOL resins. Two hexapeptides of sequence kwiivw and hffflw, consisting of d-amino acids, as well as a 19-mer peptide corresponding to the sequence GSGVRGDFGSLAPRVARQL of the VP1 protein from the foot-and-mouse disease virus (FMDV) were successfully prepared both manually or in a semi-automated process on SUBPOL resins according to the Fmoc/tBu strategy. Yields and purities were comparable to peptides prepared on commercially available polystyrene resins. A specific affinity adsorbent containing the fibrinogen-binding pentapeptide GPRPK was prepared by SPPS on SUBPOL resins of different morphology, and the strong impact of the affinity matrix on adsorption performance was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Poschalko
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Division of Macromolecular Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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31
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] A fluorous synthesis of hydantoins is introduced. The reaction of perfluoroalkyl (Rfh)-tagged amino esters with an isocyanate is followed by the cyclization of ureas and simultaneous cleavage of the fluorous tag to afford hydantoins. The product purification is performed by solid-phase extraction over FluoroFlash cartridges, and no fluorous solvent is involved in either the reaction or the separation processes. The same method applies to synthesis of thiohydantoins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Fluorous Technologies, Inc., University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center, 970 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238, USA.
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Wang Z, Song Z, Zhu XX. Preparation and characterization of crosslinked poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) resins and their application as support in solid-phase peptide synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Balakrishnan T, Murugan E. A Modified Method for the Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Surface-Enriched (with Active Site) Polymer-Supported Phase Transfer Catalyst Using Vinyltoluene as a Functionality and Its Catalytic Efficiency in Dichlorocarbene Addition to Olefines—A Kinetic Study. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/ma-120019890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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34
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Balakrishnan T, Murugan E. Preparation and spectroscopic characterization of surface-enriched (with active sites) polymer-supported phase-transfer catalysts and their efficiency in organic addition reactions: A kinetic study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Dolle RE. Comprehensive survey of combinatorial library synthesis: 2001. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2002; 4:369-418. [PMID: 12217012 DOI: 10.1021/cc020039v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 371 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.
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Abstract
Over the past year, numerous techniques have been used to study the resins commonly utilised in solid-phase synthesis to allow a greater understanding of the chemical nature and the physical properties of the supports. In addition, to overcome some of the drawbacks of existing materials, several new resins and new methods of handling solid supports have been developed. New methodologies have also been introduced to simplify the preparation of solid supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanru Yu
- Combinatorial Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
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