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Isoherranen N, Zhong G. Biochemical and physiological importance of the CYP26 retinoic acid hydroxylases. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 204:107400. [PMID: 31419517 PMCID: PMC6881548 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Cytochrome P450 (CYP) family 26 enzymes contribute to retinoic acid (RA) metabolism and homeostasis in humans, mammals and other chordates. The three CYP26 family enzymes, CYP26A1, CYP26B1 and CYP26C1 have all been shown to metabolize all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) it's 9-cisRA and 13-cisRA isomers and primary metabolites 4-OH-RA and 4-oxo-RA with high efficiency. While no crystal structures of CYP26 enzymes are available, the binding of various ligands has been extensively explored via homology modeling. All three CYP26 enzymes are inducible by treatment with atRA in various prenatal and postnatal tissues and cell types. However, current literature shows that in addition to regulation by atRA, CYP26 enzyme expression is also regulated by other endogenous processes and inflammatory cytokines. In humans and in animal models the expression patterns of CYP26 enzymes have been shown to be tissue and cell type specific, and the expression of the CYP26 enzymes is believed to regulate the formation of critical atRA concentration gradients in various tissue types. Yet, very little data exists on direct disease associations of altered CYP26 expression or activity. Nevertheless, data is emerging describing a variety of human genetic variations in the CYP26 enzymes that are associated with different pathologies. Interestingly, some of these genetic variants result in increased activity of the CYP26 enzymes potentially leading to complex gene-environment interactions due to variability in dietary intake of retinoids. This review highlights the current knowledge of structure-function of CYP26 enzymes and focuses on their role in human retinoid metabolism in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Guo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Foti RS, Diaz P, Douguet D. Comparison of the ligand binding site of CYP2C8 with CYP26A1 and CYP26B1: a structural basis for the identification of new inhibitors of the retinoic acid hydroxylases. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:148-161. [PMID: 27424662 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1193734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The CYP26s are responsible for metabolizing retinoic acid and play an important role in maintaining homeostatic levels of retinoic acid. Given the ability of CYP2C8 to metabolize retinoic acid, we evaluated the potential for CYP2C8 inhibitors to also inhibit CYP26. In vitro assays were used to evaluate the inhibition potencies of CYP2C8 inhibitors against CYP26A1 and CYP26B1. Using tazarotenic acid as a substrate for CYP26, IC50 values for 17 inhibitors of CYP2C8 were determined for CYP26A1 and CYP26B1, ranging from ∼20 nM to 100 μM, with a positive correlation observed between IC50s for CYP2C8 and CYP26A1. An evaluation of IC50's versus in vivo Cmax values suggests that inhibitors such as clotrimazole or fluconazole may interact with CYP26 at clinically relevant concentrations and may alter levels of retinoic acid. These findings provide insight into drug interactions resulting in elevated retinoic acid concentrations and expand upon the pharmacophore of CYP26 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Foti
- a Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Philippe Diaz
- b Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Core Laboratory for Neuromolecular Production, University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA.,c Dermaxon , Missoula , MT , USA , and
| | - Dominique Douguet
- d CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis , Valbonne , France
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Improved Homology Model of the Human all-trans Retinoic Acid Metabolizing Enzyme CYP26A1. Molecules 2016; 21:351. [PMID: 26999080 PMCID: PMC6274249 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new CYP26A1 homology model was built based on the crystal structure of cyanobacterial CYP120A1. The model quality was examined for stereochemical accuracy, folding reliability, and absolute quality using a variety of different bioinformatics tools. Furthermore, the docking capabilities of the model were assessed by docking of the natural substrate all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), and a group of known azole- and tetralone-based CYP26A1 inhibitors. The preferred binding pose of atRA suggests the (4S)-OH-atRA metabolite production, in agreement with recently available experimental data. The distances between the ligands and the heme group iron of the enzyme are in agreement with corresponding distances obtained for substrates and azole inhibitors for other cytochrome systems. The calculated theoretical binding energies agree with recently reported experimental data and show that the model is capable of discriminating between natural substrate, strong inhibitors (R116010 and R115866), and weak inhibitors (liarozole, fluconazole, tetralone derivatives).
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Foti RS, Isoherranen N, Zelter A, Dickmann LJ, Buttrick BR, Diaz P, Douguet D. Identification of Tazarotenic Acid as the First Xenobiotic Substrate of Human Retinoic Acid Hydroxylase CYP26A1 and CYP26B1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:281-92. [PMID: 26937021 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 26A1 and 26B1 are heme-containing enzymes responsible for metabolizing all-trans retinoic acid (at-RA). No crystal structures have been solved, and therefore homology models that provide structural information are extremely valuable for the development of inhibitors of cytochrome P450 family 26 (CYP26). The objectives of this study were to use homology models of CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 to characterize substrate binding characteristics, to compare structural aspects of their active sites, and to support the role of CYP26 in the metabolism of xenobiotics. Each model was verified by dockingat-RA in the active site and comparing the results to known metabolic profiles ofat-RA. The models were then used to predict the metabolic sites of tazarotenic acid with results verified by in vitro metabolite identification experiments. The CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 homology models predicted that the benzothiopyranyl moiety of tazarotenic acid would be oriented toward the heme of each enzyme and suggested that tazarotenic acid would be a substrate of CYP26A1 and CYP26B1. Metabolite identification experiments indicated that CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 oxidatively metabolized tazarotenic acid on the predicted moiety, with in vitro rates of metabolite formation by CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 being the highest across a panel of enzymes. Molecular analysis of the active sites estimated the active-site volumes of CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 to be 918 Å(3)and 977 Å(3), respectively. Overall, the homology models presented herein describe the enzyme characteristics leading to the metabolism of tazarotenic acid by CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 and support a potential role for the CYP26 enzymes in the metabolism of xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Foti
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (N.I., A.Z., L.J.D., B.R.B.); Core Laboratory for Neuromolecular Production, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (P.D.); CNRS, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Valbonne, France (D.D.)
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (N.I., A.Z., L.J.D., B.R.B.); Core Laboratory for Neuromolecular Production, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (P.D.); CNRS, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Valbonne, France (D.D.)
| | - Alex Zelter
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (N.I., A.Z., L.J.D., B.R.B.); Core Laboratory for Neuromolecular Production, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (P.D.); CNRS, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Valbonne, France (D.D.)
| | - Leslie J Dickmann
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (N.I., A.Z., L.J.D., B.R.B.); Core Laboratory for Neuromolecular Production, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (P.D.); CNRS, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Valbonne, France (D.D.)
| | - Brian R Buttrick
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (N.I., A.Z., L.J.D., B.R.B.); Core Laboratory for Neuromolecular Production, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (P.D.); CNRS, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Valbonne, France (D.D.)
| | - Philippe Diaz
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (N.I., A.Z., L.J.D., B.R.B.); Core Laboratory for Neuromolecular Production, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (P.D.); CNRS, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Valbonne, France (D.D.)
| | - Dominique Douguet
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (N.I., A.Z., L.J.D., B.R.B.); Core Laboratory for Neuromolecular Production, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (P.D.); CNRS, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Valbonne, France (D.D.)
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Elbadawi MAA, Awadalla MKA, Hamid MMA, Mohamed MA, Awad TA. Valproic acid as a potential inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum histone deacetylase 1 (PfHDAC1): an in silico approach. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3915-31. [PMID: 25679451 PMCID: PMC4346934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new Plasmodium falciparum histone deacetylase1 (PfHDAC1) homology model was built based on the highest sequence identity available template human histone deacetylase 2 structure. The generated model was carefully evaluated for stereochemical accuracy, folding correctness and overall structure quality. All evaluations were acceptable and consistent. Docking a group of hydroxamic acid histone deacetylase inhibitors and valproic acid has shown binding poses that agree well with inhibitor-bound histone deacetylase-solved structural interactions. Docking affinity dG scores were in agreement with available experimental binding affinities. Further, enzyme-ligand complex stability and reliability were investigated by running 5-nanosecond molecular dynamics simulations. Thorough analysis of the simulation trajectories has shown that enzyme-ligand complexes were stable during the simulation period. Interestingly, the calculated theoretical binding energies of the docked hydroxamic acid inhibitors have shown that the model can discriminate between strong and weaker inhibitors and agrees well with the experimental affinities reported in the literature. The model and the docking methodology can be used in screening virtual libraries for PfHDAC1 inhibitors, since the docking scores have ranked ligands in accordance with experimental binding affinities. Valproic acid calculated theoretical binding energy suggests that it may inhibit PfHDAC1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muzamil Mahdi Abdel Hamid
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan.
| | - Magdi Awadalla Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan.
| | - Talal Ahmed Awad
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute, National Centre of Research, Khartoum 11111, Sudan.
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Cui YL, Zheng QC, Zhang JL, Xue Q, Wang Y, Zhang HX. Molecular Dynamic Investigations of the Mutational Effects on Structural Characteristics and Tunnel Geometry in CYP17A1. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:3308-17. [DOI: 10.1021/ci400553w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Lu Cui
- State Key
Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Chuan Zheng
- State Key
Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Long Zhang
- State Key
Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Xue
- State Key
Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key
Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Xing Zhang
- State Key
Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P. R. China
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