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Kalita T, Choudhury A, Shakya A, Ghosh SK, Singh UP, Bhat HR. A Review on Synthetic Thiazole Derivatives as an Antimalarial Agent. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2024; 21:e240124226141. [PMID: 38279721 DOI: 10.2174/0115701638276379231223101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiazole is a widely studied core structure in heterocyclic chemistry and has proven to be a valuable scaffold in medicinal chemistry. The presence of thiazole in both naturally occurring and synthetic pharmacologically active compounds demonstrates the adaptability of these derivatives. METHODS The current study attempted to review and compile the contributions of numerous researchers over the last 20 years to the medicinal importance of these scaffolds, with a primary focus on antimalarial activity. The review is based on an extensive search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, and other renowned journal sites for a thorough literature survey involving various research and review articles. RESULTS A comprehensive review of the antimalarial activity of the thiazole scaffold revealed potential therapeutic targets in Plasmodium species. Furthermore, the correlation of structure-activity-relationship (SAR) studies from various articles suggests that the thiazole ring has therapeutic potential. CONCLUSION This article intends to point researchers in the right direction for developing potential thiazole-based compounds as antimalarial agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tutumoni Kalita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Hatkhowapara, Azara, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ankita Choudhury
- Department of Pharmacy, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Anshul Shakya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| | - Surajit Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| | - Udaya Pratap Singh
- Drug Design & Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211007, India
| | - Hans Raj Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
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Synthesis and properties of bi- and tricyclic 1,3-thiazoline/thiazolidine assemblies linked by an exocyclic С=С double bond. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-019-02571-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tougan T, Takahashi K, Ikegami-Kawai M, Horiuchi M, Mori S, Hosoi M, Horii T, Ihara M, Tsubuki M. In vitro and in vivo characterization of anti-malarial acylphenoxazine derivatives prepared from basic blue 3. Malar J 2019; 18:237. [PMID: 31307493 PMCID: PMC6631887 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2873-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Basic blue 3 is a promising anti-malarial lead compound based on the π-delocalized lipophilic cation hypothesis. Its derivatives with nitrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms at the 3- and 7-positions on the phenoxazine ring were previously shown to exert potent antiprotozoal activity against Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, and Leishmania donovani parasites in vitro. However, compounds with nitrogen modification at the 10-position on the phenoxazine ring were not evaluated. Methods Six acylphenoxazine derivatives (ITT-001 to 006) with nitrogen modification at the 10-position on the phenoxazine ring, which were synthesized from basic blue 3, were characterized and evaluated for anti-malarial activity in vitro with an automated haematology analyzer (XN-30) and light microscopy. Intensity of self-fluorescence was measured using a fluorometer. Localization of basic blue 3 was observed by fluorescence microscopy. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using human cell lines, HEK293T and HepG2 cells. Finally, anti-malarial activity was evaluated in a rodent malaria model. Results All the six derivatives showed anti-malarial efficacy even against chloroquine-, pyrimethamine-, and artemisinin-resistant field isolates similar to the sensitive strains and isolates in vitro. The efficacy of basic blue 3 was the strongest, followed by that of ITT-001 to 004 and 006, while that of ITT-005 was the weakest. Basic blue 3 showed strong self-fluorescence, whereas ITT derivatives had five- to tenfold lower intensity than that of basic blue 3, which was shown by fluorescence microscopy to be selectively accumulated in the plasmodial cytoplasm. In contrast, ITT-003, 004, and 006 exhibited the lowest cytotoxicity in HEK293T and HepG2 cells in vitro and the highest selectivity between anti-malarial activity and cytotoxicity. The in vivo anti-malarial assay indicated that oral administration of ITT-004 was the most effective against the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei NK65 strain. Conclusions The six ITT derivatives were effective against chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-resistant strains and artemisinin-resistant field isolates as well as the sensitive ones. Among them, ITT-004, which had high anti-malarial activity and low cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo, is a promising anti-malarial lead compound. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2873-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tougan
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Takahashi
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ikegami-Kawai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Masako Horiuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Shiho Mori
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Maiko Hosoi
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Horii
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masataka Ihara
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tsubuki
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
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Takasu K. π-Delocalized Lipophilic Cations as New Candidates for Antimalarial, Antitrypanosomal and Antileishmanial Agents: Synthesis, Evaluation of Antiprotozoal Potency, and Insight into Their Action Mechanisms. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:656-67. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyosei Takasu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
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Seraj S, Mirzayi B, Nematollahzadeh A. Superparamagnetic maghemite/polyrhodanine core/shell nanoparticles: Synthesis and characterization. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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A facile synthesis of novel 3-(aryl/alkyl-2-ylmethyl)-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-ones using microwave heating. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shi XL, Ge JF, Liu BQ, Kaiser M, Wittlin S, Brun R, Ihara M. Synthesis and in vitro antiprotozoal activities of 5-phenyliminobenzo[a]phenoxazine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5804-7. [PMID: 21868222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5-phenyliminobenzo[a]phenoxazine derivatives were synthesized. The in vitro antiprotozoal activities were evaluated against Plasmodium falciparum K1, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. N,N-Diethyl-5-((4-methoxyphenyl)imino)-5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-9-amine shows IC(50)=0.040 μmol L(-1) with a selective index of 1425 against Plasmodium falciparum K1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, 199 Ren'Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
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Ge JF, Arai C, Yang M, Bakar Md. A, Lu J, Ismail NSM, Wittlin S, Kaiser M, Brun R, Charman SA, Nguyen T, Morizzi J, Itoh I, Ihara M. Discovery of Novel Benzo[a]phenoxazine SSJ-183 as a Drug Candidate for Malaria. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:360-4. [PMID: 24900219 DOI: 10.1021/ml100120a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a serious infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites in tropical and subtropical regions. Even inhabitants of temperate zones are exposed to the danger of malaria infection because of travel and global warming. Novel, effective, safe, and inexpensive drugs are required to treat malaria and contribute to the global goal of eradication. A search for new antimalarial agents has been performed by the synthesis of new benzo[a]phenoxazines, followed by biological evaluations. The derivative SSJ-183 (5), having a 4-aminopyridine group, showed an IC50 value against Plasmodium falciparum of 7.6 nM and a selectivity index of >7300. Cure was achieved by three oral doses of 5 at 100 mg/kg to mice infected with the Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain. The safety of 5 was supported by acute toxicity testing in mice with single doses up to 2000 mg/kg po, chromosome aberration test, in vitro as well as in vivo micronucleus tests, and phototoxicity studies in mice. Thus, 5 is a promising candidate as a new antimalarial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Ge
- Drug Discovery Science Research Center, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chika Arai
- Drug Discovery Science Research Center, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Mei Yang
- Drug Discovery Science Research Center, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Abu Bakar Md.
- Drug Discovery Science Research Center, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Lu
- Drug Discovery Science Research Center, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Nasser S. M. Ismail
- Drug Discovery Science Research Center, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy Ain Shams University, Elkhalifa AlMaamoon Street, 11566 Abbasseya, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susan A. Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tien Nguyen
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Julia Morizzi
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Isamu Itoh
- Synstar Japan Co., Ltd., Tokyo Tech Yokohama Venture Plaza W401, 4259-3 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8510, Japan
| | - Masataka Ihara
- Drug Discovery Science Research Center, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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Attanasi OA, Crescentini LD, Favi G, Filippone P, Giorgi G, Mantellini F, Moscatelli G, Behalo MS. An efficient one-pot, three-component synthesis of 5-hydrazinoalkylidene rhodanines from 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes. Org Lett 2009; 11:2265-8. [PMID: 19397335 DOI: 10.1021/ol900545v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel three-component synthesis of 5-hydrazinoalkylidene rhodanine derivatives starting from aliphatic primary amines, carbon disulfide, and 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes is described. The reaction proceeds successfully under both solution and solid-phase conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orazio A Attanasi
- Istituto di Chimica Organica, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
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Ibrahim MA, Shilabin AG, Prasanna S, Jacob M, Khan SI, Doerksen RJ, Hamann MT. 2-N-Methyl modifications and SAR studies of manzamine A. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6702-6. [PMID: 18595720 PMCID: PMC2547340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary carbolinium salts have been reported to show improved antimalarial activity and reduced cytotoxicity as compared to electronically neutral beta-carbolines. In this study, mono- and di-methylated quaternary carbolinium cations of manzamine A were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antimalarial and antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and also their potential for glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3beta) inhibition using molecular docking studies. Among the analogs, 2-N-methylmanzamine A (2) exhibited antimalarial activity (IC(50) 0.7-1.0microM) but was less potent than manzamine A. However the compound was significantly less cytotoxic to mammalian kidney fibroblasts and the selectivity index was in the same range as manzamine A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Abbas G. Shilabin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Sivaprakasam Prasanna
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Melissa Jacob
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Shabana I. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Robert J. Doerksen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Mark T. Hamann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
- Pharmacology, Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
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Guieu V, Izquierdo A, Garcia-Alonso S, André C, Madaule Y, Payrastre C. Fluorescent Streptocyanine Dyes: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties – Synthesis of a New Hemicarboxonium Salt. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pudhom K, Kasai K, Terauchi H, Inoue H, Kaiser M, Brun R, Ihara M, Takasu K. Synthesis of three classes of rhodacyanine dyes and evaluation of their in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:8550-63. [PMID: 16971131 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Selected members of three classes of rhodacyanine dyes, [0,0]-, [1,0]-, and [0,0,0]-rhodacyanines, were synthesized and their in vitro antimalarial activities against Plasmodium falciparum K1 (chloroquine-resistant strain) as well as their in vivo activities against P. berghei in mice were determined. The novel [0,0,0]-rhodacynines, 3e and 3h, possessing a benzothiazole moiety, were shown to have highly promising antimalarial activities in vivo. Moreover, the [0,0,0]-rhodacyanines were found to be orally bioavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanitha Pudhom
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Takasu K, Pudhom K, Kaiser M, Brun R, Ihara M. Synthesis and Antimalarial Efficacy of Aza-Fused Rhodacyanines in Vitro and in the P. berghei Mouse Model. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4795-8. [PMID: 16854088 DOI: 10.1021/jm0606241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several aza-fused rhodacyanines were synthesized and assessed for their in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activities against Plasmodium falciparum K1 and P. berghei. All synthetic compounds showed strong selective antimalarial in vitro activity. Class II azarhodacyanines, 3, consisting of four heterocyclic units, were found to display good parasitemia suppression and low acute toxicity in vivo. Among them, 3c appeared to be the most effective at a dose of 20-25 mg kg(-1) day(-1) (ip).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyosei Takasu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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Takasu K, Shimogama T, Saiin C, Kim HS, Wataya Y, Brun R, Ihara M. Synthesis and Evaluation of β-Carbolinium Cations as New Antimalarial Agents Based on π-Delocalized Lipophilic Cation (DLC) Hypothesis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2005; 53:653-61. [PMID: 15930777 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.53.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several beta-carbolines including naturally occurring substances and their corresponding cationic derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for antimalarial (antiplasmodial) activity in vitro and in vivo. A tetracyclic carbolinium salt was elucidated for antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activities in vitro as well as antiplasmodial activity. Quarternary carbolinium cations showed much higher potencies in vitro than electronically neutral beta-carbolines and a good correlation was observed between pi-delocalized lipophilic cationic (DLC) structure and antimalarial efficacy. beta-Carbolinium compounds exhibit medium suppressive activity in vivo against rodent malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyosei Takasu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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Takasu K, Ihara M, Morisaki D, Kaiser M, Brun R. Syntheses and Biological Activities of Structurally Stiff Rhodacyanines as Novel Antimalarial Candidates. HETEROCYCLES 2005. [DOI: 10.3987/com-05-s(k)67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, USA.
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Ihara M, Takasu K, Terauchi H, Inoue H, Takahashi M, Sekita S. Antileishmanial Activities of Rhodacyanine Dyes. HETEROCYCLES 2004. [DOI: 10.3987/com-04-s(p)14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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