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Mossine VV, Kelley SP, Mawhinney TP. β-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1→4)–2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranose hydrochloride monohydrate (lactosamine). IUCRDATA 2022; 7:x220061. [PMID: 36337090 PMCID: PMC9028551 DOI: 10.1107/s241431462200061x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aminodisaccharide adopts a conformation close to that of the parent α-lactose and is immersed in an extensive hydrogen-bonding network. The title compound, C12H24NO10+·Cl−·H2O, (I), crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 and exists as a monohydrate of a monosubstituted ammonium chloride salt, with the reducing carbohydrate portion existing exclusively as the α-pyranose tautomer. The glycosidic bond geometry in (I) is stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond and is close to that found in crystalline α-lactose. All heteroatoms except glucopyranose ring O4 participate in an extensive hydrogen-bonding network, which propagates in all directions in the crystal structure of (I).![]()
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2
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Jeethy Ram T, Lekshmi A, Somanathan T, Sujathan K. Galectin-3: A factotum in carcinogenesis bestowing an archery for prevention. Tumour Biol 2021; 43:77-96. [PMID: 33998569 DOI: 10.3233/tub-200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis and therapy resistance are the foremost hurdles in oncology at the moment. This review aims to pinpoint the functional aspects of a unique multifaceted glycosylated molecule in both intracellular and extracellular compartments of a cell namely galectin-3 along with its metastatic potential in different types of cancer. All materials reviewed here were collected through the search engines PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar. Among the 15 galectins identified, the chimeric gal-3 plays an indispensable role in the differentiation, transformation, and multi-step process of tumor metastasis. It has been implicated in the molecular mechanisms that allow the cancer cells to survive in the intravascular milieu and promote tumor cell extravasation, ultimately leading to metastasis. Gal-3 has also been found to have a pivotal role in immune surveillance and pro-angiogenesis and several studies have pointed out the importance of gal-3 in establishing a resistant phenotype, particularly through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process. Additionally, some recent findings suggest the use of gal-3 inhibitors in overcoming therapeutic resistance. All these reports suggest that the deregulation of these specific lectins at the cellular level could inhibit cancer progression and metastasis. A more systematic study of glycosylation in clinical samples along with the development of selective gal-3 antagonists inhibiting the activity of these molecules at the cellular level offers an innovative strategy for primary cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jeethy Ram
- Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Asha Lekshmi
- Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Thara Somanathan
- Division of Pathology, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - K Sujathan
- Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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3
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Bertuzzi S, Gimeno A, Núñez‐Franco R, Bernardo‐Seisdedos G, Delgado S, Jiménez‐Osés G, Millet O, Jiménez‐Barbero J, Ardá A. Unravelling the Time Scale of Conformational Plasticity and Allostery in Glycan Recognition by Human Galectin-1. Chemistry 2020; 26:15643-15653. [PMID: 32780906 PMCID: PMC7756784 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of human galectin-1 with a variety of oligosaccharides, from di-(N-acetyllactosamine) to tetra-saccharides (blood B type-II antigen) has been scrutinized by using a combined approach of different NMR experiments, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and isothermal titration calorimetry. Ligand- and receptor-based NMR experiments assisted by computational methods allowed proposing three-dimensional structures for the different complexes, which explained the lack of enthalpy gain when increasing the chemical complexity of the glycan. Interestingly, and independently of the glycan ligand, the entropy term does not oppose the binding event, a rather unusual feature for protein-sugar interactions. CLEANEX-PM and relaxation dispersion experiments revealed that sugar binding affected residues far from the binding site and described significant changes in the dynamics of the protein. In particular, motions in the microsecond-millisecond timescale in residues at the protein dimer interface were identified in the presence of high affinity ligands. The dynamic process was further explored by extensive MD simulations, which provided additional support for the existence of allostery in glycan recognition by human galectin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bertuzzi
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen InteractionsCIC bioGUNEBasque Research and Technology Alliance, BRTABizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048162DerioBizkaiaSpain
| | - Ana Gimeno
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen InteractionsCIC bioGUNEBasque Research and Technology Alliance, BRTABizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048162DerioBizkaiaSpain
| | - Reyes Núñez‐Franco
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen InteractionsCIC bioGUNEBasque Research and Technology Alliance, BRTABizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048162DerioBizkaiaSpain
| | - Ganeko Bernardo‐Seisdedos
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen InteractionsCIC bioGUNEBasque Research and Technology Alliance, BRTABizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048162DerioBizkaiaSpain
| | - Sandra Delgado
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen InteractionsCIC bioGUNEBasque Research and Technology Alliance, BRTABizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048162DerioBizkaiaSpain
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez‐Osés
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen InteractionsCIC bioGUNEBasque Research and Technology Alliance, BRTABizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048162DerioBizkaiaSpain
| | - Oscar Millet
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen InteractionsCIC bioGUNEBasque Research and Technology Alliance, BRTABizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048162DerioBizkaiaSpain
| | - Jesús Jiménez‐Barbero
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen InteractionsCIC bioGUNEBasque Research and Technology Alliance, BRTABizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048162DerioBizkaiaSpain
- Ikerbasque—Basque Foundation for Science48013BilbaoBizkaiaSpain
- Department of Organic Chemistry IIUPV/EHUUniversity of the Basque Country48940LeioaBizkaiaSpain
| | - Ana Ardá
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen InteractionsCIC bioGUNEBasque Research and Technology Alliance, BRTABizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048162DerioBizkaiaSpain
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4
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Modenutti CP, Capurro JIB, Di Lella S, Martí MA. The Structural Biology of Galectin-Ligand Recognition: Current Advances in Modeling Tools, Protein Engineering, and Inhibitor Design. Front Chem 2019; 7:823. [PMID: 31850312 PMCID: PMC6902271 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins (formerly known as “S-type lectins”) are a subfamily of soluble proteins that typically bind β-galactoside carbohydrates with high specificity. They are present in many forms of life, from nematodes and fungi to animals, where they perform a wide range of functions. Particularly in humans, different types of galectins have been described differing not only in their tissue expression but also in their cellular location, oligomerization, fold architecture and carbohydrate-binding affinity. This distinct yet sometimes overlapping distributions and physicochemical attributes make them responsible for a wide variety of both intra- and extracellular functions, including tremendous importance in immunity and disease. In this review, we aim to provide a general description of galectins most important structural features, with a special focus on the molecular determinants of their carbohydrate-recognition ability. For that purpose, we structurally compare the human galectins, in light of recent mutagenesis studies and novel X-ray structures. We also offer a detailed description on how to use the solvent structure surrounding the protein as a tool to get better predictions of galectin-carbohydrate complexes, with a potential application to the rational design of glycomimetic inhibitory compounds. Finally, using Gal-1 and Gal-3 as paramount examples, we review a series of recent advances in the development of engineered galectins and galectin inhibitors, aiming to dissect the structure-activity relationship through the description of their interaction at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P Modenutti
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan I Blanco Capurro
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Di Lella
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A Martí
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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5
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Maller SM, Cagnoni AJ, Bannoud N, Sigaut L, Pérez Sáez JM, Pietrasanta LI, Yang RY, Liu FT, Croci DO, Di Lella S, Sundblad V, Rabinovich GA, Mariño KV. An adipose tissue galectin controls endothelial cell function via preferential recognition of 3-fucosylated glycans. FASEB J 2019; 34:735-753. [PMID: 31914594 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901817r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Upon overnutrition, adipocytes activate a homeostatic program to adjust anabolic pressure. An inflammatory response enables adipose tissue (AT) expansion with concomitant enlargement of its capillary network, and reduces energy storage by increasing insulin resistance. Galectin-12 (Gal-12), an endogenous lectin preferentially expressed in AT, plays a key role in adipocyte differentiation, lipolysis, and glucose homeostasis. Here, we reveal biochemical and biophysical determinants of Gal-12 structure, including its preferential recognition of 3-fucosylated structures, a unique feature among members of the galectin family. Furthermore, we identify a previously unanticipated role for this lectin in the regulation of angiogenesis within AT. Gal-12 showed preferential localization within the inner side of lipid droplets, and its expression was upregulated under hypoxic conditions. Through glycosylation-dependent binding to endothelial cells, Gal-12 promoted in vitro angiogenesis. Moreover, analysis of in vivo AT vasculature showed reduced vascular networks in Gal-12-deficient (Lgals12-/-) compared to wild-type mice, supporting a role for this lectin in AT angiogenesis. In conclusion, this study unveils biochemical, topological, and functional features of a hypoxia-regulated galectin in AT, which modulates endothelial cell function through recognition of 3-fucosylated glycans. Thus, glycosylation-dependent programs may control AT homeostasis by modulating endothelial cell biology with critical implications in metabolic disorders and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián M Maller
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro J Cagnoni
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nadia Bannoud
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Lorena Sigaut
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M Pérez Sáez
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lía I Pietrasanta
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro de Microscopías Avanzadas (CMA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ri-Yao Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Diego O Croci
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Santiago Di Lella
- Instituto de Química Biológica, Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria Sundblad
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina V Mariño
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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Fraser J, Simpson J, Fontana R, Kishi‐Itakura C, Ktistakis NT, Gammoh N. Targeting of early endosomes by autophagy facilitates EGFR recycling and signalling. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47734. [PMID: 31448519 PMCID: PMC6776898 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recently uncovered connections between autophagy and the endocytic pathway, the role of autophagy in regulating endosomal function remains incompletely understood. Here, we find that the ablation of autophagy-essential players disrupts EGF-induced endocytic trafficking of EGFR. Cells lacking ATG7 or ATG16L1 exhibit increased levels of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI(3)P), a key determinant of early endosome maturation. Increased PI(3)P levels are associated with an accumulation of EEA1-positive endosomes where EGFR trafficking is stalled. Aberrant early endosomes are recognised by the autophagy machinery in a TBK1- and Gal8-dependent manner and are delivered to LAMP2-positive lysosomes. Preventing this homeostatic regulation of early endosomes by autophagy reduces EGFR recycling to the plasma membrane and compromises downstream signalling and cell survival. Our findings uncover a novel role for the autophagy machinery in maintaining early endosome function and growth factor sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Fraser
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Joanne Simpson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Rosa Fontana
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | | | - Noor Gammoh
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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7
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Blanco Capurro JI, Di Paola M, Gamarra MD, Martí MA, Modenutti CP. An efficient use of X-ray information, homology modeling, molecular dynamics and knowledge-based docking techniques to predict protein-monosaccharide complexes. Glycobiology 2019; 29:124-136. [PMID: 30407518 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the structure of lectin-carbohydrate complexes is vital for understanding key biological recognition processes and development of glycomimetic drugs. Molecular Docking application to predict them is challenging due to their low affinity, hydrophilic nature and ligand conformational diversity. In the last decade several strategies, such as the inclusion of glycan conformation specific scoring functions or our developed solvent-site biased method, have improved carbohydrate docking performance but significant challenges remain, in particular, those related to receptor conformational diversity. In the present work we have analyzed conventional and solvent-site biased autodock4 performance concerning receptor conformational diversity as derived from different crystal structures (apo and holo), Molecular Dynamics snapshots and Homology-based models, for 14 different lectin-monosaccharide complexes. Our results show that both conventional and biased docking yield accurate lectin-monosaccharide complexes, starting from either apo or homology-based structures, even when only moderate (45%) sequence identity templates are available. An essential element for success is a proper combination of a middle-sized (10-100 structures) conformational ensemble, derived either from Molecular dynamics or multiple homology model building. Consistent with our previous works, results show that solvent-site biased methods improve overall performance, but that results are still highly system dependent. Finally, our results also show that docking can select the correct receptor structure within the ensemble, underscoring the relevance of joint evaluation of both ligand pose and receptor conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Blanco Capurro
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matias Di Paola
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Daniel Gamarra
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A Martí
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos P Modenutti
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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8
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Lactose Binding Induces Opposing Dynamics Changes in Human Galectins Revealed by NMR-Based Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081357. [PMID: 28813004 PMCID: PMC6152064 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are β-galactoside-binding proteins implicated in a myriad of biological functions. Despite their highly conserved carbohydrate binding motifs with essentially identical structures, their affinities for lactose, a common galectin inhibitor, vary significantly. Here, we aimed to examine the molecular basis of differential lactose affinities amongst galectins using solution-based techniques. Consistent dissociation constants of lactose binding were derived from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, isothermal titration calorimetry and bio-layer interferometry for human galectin-1 (hGal1), galectin-7 (hGal7), and the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of galectin-8 (hGal8NTD and hGal8CTD, respectively). Furthermore, the dissociation rates of lactose binding were extracted from NMR lineshape analyses. Structural mapping of chemical shift perturbations revealed long-range perturbations upon lactose binding for hGal1 and hGal8NTD. We further demonstrated using the NMR-based hydrogen–deuterium exchange (HDX) that lactose binding increases the exchange rates of residues located on the opposite side of the ligand-binding pocket for hGal1 and hGal8NTD, indicative of allostery. Additionally, lactose binding induces significant stabilisation of hGal8CTD across the entire domain. Our results suggested that lactose binding reduced the internal dynamics of hGal8CTD on a very slow timescale (minutes and slower) at the expense of reduced binding affinity due to the unfavourable loss of conformational entropy.
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9
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Cardoso ACF, Andrade LNDS, Bustos SO, Chammas R. Galectin-3 Determines Tumor Cell Adaptive Strategies in Stressed Tumor Microenvironments. Front Oncol 2016; 6:127. [PMID: 27242966 PMCID: PMC4876484 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a member of the β-galactoside-binding lectin family, whose expression is often dysregulated in cancers. While galectin-3 is usually an intracellular protein found in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, under certain conditions, galectin-3 can be secreted by an yet unknown mechanism. Under stressing conditions (e.g., hypoxia and nutrient deprivation) galectin-3 is upregulated, through the activity of transcription factors, such as HIF-1α and NF-κB. Here, we review evidence that indicates a positive role for galectin-3 in MAPK family signal transduction, leading to cell proliferation and cell survival. Galectin-3 serves as a scaffold protein, which favors the spatial organization of signaling proteins as K-RAS. Upon secretion, extracellular galectin-3 interacts with a variety of cell surface glycoproteins, such as growth factor receptors, integrins, cadherins, and members of the Notch family, among other glycoproteins, besides different extracellular matrix molecules. Through its ability to oligomerize, galectin-3 forms lectin lattices that act as scaffolds that sustain the spatial organization of signaling receptors on the cell surface, dictating its maintenance on the plasma membrane or their endocytosis. Galectin-3 induces tumor cell, endothelial cell, and leukocyte migration, favoring either the exit of tumor cells from a stressed microenvironment or the entry of endothelial cells and leukocytes, such as monocytes/macrophages into the tumor organoid. Therefore, galectin-3 plays homeostatic roles in tumors, as (i) it favors tumor cell adaptation for survival in stressed conditions; (ii) upon secretion, galectin-3 induces tumor cell detachment and migration; and (iii) it attracts monocyte/macrophage and endothelial cells to the tumor mass, inducing both directly and indirectly the process of angiogenesis. The two latter activities are potentially targetable, and specific interventions may be designed to counteract the protumoral role of extracellular galectin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Ferreira Cardoso
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brasil
| | - Luciana Nogueira de Sousa Andrade
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brasil
| | - Silvina Odete Bustos
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brasil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brasil
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10
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Extracellular stress stimuli alter galectin expression profiles and adhesion characteristics of HL-60 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 413:137-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Timoshenko AV. Towards molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of galectins in cancer cells under microenvironmental stress conditions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4327-40. [PMID: 26245305 PMCID: PMC11113283 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectins, a family of soluble β-galactoside-binding proteins, serve as mediators of fundamental biological processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, migration, survival, and death. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the ways in which the expression of individual galectins differs in normal and transformed human cells exposed to various stimuli mimicking physiological and pathological microenvironmental stress conditions. A conceptual point is being made and grounded that the modulation of galectin expression profiles is a key aspect of cellular stress responses. Moreover, this modulation might be precisely regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in the context of non-overlapping transcription factors and miRNAs specific to galectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Timoshenko
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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12
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Redox state influence on human galectin-1 function. Biochimie 2015; 116:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Hsieh TJ, Lin HY, Tu Z, Huang BS, Wu SC, Lin CH. Structural Basis Underlying the Binding Preference of Human Galectins-1, -3 and -7 for Galβ1-3/4GlcNAc. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125946. [PMID: 25945972 PMCID: PMC4422656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins represent β-galactoside-binding proteins and are known to bind Galβ1-3/4GlcNAc disaccharides (abbreviated as LN1 and LN2, respectively). Despite high sequence and structural homology shared by the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of all galectin members, how each galectin displays different sugar-binding specificity still remains ambiguous. Herein we provided the first structural evidence of human galectins-1, 3-CRD and 7 in complex with LN1. Galectins-1 and 3 were shown to have higher affinity for LN2 than for LN1, while galectin-7 displayed the reversed specificity. In comparison with the previous LN2-complexed structures, the results indicated that the average glycosidic torsion angle of galectin-bound LN1 (ψLN1 ≈ 135°) was significantly differed from that of galectin-bound LN2 (ψLN2 ≈ -108°), i.e. the GlcNAc moiety adopted a different orientation to maintain essential interactions. Furthermore, we also identified an Arg-Asp/Glu-Glu-Arg salt-bridge network and the corresponding loop (to position the second Asp/Glu residue) critical for the LN1/2-binding preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Ju Hsieh
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Ya Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhijay Tu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Shun Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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14
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Modenutti C, Gauto D, Radusky L, Blanco J, Turjanski A, Hajos S, Marti M. Using crystallographic water properties for the analysis and prediction of lectin-carbohydrate complex structures. Glycobiology 2014; 25:181-96. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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15
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Blanchard H, Yu X, Collins PM, Bum-Erdene K. Galectin-3 inhibitors: a patent review (2008–present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:1053-65. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.947961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Guardia CM, Caramelo JJ, Trujillo M, Méndez-Huergo SP, Radi R, Estrin DA, Rabinovich GA. Structural basis of redox-dependent modulation of galectin-1 dynamics and function. Glycobiology 2014; 24:428-41. [PMID: 24451991 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a member of a family of multifunctional lectins, plays key roles in diverse biological processes including cell signaling, immunomodulation, neuroprotection and angiogenesis. The presence of an unusual number of six cysteine residues within Gal-1 sequence prompted a detailed analysis of the impact of the redox environment on the functional activity of this lectin. We examined the role of each cysteine residue in the structure and function of Gal-1 using both experimental and computational approaches. Our results show that: (i) only three cysteine residues present in each carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) (Cys2, Cys16 and Cys88) were important in protein oxidation, (ii) oxidation promoted the formation of the Cys16-Cys88 disulfide bond, as well as multimers through Cys2, (iii) the oxidized protein did not bind to lactose, probably due to poor interactions with Arg48 and Glu71, (iv) in vitro oxidation by air was completely reversible and (v) oxidation by hydrogen peroxide was relatively slow (1.7 ± 0.2 M(-1) s(-1) at pH 7.4 and 25°C). Finally, an analysis of key cysteines in other human galectins is also provided in order to predict their behaviour in response to redox variations. Collectively, our data provide new insights into the structural basis of Gal-1 redox regulation with critical implications in physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Guardia
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical and Chemical Physics/INQUIMAE-CONICET, and
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17
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Goh BC, Rynkiewicz MJ, Cafarella TR, White MR, Hartshorn KL, Allen K, Crouch EC, Calin O, Seeberger PH, Schulten K, Seaton BA. Molecular mechanisms of inhibition of influenza by surfactant protein D revealed by large-scale molecular dynamics simulation. Biochemistry 2013; 52:8527-38. [PMID: 24224757 DOI: 10.1021/bi4010683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant protein D (SP-D), a mammalian C-type lectin, is the primary innate inhibitor of influenza A virus (IAV) in the lung. Interactions of SP-D with highly branched viral N-linked glycans on hemagglutinin (HA), an abundant IAV envelope protein and critical virulence factor, promote viral aggregation and neutralization through as yet unknown molecular mechanisms. Two truncated human SP-D forms, wild-type (WT) and double mutant D325A+R343V, representing neck and carbohydrate recognition domains are compared in this study. Whereas both WT and D325A+R343V bind to isolated glycosylated HA, WT does not inhibit IAV in neutralization assays; in contrast, D325A+R343V neutralization compares well with that of full-length native SP-D. To elucidate the mechanism for these biochemical observations, we have determined crystal structures of D325A+R343V in the presence and absence of a viral nonamannoside (Man9). On the basis of the D325A+R343V-Man9 structure and other crystallographic data, models of complexes between HA and WT or D325A+R343V were produced and subjected to molecular dynamics. Simulations reveal that whereas WT and D325A+R343V both block the sialic acid receptor site of HA, the D325A+R343V complex is more stable, with stronger binding caused by additional hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with HA residues. Furthermore, the blocking mechanism of HA differs for WT and D325A+R343V because of alternate glycan binding modes. The combined results suggest a mechanism through which the mode of SP-D-HA interaction could significantly influence viral aggregation and neutralization. These studies provide the first atomic-level molecular view of an innate host defense lectin inhibiting its viral glycoprotein target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chong Goh
- Beckman Institute and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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18
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Kumar S, Frank M, Schwartz-Albiez R. Understanding the specificity of human Galectin-8C domain interactions with its glycan ligands based on molecular dynamics simulations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59761. [PMID: 23555773 PMCID: PMC3612102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Galectin-8 (Gal-8) is a member of the galectin family which shares an affinity for β-galactosides. The tandem-repeat Gal-8 consists of a N- and a C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (N- and C-CRD) joined by a linker peptide of various length. Despite their structural similarity both CRDs recognize different oligosaccharides. While the molecular requirements of the N-CRD for high binding affinity to sulfated and sialylated glycans have recently been elucidated by crystallographic studies of complexes with several oligosaccharides, the binding specificities of the C-CRD for a different set of oligosaccharides, as derived from experimental data, has only been explained in terms of the three-dimensional structure for the complex C-CRD with lactose. In this study we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the recently released crystal structure of the Gal-8C-CRD to analyse the three-dimensional conditions for its specific binding to a variety of oligosaccharides as previously defined by glycan-microarray analysis. The terminal β-galactose of disaccharides (LacNAc, lacto-N-biose and lactose) and the internal β-galactose moiety of blood group antigens A and B (BGA, BGB) as well as of longer linear oligosaccharide chains (di-LacNAc and lacto-N-neotetraose) are interacting favorably with conserved amino acids (H53, R57, N66, W73, E76). Lacto-N-neotetraose and di-LacNAc as well as BGA and BGB are well accommodated. BGA and BGB showed higher affinity than LacNAc and lactose due to generally stronger hydrogen bond interactions and water mediated hydrogen bonds with α1-2 fucose respectively. Our results derived from molecular dynamics simulations are able to explain the glycan binding specificities of the Gal-8C-CRD in comparison to those of the Gal-8N -CRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Kumar
- D015, Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Reinhard Schwartz-Albiez
- D015, Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Petruk AA, Labanda MS, Alvarez RMS, Marti MA. The allosteric modulation of thyroxine-binding globulin affinity is entropy driven. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3570-7. [PMID: 23458682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) is a non-inhibitory member of the serpin family of proteins whose main structural element is the reactive center loop (RCL), that, upon cleavage by proteases, is inserted into the protein core adopting a β-strand conformation (stressed to relaxed transition, S-to-R). After S-to-R transition thyroxine (T4) affinity decreases. However, crystallographic studies in the presence or absence of the hormone in different states are unable to show significant differences in the structure and interactions of the binding site. Experimental results also suggest the existence of several S states (differing in the number of inserted RCL residues), associated with a differential affinity. METHODS To shed light into the molecular basis that regulates T4 affinity according to the degree of RCL insertion in TBG, we performed extended molecular dynamics simulations combined with several thermodynamic analysis of the T4 binding to TBG in three different S states, and in the R state. RESULTS Our results show that, despite T4 binding in the protein by similar interactions in all states, a good correlation between the degree of RCL insertion and the binding affinity, driven by a change in TBG conformational entropy, was observed. CONCLUSION TBG allosteric regulation is entropy driven. The presence of multiple S states may allow more efficient T4 release due to protease activity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The presented results are clear examples of how computer simulation methods can reveal the thermodynamic basis of allosteric effects, and provide a general framework for understanding serpin allosteric affinity regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel A Petruk
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas, Tucumán, Argentina.
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20
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Blidner AG, Rabinovich GA. ‘Sweetening’ Pregnancy: Galectins at the Fetomaternal Interface. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 69:369-82. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ada G. Blidner
- Instituto de Oncología Ángel H. Roffo; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires; Argentina
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Gauto DF, Petruk AA, Modenutti CP, Blanco JI, Di Lella S, Martí MA. Solvent structure improves docking prediction in lectin-carbohydrate complexes. Glycobiology 2012; 23:241-58. [PMID: 23089616 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition and complex formation between proteins and carbohydrates is a key issue in many important biological processes. Determination of the three-dimensional structure of such complexes is thus most relevant, but particularly challenging because of their usually low binding affinity. In silico docking methods have a long-standing tradition in predicting protein-ligand complexes, and allow a potentially fast exploration of a number of possible protein-carbohydrate complex structures. However, determining which of these predicted complexes represents the correct structure is not always straightforward. In this work, we present a modification of the scoring function provided by AutoDock4, a widely used docking software, on the basis of analysis of the solvent structure adjacent to the protein surface, as derived from molecular dynamics simulations, that allows the definition and characterization of regions with higher water occupancy than the bulk solvent, called water sites. They mimic the interaction held between the carbohydrate -OH groups and the protein. We used this information for an improved docking method in relation to its capacity to correctly predict the protein-carbohydrate complexes for a number of tested proteins, whose ligands range in size from mono- to tetrasaccharide. Our results show that the presented method significantly improves the docking predictions. The resulting solvent-structure-biased docking protocol, therefore, appears as a powerful tool for the design and optimization of development of glycomimetic drugs, while providing new insights into protein-carbohydrate interactions. Moreover, the achieved improvement also underscores the relevance of the solvent structure to the protein carbohydrate recognition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Gauto
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Di Lella S, Sundblad V, Cerliani JP, Guardia CM, Estrin DA, Vasta GR, Rabinovich GA. When galectins recognize glycans: from biochemistry to physiology and back again. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7842-57. [PMID: 21848324 DOI: 10.1021/bi201121m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, increasing efforts have been devoted to the study of galectins, a family of evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding proteins with multifunctional properties. Galectins function, either intracellularly or extracellularly, as key biological mediators capable of monitoring changes occurring on the cell surface during fundamental biological processes such as cellular communication, inflammation, development, and differentiation. Their highly conserved structures, exquisite carbohydrate specificity, and ability to modulate a broad spectrum of biological processes have captivated a wide range of scientists from a wide spectrum of disciplines, including biochemistry, biophysics, cell biology, and physiology. However, in spite of enormous efforts to dissect the functions and properties of these glycan-binding proteins, limited information about how structural and biochemical aspects of these proteins can influence biological functions is available. In this review, we aim to integrate structural, biochemical, and functional aspects of this bewildering and ancient family of glycan-binding proteins and discuss their implications in physiologic and pathologic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Di Lella
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatologı́a, Instituto de Biologı́a y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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