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Zhang K, Wen Q, Li T, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Luo D. Comparative study of the effects of ultrasonic power on the structure and functional properties of gliadin in wheat and green wheat. J Food Sci 2022; 87:1020-1034. [PMID: 35150134 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The impact of different ultrasonic power on the structure and functional properties of wheat gliadin (WG) and green wheat gliadin (GG) was investigated and compared. Ultrasound had no obvious effect on subunit composition and bands of WG and GG, and there were more small molecular weight bands in GG. The results of Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analyses demonstrated that ultrasonic treatment had a significant effect on the structure of WG and GG, inducing the transformation from order structure to disorder structure. The dispersion and uniformity were better at 400 and 300 W, respectively. Under proper ultrasonic treatment, the particle size of WG and GG was significantly reduced, and the free sulfhydryl groups and surface hydrophobicity were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the functional properties of WG and GG such as solubility, emulsification properties, water holding and oil holding properties, thermal stability, and digestibility were enhanced. The better functional properties of WG and GG were obtained at 400 and 300 W, respectively. These results indicated that ultrasonic treatment with appropriate power was a valuable method for improving functional characteristics of WG and GG. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Ultrasonic treatment could cause structural changes of wheat gliadin (WG) and green wheat gliadin (GG), and their functional properties are improved under appropriate power. This study compares the effects of ultrasound on WG and GG, and the results will provide theoretical guidance for the development of GG in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangyi Zhang
- Center of Agricultural Products Processing, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Whole Grain Wheat Products Processing, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Province Whole Grain Fresh Food Processing Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingyu Wen
- Center of Agricultural Products Processing, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Whole Grain Wheat Products Processing, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Province Whole Grain Fresh Food Processing Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tianqi Li
- Henan Ankang Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Henan Ankang Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Denglin Luo
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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2
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Jiang S, Xia D, Zhang D, Chen G, Liu Y. Analysis of protein profiles and peptides during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of four Chinese dry-cured hams. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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3
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Marcondes M, Alves F, Assis D, Hirata I, Juliano L, Oliveira V, Juliano M. Substrate specificity of mitochondrial intermediate peptidase analysed by a support-bound peptide library. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:429-36. [PMID: 26082885 PMCID: PMC4459094 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic support-bound FRET peptide library was constructed. This was used to investigate the substrate specificity of recombinant human mitochondrial intermediate peptidase (hMIP). Polar uncharged residues at P1 and P1′ are preferred by this enzyme. hMIP can hydrolyse peptides shorter than 8 residues. The importance of F/L/I at P8 and T/S/G at P5, in natural substrates of hMIP was not seen with this peptide library.
The substrate specificity of recombinant human mitochondrial intermediate peptidase (hMIP) using a synthetic support-bound FRET peptide library is presented. The collected fluorescent beads, which contained the hydrolysed peptides generated by hMIP, were sequenced by Edman degradation. The results showed that this peptidase presents a remarkable preference for polar uncharged residues at P1 and P1′ substrate positions: Ser = Gln > Thr at P1 and Ser > Thr at P1′. Non-polar residues were frequent at the substrate P3, P2, P2′ and P3′ positions. Analysis of the predicted MIP processing sites in imported mitochondrial matrix proteins shows these cleavages indeed occur between polar uncharged residues. Previous analysis of these processing sites indicated the importance of positions far from the MIP cleavage site, namely the presence of a hydrophobic residue (Phe or Leu) at P8 and a polar uncharged residue (Ser or Thr) at P5. To evaluate this, additional kinetic analyses were carried out, using fluorogenic substrates synthesized based on the processing sites attributed to MIP. The results described here underscore the importance of the P1 and P1′ substrate positions for the hydrolytic activity of hMIP. The information presented in this work will help in the design of new substrate-based inhibitors for this peptidase.
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Key Words
- Abz, ortho-aminobenzoic acid
- DCM, dichloromethane
- DIPEA, N,N-diisopropylethylamine
- DMF, dimethylformamide
- EDDnp, N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-ethylenediamine
- FRET libraries
- FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- HOBt, hydroxybenzotriazole
- Mitochondria
- NMM, N-methylmorpholine
- Octapeptidyl amino peptidase 1
- Peptidase
- Substrate specificity
- TBTU, O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate
- hMIP, human mitochondrial intermediate peptidase
- oct1
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - V. Oliveira
- Corresponding authors at: Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Biophysics, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, Enzymology Laboratory – 7th Floor, São Paulo, Brazil. Tel./fax: +55 11 55764450x1966 (V. Oliveira). Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Biophysics, Rua 3 de maio, 100, Ed INFAR 2nd Floor, São Paulo, Brazil. Tel./fax: +55 11 55764450x1960 (M.A. Juliano).
| | - M.A. Juliano
- Corresponding authors at: Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Biophysics, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, Enzymology Laboratory – 7th Floor, São Paulo, Brazil. Tel./fax: +55 11 55764450x1966 (V. Oliveira). Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Biophysics, Rua 3 de maio, 100, Ed INFAR 2nd Floor, São Paulo, Brazil. Tel./fax: +55 11 55764450x1960 (M.A. Juliano).
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4
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Oliveira JR, Bertolin TC, Andrade D, Oliveira LCG, Kondo MY, Santos JAN, Blaber M, Juliano L, Severino B, Caliendo G, Santagada V, Juliano MA. Specificity studies on Kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) and effects of osmolytes and glycosaminoglycans on its peptidase activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1854:73-83. [PMID: 25448018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
KLK7 substrate specificity was evaluated by families of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptides derived from Abz-KLFSSK-Q-EDDnp (Abz=ortho-aminobenzoic acid and Q-EDDnp=glutaminyl-N-[2,4-dinitrophenyl] ethylenediamine), by one bead-one peptide FRET peptide library in PEGA resin, and by the FRET peptide libraries Abz-GXX-Z-XX-Q-EDDnp (Z and X are fixed and random natural amino acids, respectively). KLK7 hydrolyzed preferentially F, Y or M, and its S1' and S2' subsites showed selectivity for hydrophilic amino acids, particularly R and K. This set of specificities was confirmed by the efficient kininogenase activity of KLK7 on Abz-MISLM(↓)KRPPGFSPF(↓)RSSRI-NH2 ((↓)indicates cleavage), hydrolysis of somatostatin and substance P and inhibition by kallistatin. The peptide Abz-NLY(↓)RVE-Q-EDDnp is the best synthetic substrate so far described for KLK7 [kcat/Km=455 (mMs)(-1)] that was designed from the KLK7 substrate specificity analysis. It is noteworthy that the NLYRVE sequence is present in human semaphorin 6B. KLK7 is activated by GAGs, inhibited by neutral salts, and activated by high concentration of kosmotropic salt. Pyroglutamic acid inhibited KLK7 (Ki=33mM) and is present in skin moisturizing factor (124mM). The KLK7 specificity described here and elsewhere reflects its participation in patho-physiological events in skin, the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system, where KLK7 is significantly expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana R Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago C Bertolin
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Andrade
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian C G Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Y Kondo
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge A N Santos
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas Gerais, Câmpus Inconfidentes, Brazil
| | - Michael Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Luiz Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatrice Severino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‟Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caliendo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‟Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Santagada
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‟Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria A Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Nitsche C, Holloway S, Schirmeister T, Klein CD. Biochemistry and medicinal chemistry of the dengue virus protease. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11348-81. [PMID: 25268322 DOI: 10.1021/cr500233q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nitsche
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steven Holloway
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Staudingerweg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Staudingerweg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian D Klein
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Gouvea IE, Kondo MY, Assis DM, Alves FM, Liz MA, Juliano MA, Juliano L. Studies on the peptidase activity of transthyretin (TTR). Biochimie 2012; 95:215-23. [PMID: 23000319 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a plasma protein transporter of thyroxine (T(4)) and retinol and also has peptidase activity. In order to characterize TTR peptidase activity we used fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptides derived from Abz-KLRSSK-Q-EDDnp and from two portion-mixing libraries as substrates. Most of the susceptible FRET peptides were cleaved at more than one peptide bond, without particular substrate specificity. The more relevant observation was that the peptides containing E or D were cleaved at only one peptide bond and TTR was competitively inhibited by glutathione analog peptide γ-E-A-G-OH that contains two free carboxyl groups. The dependence on ionic interactions of TTR hydrolytic activity was confirmed by the large inhibitory effects of salt and ionic surfactants. TTR was not inhibited by any usual peptidase inhibitors, except by ortho-phenanthroline and EDTA. The mechanism of TTR catalysis was explored by the pH-profile of TTR hydrolytic activity in different temperatures and by proton inventory. The obtained pK and heat of ionization values suggest that a carboxylate and an ammonium group, possibly from a lysine side chain are involved. These results support the recently proposed inducible metalloprotease mechanism for TTR based on its 3D structure in presence of Zn(2+) and a series of point mutations [Liz et al., Biochem. J 443 (2012) 769-778].
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuri Estrada Gouvea
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Internally quenched fluorescent peptide libraries with randomized sequences designed to detect endopeptidases. Anal Biochem 2011; 421:299-307. [PMID: 22067978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Identification of synthetic peptide substrates for novel peptidases is an essential step for their study. With this purpose we synthesized fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptide libraries Abz (or MCA)-GXXXXXQ-EDDnp and Abz (or MCA)-GXXZXXQ-EDDnp, where X consists of an equimolar mixture of all amino acids, the Z position is fixed with one of the proteinogenic amino acids (cysteine was excluded), Abz (ortho-aminobenzoic acid) or MCA ([7-amino-4-methyl]coumarin) is the fluorescence donor and Q-EDDnp (glutamine-[N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-ethylenediamine]) is the fluorescence acceptor. The peptide libraries MCA-GXXX↓XXQ-EDDnp and MCA-GXXZ↓XXQ-EDDnp were cleaved as indicated (↓) by trypsin, chymotrypsin, cathepsin L, pepsin A, and Eqolisin as confirmed by Edman degradation of the products derived from the digestion of these libraries. The best hydrolyzed Abz-GXXZXXQ-EDDnp sublibraries by these proteases, including Dengue 2 virus NS2B-NS3 protease, contained amino acids at the Z position that are reported to be well accepted by their S(1) subsite. The pH profiles of the hydrolytic activities of these canonical proteases on the libraries were similar to those reported for typical substrates. The FRET peptide libraries provide an efficient and simple approach for detecting nanomolar concentrations of endopeptidases and are useful for initial specificity characterization as performed for two proteases secreted by a Bacillus subtilis.
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8
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Andrade D, Assis DM, Santos JA, Alves FM, Hirata IY, Araujo MS, Blaber SI, Blaber M, Juliano MA, Juliano L. Substrate specificity of kallikrein-related peptidase 13 activated by salts or glycosaminoglycans and a search for natural substrate candidates. Biochimie 2011; 93:1701-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Coppini LP, Barros NM, Oliveira M, Hirata IY, Alves MF, Paschoalin T, Assis DM, Juliano MA, Puzer L, Brömme D, Carmona AK. Plasminogen hydrolysis by cathepsin S and identification of derived peptides as selective substrate for cathepsin V and cathepsin L inhibitor. Biol Chem 2010; 391:561-70. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Plasminogen is a glycoprotein implicated in angiogenesis and fibrin clot degradation associated with the release of angiostatin and plasmin activation, respectively. We have recently reported that cathepsin V, but not cathepsins L, B, and K, can release angiostatin-like fragments from plasminogen. Here, we extended the investigation to cathepsin S which has been implicated in angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of plasminogen hydrolysis by cathepsin S revealed generation of two fragments (60 and 38 kDa). Amino-terminal sequencing indicated that cleavage occurs at the Leu469-Leu470 peptide bond. In contrast to cathepsin V, which possesses antiangiogenic activity, cathepsin S plasminogen cleavage products were not capable of inhibiting angiogenesis on endothelial cells. Moreover, we explored the different selectivities presented by cathepsins V and S towards plasminogen and synthesized fluorescence resonance energy transfer peptides encompassing the hydrolyzed peptide bonds by both enzymes. The peptide Abz-VLFEKKQ-EDDnp (Abz=ortho-aminobenzoic acid; EDDnp= N-[2,4-dinitrophenyl]ethylenediamine), hydrolyzed by cath-epsin V at the Phe-Glu bond, is a selective substrate for the enzyme when compared with cathepsins B, L, and S, whereas Abz-VLFEKKVYLQ-EDDnp is an efficient cathepsin L inhibitor. The demonstrated importance of the S3′-P3′ interaction indicates the significance of the extended subsites for enzyme specificity and affinity.
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10
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Oliveira M, Torquato RJS, Alves MFM, Juliano MA, Brömme D, Barros NMT, Carmona AK. Improvement of cathepsin S detection using a designed FRET peptide based on putative natural substrates. Peptides 2010; 31:562-7. [PMID: 20045715 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin S is a lysosomal cysteine peptidase of the papain superfamily which is implicated in physiological and pathological states. The enzyme is highly expressed in antigen presenting cells and is thought to play an important role in the processing of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-associated invariant chain. In pathological processes, cathepsin S is associated with Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis and obesity and can be regarded as a potential target in related disorders. However, due to the broad substrate specificities of the lysosomal cathepsins, the specific detection of cathepsin S is difficult when other cathepsins are present. In an attempt to distinguish cathepsin S from other cathepsins we synthesized and tested fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptides derived from two of its putative natural substrates, namely insulin beta-chain and class II-associated invariant chain (CLIP). The influence of ionic strength on the catalytic activity and the enzyme stability in neutral pH was also analyzed. Using data gathered from our study we developed a selective substrate for cathepsin S and establish the assay conditions to differentiate the enzyme from cathepsins L, B, V and K. The peptide Abz-LEQ-EDDnp (Abz=ortho-aminobenzoic acid; EDDnp=N-[2,4-dinitrophenyl]ethylenediamine]) in 50mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 1M NaCl was hydrolyzed by cathepsin S with k(cat)/K(m) value of 3585mM(-1)s(-1), and was resistant to hydrolysis by cathepsins L, V, K and B. Thus, we developed a sensitive and selective cathepsins S substrate that permits continuous measurement of the enzymatic activity even in crude tissue extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua 3 de Maio 100, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Cunha RL, Gouvêa IE, Feitosa GP, Alves MF, Brömme D, Comasseto JV, Tersariol IL, Juliano L. Irreversible inhibition of human cathepsins B, L, S and K by hypervalent tellurium compounds. Biol Chem 2009; 390:1205-12. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The inhibition of human cysteine cathepsins B, L, S and K was evaluated by a set of hypervalent tellurium compounds (telluranes) comprising both organic and inorganic derivatives. All telluranes studied showed a time- and concentration-dependent irreversible inhibition of the cathepsins, and their second-order inactivation rate constants were determined. The organic derivatives were potent inhibitors of the cathepsins and clear specificities were detected, which were parallel to their known substrate specificities. In all cases, the activity of the tellurane-inhibited cathepsins was recovered by treatment of the inactivated enzymes with reducing agents. The maximum stoichiometry of the reaction between cysteine residues and telluranes were also determined. The presented data indicate that it is possible to design organic compounds with a tellurium(IV) moiety as a novel warhead that covalently modifies the catalytic cysteine, and which also form strong interactions with subsites of cathepsins B, L, S and K, resulting in more specific inhibition.
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12
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Machon U, Büchold C, Stempka M, Schirmeister T, Gelhaus C, Leippe M, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Kisker C, Leyh M, Schmuck C. On-bead screening of a combinatorial fumaric acid derived peptide library yields antiplasmodial cysteine protease inhibitors with unusual peptide sequences. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5662-72. [PMID: 19715342 DOI: 10.1021/jm900629w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new class of cysteine protease inhibitors based on fumaric acid derived oligopeptides was successfully identified from a high-throughput screening of a solid-phase bound combinatorial library. As target enzymes falcipain and rhodesain were used, which play important roles in the life cycles of the parasites which cause malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) and African sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense). The best inhibitors with unusual amino acid sequences not reported before for this type of enzyme were also fully analyzed in detail in solution. K(i) values in the lower micromolar and even nanomolar region were found. Some inhibitors are even active against plasmodia and show good selectivity relative to other enzymes. Also the mechanism of action was studied and could be shown to be irreversible inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Machon
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
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13
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Demon D, Van Damme P, Vanden Berghe T, Deceuninck A, Van Durme J, Verspurten J, Helsens K, Impens F, Wejda M, Schymkowitz J, Rousseau F, Madder A, Vandekerckhove J, Declercq W, Gevaert K, Vandenabeele P. Proteome-wide substrate analysis indicates substrate exclusion as a mechanism to generate caspase-7 versus caspase-3 specificity. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:2700-14. [PMID: 19759058 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900310-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-3 and -7 are considered functionally redundant proteases with similar proteolytic specificities. We performed a proteome-wide screen on a mouse macrophage lysate using the N-terminal combined fractional diagonal chromatography technology and identified 46 shared, three caspase-3-specific, and six caspase-7-specific cleavage sites. Further analysis of these cleavage sites and substitution mutation experiments revealed that for certain cleavage sites a lysine at the P5 position contributes to the discrimination between caspase-7 and -3 specificity. One of the caspase-7-specific substrates, the 40 S ribosomal protein S18, was studied in detail. The RPS18-derived P6-P5' undecapeptide retained complete specificity for caspase-7. The corresponding P6-P1 hexapeptide still displayed caspase-7 preference but lost strict specificity, suggesting that P' residues are additionally required for caspase-7-specific cleavage. Analysis of truncated peptide mutants revealed that in the case of RPS18 the P4-P1 residues constitute the core cleavage site but that P6, P5, P2', and P3' residues critically contribute to caspase-7 specificity. Interestingly, specific cleavage by caspase-7 relies on excluding recognition by caspase-3 and not on increasing binding for caspase-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Demon
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent 9052, Belgium
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14
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Carmona AK, Juliano MA, Juliano L. The use of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) peptidesfor measurement of clinically important proteolytic enzymes. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2009; 81:381-92. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652009000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes have a fundamental role in many biological processes and are associated with multiple pathological conditions. Therefore, targeting these enzymes may be important for a better understanding of their function and development of therapeutic inhibitors. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) peptides are convenient tools for the study of peptidases specificity as they allow monitoring of the reaction on a continuous basis, providing a rapid method for the determination of enzymatic activity. Hydrolysis of a peptide bond between the donor/acceptor pair generates fluorescence that permits the measurement of the activity of nanomolar concentrations of the enzyme. The assays can be performed directly in a cuvette of the fluorimeter or adapted for determinations in a 96-well fluorescence plate reader. The synthesis of FRET peptides containing ortho-aminobenzoic acid (Abz) as fluorescent group and 2, 4-dinitrophenyl (Dnp) or N-(2, 4-dinitrophenyl)ethylenediamine (EDDnp) as quencher was optimized by our group and became an important line of research at the Department of Biophysics of the Federal University of São Paulo. Recently, Abz/Dnp FRET peptide libraries were developed allowing high-throughput screening of peptidases substrate specificity. This review presents the consolidation of our research activities undertaken between 1993 and 2008 on the synthesis of peptides and study of peptidases specificities.
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15
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Abstract
Enzyme assays are analytical tools to visualize enzyme activities. In recent years a large variety of enzyme assays have been developed to assist the discovery and optimization of industrial enzymes, in particular for "white biotechnology" where selective enzymes are used with great success for economically viable, mild and environmentally benign production processes. The present article highlights the aspects of fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates, sensors, and enzyme fingerprinting, which are our particular areas of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, Berne, 3012, Switzerland.
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16
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Juskowiak GL, McGee CJ, Greaves J, Van Vranken DL. Synthesis, screening, and sequencing of cysteine-rich one-bead one-compound peptide libraries. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2008; 10:726-31. [PMID: 18656989 PMCID: PMC2646870 DOI: 10.1021/cc800087y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine-rich peptides are valued as tags for biarsenical fluorophores and as environmentally important reagents for binding toxic heavy metals. Due to the inherent difficulties created by cysteine, the power of one-bead one-compound (OBOC) libraries has never been applied to the discovery of short cysteine-rich peptides. We have developed the first method for the synthesis, screening, and sequencing of cysteine-rich OBOC peptide libraries. First, we synthesized a heavily biased cysteine-rich OBOC library, incorporating 50% cysteine at each position (Ac-X8-KM-TentaGel). Then, we developed conditions for cysteine alkylation, cyanogen bromide cleavage, and direct MS/MS sequencing of that library at the single bead level. The sequencing efficiency of this library was comparable to a traditional cysteine-free library. To validate screening of cysteine-rich OBOC libraries, we reacted a library with the biarsenical FlAsH and identified beads bearing the known biarsenical-binding motif (CCXXCC). These results enable OBOC libraries to be used in high-throughput discovery of cysteine-rich peptides for protein tagging, environmental remediation of metal contaminants, or cysteine-rich pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary L. Juskowiak
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Christopher J. McGee
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - John Greaves
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - David L. Van Vranken
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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