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Kovacs D, Mathieu E, Kiraev SR, Wells JAL, Demeyere E, Sipos A, Borbas KE. Coordination Environment-Controlled Photoinduced Electron Transfer Quenching in Luminescent Europium Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13190-13200. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kovacs
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emilie Mathieu
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Salauat R. Kiraev
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jordann A. L. Wells
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ellen Demeyere
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agnès Sipos
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K. Eszter Borbas
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Kovacs D, Phipps D, Orthaber A, Borbas KE. Highly luminescent lanthanide complexes sensitised by tertiary amide-linked carbostyril antennae. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:10702-10714. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01270a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The replacement of the secondary amide linker that carries the sensitizing carbostyril antenna with a tertiary amide in luminescent Eu and Tb complexes dramatically increases the lanthanide emission quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kovacs
- Department of Chemistry
- Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Dulcie Phipps
- Department of Chemistry
- Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of Chemistry
- Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - K. Eszter Borbas
- Department of Chemistry
- Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
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3
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Kovacs D, Lu X, Mészáros LS, Ott M, Andres J, Borbas KE. Photophysics of Coumarin and Carbostyril-Sensitized Luminescent Lanthanide Complexes: Implications for Complex Design in Multiplex Detection. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5756-5767. [PMID: 28388066 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Luminescent lanthanide (Ln(III)) complexes with coumarin or carbostyril antennae were synthesized and their photophysical properties evaluated using steady-state and time-resolved UV-vis spectroscopy. Ligands bearing distant hydroxycoumarin-derived antennae attached through triazole linkers were modest sensitizers for Eu(III) and Tb(III), whereas ligands with 7-amidocarbostyrils directly linked to the coordination site could reach good quantum yields for multiple Ln(III), including the visible emitters Sm(III) and Dy(III), and the near-infrared emitters Nd(III) and Yb(III). The highest lanthanide-centered luminescence quantum yields were 35% (Tb), 7.9% (Eu), 0.67% (Dy), and 0.18% (Sm). Antennae providing similar luminescence intensities with 2-4 Ln-emitters were identified. Photoredox quenching of the carbostyril antenna excited states was observed for all Eu(III)-complexes and should be sensitizing in the case of Yb(III); the scope of the process extends to Ln(III) for which it has not been seen previously, specifically Dy(III) and Sm(III). The proposed process is supported by photophysical and electrochemical data. A FRET-type mechanism was identified in architectures with both distant and close antennae for all of the Lns. This mechanism seems to be the only sensitizing one at long distance and probably contributes to the sensitization at shorter distances along with the triplet pathway. The complexes were nontoxic to either bacterial or mammalian cells. Complexes of an ester-functionalized ligand were taken up by bacteria in a concentration-dependent manner. Our results suggest that the effects of FRET and photoredox quenching should be taken into consideration when designing luminescent Ln complexes. These results also establish these Ln(III)-complexes for multiplex detection beyond the available two-color systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kovacs
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Box 523, Uppsala University , Uppsala 75120, Sweden
| | - Xi Lu
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Ångström Laboratory, Box 534, Uppsala University , Uppsala 75121, Sweden
| | - Lívia S Mészáros
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Box 523, Uppsala University , Uppsala 75120, Sweden
| | - Marjam Ott
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Ångström Laboratory, Box 534, Uppsala University , Uppsala 75121, Sweden
| | - Julien Andres
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Box 523, Uppsala University , Uppsala 75120, Sweden
| | - K Eszter Borbas
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Box 523, Uppsala University , Uppsala 75120, Sweden
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Jenie SNA, Plush SE, Voelcker NH. Recent Advances on Luminescent Enhancement-Based Porous Silicon Biosensors. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2314-36. [PMID: 26916167 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1889-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Luminescence-based detection paradigms have key advantages over other optical platforms such as absorbance, reflectance or interferometric based detection. However, autofluorescence, low quantum yield and lack of photostability of the fluorophore or emitting molecule are still performance-limiting factors. Recent research has shown the need for enhanced luminescence-based detection to overcome these drawbacks while at the same time improving the sensitivity, selectivity and reducing the detection limits of optical sensors and biosensors. Nanostructures have been reported to significantly improve the spectral properties of the emitting molecules. These structures offer unique electrical, optic and magnetic properties which may be used to tailor the surrounding electrical field of the emitter. Here, the main principles behind luminescence and luminescence enhancement-based detections are reviewed, with an emphasis on europium complexes as the emitting molecule. An overview of the optical porous silicon microcavity (pSiMC) as a biosensing platform and recent proof-of-concept examples on enhanced luminescence-based detection using pSiMCs are provided and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Aisyiyah Jenie
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia.,Research Centre for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, PUSPIPTEK, Serpong, Tangerang, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
| | - Sally E Plush
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia. .,, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
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Kelterer AM, Uray G, Fabian WM. Rational design of long-wavelength absorbing and emitting carbostyrils aided by time-dependent density functional calculations. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kitchen HJ, Vallance SR, Kennedy JL, Tapia-Ruiz N, Carassiti L, Harrison A, Whittaker AG, Drysdale TD, Kingman SW, Gregory DH. Modern microwave methods in solid-state inorganic materials chemistry: from fundamentals to manufacturing. Chem Rev 2013; 114:1170-206. [PMID: 24261861 DOI: 10.1021/cr4002353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Kitchen
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow , Joseph Black Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Prousis KC, Tzani A, Avlonitis N, Calogeropoulou T, Detsi A. Reactivity of 2-Methyl-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones and 2-Methyl-4H-pyrido[2,3-d][1,3]oxazin-4-one under Microwave Irradiation Conditions. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos C. Prousis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering; National Technical University of Athens; Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou Campus GR 15780 Athens Greece
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology; National Hellenic Research Foundation; 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue 116 35 Athens Greece
| | - Andromachi Tzani
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering; National Technical University of Athens; Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou Campus GR 15780 Athens Greece
| | - Nicolaos Avlonitis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology; National Hellenic Research Foundation; 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue 116 35 Athens Greece
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute; MRC/University of Edinburgh; 47 Little France Crescent EH16 4TJ Edinburgh UK
| | - Theodora Calogeropoulou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology; National Hellenic Research Foundation; 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue 116 35 Athens Greece
| | - Anastasia Detsi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering; National Technical University of Athens; Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou Campus GR 15780 Athens Greece
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8
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Literature Survey Part C: Heterocycle Synthesis. MICROWAVES IN ORGANIC AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527647828.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Ghosh A, Mukherjee K, Jiang X, Zhou Y, McCarroll J, Qu J, Swain PM, Baigude H, Rana TM. Design and assembly of new nonviral RNAi delivery agents by microwave-assisted quaternization (MAQ) of tertiary amines. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1581-7. [PMID: 20722369 DOI: 10.1021/bc900482r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a gene-silencing phenomenon whereby double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers the sequence-specific degradation of homologous mRNA. RNAi has been quickly and widely applied to discover gene functions and holds great potential to provide a new class of therapeutic agents. However, new chemistry and delivery approaches are greatly needed to silence disease-causing genes without toxic effects. We reasoned that conjugation of the cholesterol moiety to cationic lipids would enhance RNAi efficiencies and lower the toxic effects of lipid-mediated RNAi delivery. Here, we report the first design and synthesis of new cholesterol-conjugated cationic lipids for RNAi delivery using microwave-assisted quaternization (MAQ) of tertiary amines. This strategy can be employed to develop new classes of nonviral gene delivery agents under safe and fast reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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Yamada S, Ohsawa F, Fujii S, Shinozaki R, Makishima M, Naitou H, Enomoto S, Tai A, Kakuta H. Fluorescent retinoid X receptor ligands for fluorescence polarization assay. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5143-6. [PMID: 20667726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists are candidate agents for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes via activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)/RXR or liver X receptor (LXR)/RXR-heterodimers, which control lipid and glucose metabolism. Reporter gene assays or binding assays with radiolabeled compounds are available for RXR ligand screening, but are unsuitable for high-throughput screening. Therefore, as a first step towards stabilizing a fluorescence polarization (FP) assay system for high-throughput RXR ligand screening, we synthesized fluorescent RXR ligands by modification of the lipophilic domain of RXR ligands with a carbostyril fluorophore, and selected the fluorescent RXR agonist 6-[ethyl(1-isobutyl-2-oxo-4-trifluoromethyl-1,2-dihydroquinolin-7-yl)amino]nicotinic acid 8d for further characterization. Compound 8d showed FP in the presence of RXR and the FP was decreased in the presence of the RXR agonist LGD1069 (2). This compound should be a lead compound for use in high-throughput assay systems for screening RXR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoya Yamada
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
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Reszka P, Schulz R, Methling K, Lalk M, Bednarski PJ. Synthesis, enzymatic evaluation, and docking studies of fluorogenic caspase 8 tetrapeptide substrates. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:103-17. [PMID: 19918833 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, enzymatic evaluation, and molecular modeling studies of new fluorogenic tetrapeptide-based substrates selective for caspase 8, having the general structure Ac-IETD-AXX, are described. Various fluorescent reporter groups (AXX), i.e., 3- and 4-substituted coumarins and quinolin-2(1H)-ones were synthesized by von Pechmann condensation. They were subsequently coupled with the caspase-8-selective tetrapeptide Ac-IETD-OH under newly developed synthetic conditions to give the desired substrates in good yields and in high enantiomeric purity. Based on K(M) and V(max) values, the new compounds proved to be excellent substrates for recombinant human caspase 8. In contrast, the K(M) values for the same compounds as substrates for human caspase 3 were approximately 10-20-fold higher. Molecular modeling studies based on the X-ray crystal structures of both human caspases 3 and 8 revealed that there is sufficient room within both active sites to accommodate substrates with moderately bulky substituents in the 3- and 4-positions of the fluorogenic coumarins and quinolin-2(1H)-ones. Automated docking of the substrates into the active sites of both human caspases 3 and 8 with the program AutoDock 3 gave structures similar to the published crystallographic structures for the same tetrapeptide bound to caspase 8 in the form of an irreversible inhibitor. The calculated binding energies for the new substrates to either caspase 3 or 8 showed little difference between the substrates, consistent with the K(M) data. In addition, the calculated binding energies (DeltaG) to caspase 8 were considerably more negative than those to caspase 3, also consistent with the K(M) data. A possible molecular interaction that might explain the selectivity of the IETD tetrapeptide motif for caspase 8 over caspase 3 is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Reszka
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, F.-L.-Jahn Strasse 17, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Stadlbauer W, Avhale AB, Badgujar NS, Uray G. Syntheses and fluorescent properties of 2-amino substituted 6,7-dimethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)quinolines. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kappe CO, Dallinger D. Controlled microwave heating in modern organic synthesis: highlights from the 2004–2008 literature. Mol Divers 2009; 13:71-193. [PMID: 19381851 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-009-9138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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14
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Kendre DB, Toche RB, Jachak MN. Michael addition of dimedone with α,β-unsaturated ketones: Synthesis of quinoline and chromene derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570450305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Li M, Zuo Z, Wen L, Wang S. Microwave-Assisted Combinatorial Synthesis of Hexa-Substituted 1,4-Dihydropyridines Scaffolds Using One-Pot Two-Step Multicomponent Reaction followed by a S-Alkylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:436-41. [DOI: 10.1021/cc700194b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zhengquan Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Lirong Wen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shuwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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Hashim J, Kappe CO. Synthesis of Symmetrical Bisquinolonesvia Nickel(0)-Catalyzed Homocoupling of 4-Chloroquinolones. Adv Synth Catal 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200700081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sapsford KE, Berti L, Medintz IL. Materialien für den resonanten Fluoreszenzenergietransfer (FRET): jenseits klassischer Donor-Acceptor-Kombinationen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sapsford KE, Berti L, Medintz IL. Materials for Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Analysis: Beyond Traditional Donor–Acceptor Combinations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:4562-89. [PMID: 16819760 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1024] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of Förster or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) as a spectroscopic technique has been in practice for over 50 years. A search of ISI Web of Science with just the acronym "FRET" returns more than 2300 citations from various areas such as structural elucidation of biological molecules and their interactions, in vitro assays, in vivo monitoring in cellular research, nucleic acid analysis, signal transduction, light harvesting and metallic nanomaterials. The advent of new classes of fluorophores including nanocrystals, nanoparticles, polymers, and genetically encoded proteins, in conjunction with ever more sophisticated equipment, has been vital in this development. This review gives a critical overview of the major classes of fluorophore materials that may act as donor, acceptor, or both in a FRET configuration. We focus in particular on the benefits and limitations of these materials and their combinations, as well as the available methods of bioconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim E Sapsford
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6910, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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Badgujar NS, Pazicky M, Traar P, Terec A, Uray G, Stadlbauer W. N-Carboxymethylated 6,7-Dimethoxy-4-trifluoromethylcarbostyrils as Fluorescence Markers for Amino Acids, Peptides, Amino Carbohydrates and Amino Polysaccharides. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Functionalization of 2-Pyridones, 2-Quinolones and Other Ring-Fused 2-Pyridones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
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Hashim J, Glasnov TN, Kremsner JM, Kappe CO. Symmetrical Bisquinolones via Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling and Homocoupling Reactions. J Org Chem 2006; 71:1707-10. [PMID: 16468829 DOI: 10.1021/jo052283p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized 4,4'-bisquinolones can be efficiently synthesized by microwave-assisted palladium(0)-catalyzed one-pot borylation/Suzuki cross-coupling reactions or via nickel(0)-mediated homocouplings of 4-chloroquinolin-2(1H)-one precursors. Both methods are also applicable to other types of symmetrical biaryls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshed Hashim
- Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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