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Trofimov BA, Schmidt EY. Acetylenes in the Superbase-Promoted Assembly of Carbocycles and Heterocycles. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1117-1130. [PMID: 29668261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this Account, we briefly discuss the recently discovered and rapidly developing superbase-promoted self-organization reactions of several equivalents of acetylenes and ketones to afford complex compounds that represent promising synthetic building blocks common in natural products. Notably, acetylenes play a special role in these reactions because of their dual (acting as an electrophile and a nucleophile) and flexible reactivity. These unique properties of acetylenes are elegantly expressed in superbasic media, where acetylenes are more deprotonated and their electrophilicity increases as a result of complexation with alkali metal cations, with simultaneous enhancement of the nucleophilic reactants due to desolvation. Under these conditions, acetylenes behave as a driving and organizing force toward other reactants. Various combinations of nucleophilic addition to the triple bond and acetylene deprotonation in the presence of other reactants with dual reactivity (e.g., ketones) enables the self-organization of complex molecular architectures that are inaccessible by conventional reactions. Herein we analyze recent achievements in this area concerning the reactions of acetylenes with ketones in superbasic KOH/DMSO-type systems that selectively afford synthetically and pharmaceutically valuable carbo- and heterocycles. Most of the reactions are triggered by the nucleophilic addition of deprotonated ketones (enolate anions) to acetylenes (superbase-catalyzed C-vinylation of ketones with acetylenes, which was recently introduced by our group into a toolkit of organic chemistry). The β,γ-ethylenic ketones thus formed can then take part in cascade processes with ketones and acetylenes to afford either carbocycles (e.g., hexahydroazulenones, acyl terphenyls, functionalized and cyclopentenols) or heterocycles (e.g., furans, benzoxepines, dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes, and dioxadispiro[5.1.5.2]pentadecanes), depending on the structure of the reactants and the reaction conditions. Most of these compounds are selectively built from several equivalents of ketones and acetylenes in different combinations, and despite the presence of two or more asymmetric carbons in the products, they are generated as single diastereomers. When other nucleophiles (hydroxylamine, hydrazines, guanidine, and oximes) and ketones are involved in these self-organization processes, the intermediate β,γ-ethylenic ketones allow the formation of diverse heterocyclic systems (pyrroles, isoxazolines, pyrazolines, aminopyrimidines, and azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes). The discovered unique chemical transformations do not require transition metal catalysts and proceed under mild and operationally simple conditions. Most of these syntheses involve cascade addition reactions and therefore represent pot-, atom-, step-, and energy-saving processes that meet the requirements of green chemistry. The significance of the approach discussed herein is that it represents a viable alternative to existing classic and modern transition-metal-based catalytic syntheses of some fundamental carbo- and heterocycles. This is demonstrated by its employment of readily available, inexpensive starting materials like acetylenes and ketones and simple, widely accessible superbasic systems such as KOH/DMSO, which serves as a highly active universal catalyst and auxiliary. As shown in this Account, as this approach has developed, the number of preparatively attractive methods for the synthesis of diverse and potentially useful compounds has rapidly ballooned. The impressive experimental results presented in this Account will hopefully draw the attention of large circles of organic chemists involved in the design of rational and ecologically sound synthetic procedures and thus increase the application of these techniques in medicinal chemistry and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A. Trofimov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk 664033, Russia
| | - Elena Yu. Schmidt
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk 664033, Russia
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Lebel H, Mamani Laparra L, Khalifa M, Trudel C, Audubert C, Szponarski M, Dicaire Leduc C, Azek E, Ernzerhof M. Synthesis of oxazolidinones: rhodium-catalyzed C-H amination of N-mesyloxycarbamates. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:4144-4158. [PMID: 28422263 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00378a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N-Mesyloxycarbamates undergo intramolecular C-H amination reactions to afford oxazolidinones in good to excellent yields in the presence of rhodium(ii) carboxylate catalysts. The reaction is performed under green conditions and potassium carbonate is used, forming biodegradable potassium mesylate as a reaction by-product. This method enables the production of electron-rich, electron-deficient, aromatic and heteroaromatic oxazolidinones in good to excellent yields. Conformationally restricted cyclic secondary N-mesyloxycarbamates furnish cis-oxazolidinones in high yields and selectivity; DFT calculations are provided to account for the observed selectivity. trans-Oxazolidinones were prepared from acyclic secondary N-mesyloxycarbamates using Rh2(oct)4. The selectivity was reverted with a cytoxazone N-mesyloxycarbamate precursor using large chiral rhodium(ii) carboxylate complexes, affording the corresponding cis-oxazolidinone. This orthogonal selectivity was used to achieve the formal synthesis of (-)-cytoxazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Lebel
- Department of Chemistry and Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CGCC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Chang YJ, Hsuan YC, Lai ACY, Han YC, Hou DR. Synthesis of α-C-Galactosylceramide via Diastereoselective Aziridination: The New Immunostimulant 4'-epi-C-Glycoside of KRN7000. Org Lett 2016; 18:808-11. [PMID: 26844691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new immunostimulant, the 4'-epimer of α-C-GalCer, was synthesized from a C2-symmetric dienediol and α-C-allyl galactoside. The intramolecular aziridination and the following reductive ring opening provided the core of the aliphatic amino alcohol with excellent regio- and stereocontrol. The new immunostimulants 3d and 3e gave a better polarized Th1-type cytokine response in murine NKT cells than the benchmarked α-C-GalCer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan 11529
| | - Yi-Chen Hsuan
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University , No. 300 Jhong-Da Road, Jhong-li, Taoyuan, Taiwan 32001
| | - Alan Chuan-Ying Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan 11529
| | - Yun-Chiann Han
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan 11529
| | - Duen-Ren Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University , No. 300 Jhong-Da Road, Jhong-li, Taoyuan, Taiwan 32001
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Mukherjee P, Das AR. Facile synthesis of functionalized 6-cyano-2-oxa-7-azabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-en-1-yl acetates: a catalyst free approach to access the pyran fused 2-acetoxy-NH-aziridines. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24510a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel pyran fused 2-acetoxy-NH-aziridine scaffold was constructed by reacting the enamine fragment of 4-H-pyrans and spiropyrans using iodobenzene diacetate under catalyst free environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasun Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700009
- India
| | - Asish R. Das
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700009
- India
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Studies on the ring opening reactions of 3-oxa-1-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-ones. Synthesis of aminomethyl oxazolidinones and aziridinyl ureas. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fang F, Vogel M, Hines JV, Bergmeier SC. Fused ring aziridines as a facile entry into triazole fused tricyclic and bicyclic heterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3080-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob07042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Orac CM, Zhou S, Means JA, Boehm D, Bergmeier SC, Hines JV. Synthesis and stereospecificity of 4,5-disubstituted oxazolidinone ligands binding to T-box riboswitch RNA. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6786-95. [PMID: 21812425 DOI: 10.1021/jm2006904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The enantiomers and the cis isomers of two previously studied 4,5-disubstituted oxazolidinones have been synthesized, and their binding to the T-box riboswitch antiterminator model RNA has been investigated in detail. Characterization of ligand affinities and binding site localization indicates that there is little stereospecific discrimination for binding antiterminator RNA alone. This binding similarity between enantiomers is likely due to surface binding, which accommodates ligand conformations that result in comparable ligand-antiterminator contacts. These results have significant implications for T-box antiterminator-targeted drug discovery and, in general, for targeting other medicinally relevant RNA that do not present deep binding pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crina M Orac
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
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Kas’yan LI, Pal’chikov VA, Bondarenko YS. Five-membered oxaza heterocyclic compounds on the basis of epoxides and aziridines. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428011060017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chen L, Wang JW, Hai L, Wang GM, Wu Y. Design and Synthesis of Novel 5-Acetylthiomethyl Oxazolidinone Analogs. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910902756197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Feast GC, Page LW, Robertson J. The intramolecular amination of allenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:2835-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b926179f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jörg G, Hémery T, Bertau M. Effects of cell stress protectant glutathione on the whole-cell biotransformation of ethyl 2-chloro-acetoacetate withSaccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420500068231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Trofimov BA, Schmidt EY, Mikhaleva AI, Ushakov IA, Protsuk NI, Senotrusova EY, Kazheva ON, Aleksandrov GG, Dyachenko OA. One-pot assembly of 4-methylene-3-oxa-1-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes from alkyl aryl(hetaryl) ketoximes, acetylene, and aliphatic ketones: a new three-component reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Anupam R, Nayek A, Green NJ, Grundy FJ, Henkin TM, Means JA, Bergmeier SC, Hines JV. 4,5-Disubstituted oxazolidinones: High affinity molecular effectors of RNA function. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3541-4. [PMID: 18502126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The T box transcription antitermination system is a riboswitch found primarily in Gram-positive bacteria which monitors the aminoacylation of the cognate tRNA and regulates a variety of amino acid-related genes. Novel 4,5-disubstituted oxazolidinones were identified as high affinity RNA molecular effectors that modulate the transcription antitermination function of the T box riboswitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaneesh Anupam
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Ella-Menye JR, Wang G. Synthesis of chiral 2-oxazolidinones, 2-oxazolines, and their analogs. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Sheng S, Luo H, Huang Z, Sun W, Liu X. Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of Oxazolidin‐2‐ones from Phenyl 2‐Hydroxyalkyl Selenides. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910701465420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Olsen CA, Franzyk H, Jaroszewski JW. Aziridines in Parallel‐ and Solid‐Phase Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Olsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Fax: +45‐3530‐6041
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Fax: +45‐3530‐6041
| | - Jerzy W. Jaroszewski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Fax: +45‐3530‐6041
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Means J, Katz S, Nayek A, Anupam R, Hines JV, Bergmeier SC. Structure–activity studies of oxazolidinone analogs as RNA-binding agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3600-4. [PMID: 16603349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized and tested a series of novel 3,4,5-tri- and 4,5-disubstituted oxazolidinones for their ability to bind two structurally related T box antiterminator model RNAs. We have found that optimal binding selectivity is found in a small group of 4,5-disubstituted oxazolidinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Means
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Jörg G, Bertau M. Fungal Aerobic Reductive Dechlorination of Ethyl 2-Chloroacetoacetate by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Mechanism of a Novel Type of Microbial Dehalogenation. Chembiochem 2003; 5:87-92. [PMID: 14695517 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduces the beta-keto ester ethyl 2-chloroacetoacetate to the respective chiral cis- and trans-beta-hydroxy esters. In the course of chiral reduction, competing dehalogenation of the xenobiotic substrate to ethyl acetoacetate occurs, in a reaction mediated by cytosolic glutathione (GSH). Mechanistically, the dechlorination is a novel type of glutathione-dependent dehalogenation catalysed by an as yet unidentified glutathione-dependent dehalogenase. The first step consists of a nucleophilic replacement of the chloride substituent by glutathione. In the subsequent enzyme-catalysed step, a second glutathione molecule liberates the dehalogenation product by thiolytic attack at the thioether bridge, resulting in a net transfer of two electrons to the substrate and in the formation of glutathione disulfide (GSSG). Being effective under aerobic conditions and catalysed by a fungus, this reductive dechlorination of an aliphatic substrate is an outstanding example of a novel, glutathione-mediated microbial dehalogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Jörg
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Biochemie, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, PA 19341, USA.
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