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He X, Yang Z, Wang L, Sun Y, Cao H, Liang Y. NeuTox: A weighted ensemble model for screening potential neuronal cytotoxicity of chemicals based on various types of molecular representations. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133443. [PMID: 38198870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Chemical-induced neurotoxicity has been widely brought into focus in the risk assessment of chemical safety. However, the traditional in vivo animal models to evaluate neurotoxicity are time-consuming and expensive, which cannot completely represent the pathophysiology of neurotoxicity in humans. Cytotoxicity to human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) is commonly used as an alternative to animal testing for the assessment of neurotoxicity, yet it is still not appropriate for high throughput screening of potential neuronal cytotoxicity of chemicals. In this study, we constructed an ensemble prediction model, termed NeuTox, by combining multiple machine learning algorithms with molecular representations based on the weighted score of Particle Swarm Optimization. For the test set, NeuTox shows excellent performance with an accuracy of 0.9064, which are superior to the top-performing individual models. The subsequent experimental verifications reveal that 5,5'-isopropylidenedi-2-biphenylol and 4,4'-cyclo-hexylidenebisphenol exhibited stronger SH-SY5Y-based cytotoxicity compared to bisphenol A, suggesting that NeuTox has good generalization ability in the first-tier assessment of neuronal cytotoxicity of BPA analogs. For ease of use, NeuTox is presented as an online web server that can be freely accessed via http://www.iehneutox-predictor.cn/NeuToxPredict/Predict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Zeguo Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yuzhen Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Huiming Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Yong Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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Cao H, Peng J, Zhou Z, Yang Z, Wang L, Sun Y, Wang Y, Liang Y. Investigation of the Binding Fraction of PFAS in Human Plasma and Underlying Mechanisms Based on Machine Learning and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17762-17773. [PMID: 36282672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
More than 7000 per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) have been documented in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's CompTox Chemicals database. These PFAS can be used in a broad range of industrial and consumer applications but may pose potential environmental issues and health risks. However, little is known about emerging PFAS bioaccumulation to assess their chemical safety. This study focuses specifically on the large and high-quality data set of fluorochemicals from the related environmental and pharmaceutical chemicals databases, and machine learning (ML) models were developed for the classification prediction of the unbound fraction of compounds in plasma. A comprehensive evaluation of the ML models shows that the best blending model yields an accuracy of 0.901 for the test set. The predictions suggest that most PFAS (∼92%) have a high binding fraction in plasma. Introduction of alkaline amino groups is likely to reduce the binding affinities of PFAS with plasma proteins. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate a clear distinction between the high and low binding fractions of PFAS. These computational workflows can be used to predict the bioaccumulation of emerging PFAS and are also helpful for the molecular design of PFAS to prevent the release of high-bioaccumulation compounds into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Zeguo Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yuzhen Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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Smith A, Page BDG, Collier AC, Coughtrie MWH. Homology Modeling of Human Uridine-5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 Reveals Insights into Factors Influencing Substrate and Cosubstrate Binding. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6872-6887. [PMID: 32258923 PMCID: PMC7114752 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The elimination of numerous endogenous compounds and xenobiotics via glucuronidation by uridine-5'-diphosphate glycosyltransferase enzymes (UGTs) is an essential process of the body's chemical defense system. UGTs have distinct but overlapping substrate preferences, but the molecular basis for their substrate specificity remains poorly understood. Three-dimensional protein structures can greatly enhance our understanding of the interactions between enzymes and their substrates, but because of the inherent difficulties in purifying and crystallizing integral endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins, no complete mammalian UGT structure has yet been produced. To address this problem, we have created a homology model of UGT1A6 using I-TASSER to explore, in detail, the interactions of human UGT1A6 with its substrates. Ligands were docked into our model in the presence of the cosubstrate uridine-5'-diphosphate-glucuronic acid, interacting residues were examined, and poses were compared to those cocrystallized with various plant and bacterial glycosyltransferases (GTs). Our model structurally resembles other GTs, and docking experiments replicated many of the expected UGT-substrate interactions. Some bias toward the template structures' protein-substrate interactions and binding preferences was evident.
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Cai Y, Yang H, Li W, Liu G, Lee PW, Tang Y. Computational Prediction of Site of Metabolism for UGT-Catalyzed Reactions. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 59:1085-1095. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hongbin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Philip W. Lee
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Maltarollo VG, Kronenberger T, Espinoza GZ, Oliveira PR, Honorio KM. Advances with support vector machines for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 14:23-33. [PMID: 30488731 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1549033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Novel drug discovery remains an enormous challenge, with various computer-aided drug design (CADD) approaches having been widely employed for this purpose. CADD, specifically the commonly used support vector machines (SVMs), can employ machine learning techniques. SVMs and their variations offer numerous drug discovery applications, which range from the classification of substances (as active or inactive) to the construction of regression models and the ranking/virtual screening of databased compounds. Areas covered: Herein, the authors consider some of the applications of SVMs in medicinal chemistry, illustrating their main advantages and disadvantages, as well as trends in their utilization, via the available published literature. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date review of the recent applications of SVMs in drug discovery as described by the literature, thereby highlighting their strengths, weaknesses, and future challenges. Expert opinion: Techniques based on SVMs are considered as powerful approaches in early drug discovery. The ability of SVMs to classify active or inactive compounds has enabled the prioritization of substances for virtual screening. Indeed, one of the main advantages of SVMs is related to their potential in the analysis of nonlinear problems. However, despite successes in employing SVMs, the challenges of improving accuracy remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Gonçalves Maltarollo
- a Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- b Department of Internal Medicine VIII , University Hospital of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Gabriel Zarzana Espinoza
- c Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades , Universidade de São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Patricia Rufino Oliveira
- c Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades , Universidade de São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Kathia Maria Honorio
- c Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades , Universidade de São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo , Brazil.,d Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas , Universidade Federal do ABC , Santo André , Brazil
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Zhang Y, Xhaard H, Ghemtio L. Predictive classification models and targets identification for betulin derivatives as Leishmania donovani inhibitors. J Cheminform 2018; 10:40. [PMID: 30120601 PMCID: PMC6097978 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-018-0291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Betulin derivatives have been proven effective in vitro against Leishmania donovani amastigotes, which cause visceral leishmaniasis. Identifying the molecular targets and molecular mechanisms underlying their action is a currently an unmet challenge. In the present study, we tackle this problem using computational methods to establish properties essential for activity as well as to screen betulin derivatives against potential targets. Recursive partitioning classification methods were explored to develop predictive models for 58 diverse betulin derivatives inhibitors of L. donovani amastigotes. The established models were validated on a testing set, showing excellent performance. Molecular fingerprints FCFP_6 and ALogP were extracted as the physicochemical properties most extensively involved in separating inhibitors from non-inhibitors. The potential targets of betulin derivatives inhibitors were predicted by in silico target fishing using structure-based pharmacophore searching and compound-pharmacophore-target-pathway network analysis, first on PDB and then among L. donovani homologs using a PSI-BLAST search. The essential identified proteins are all related to protein kinase family. Previous research already suggested members of the cyclin-dependent kinase family and MAP kinases as Leishmania potential drug targets. The PSI-BLAST search suggests two L. donovani proteins to be especially attractive as putative betulin target, heat shock protein 83 and membrane transporter D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhou Zhang
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henri Xhaard
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leo Ghemtio
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
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Dixit VA, Lal LA, Agrawal SR. Recent advances in the prediction of non‐
CYP450
‐mediated drug metabolism. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav A. Dixit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management (SPTM)Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's (SVKM's), Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS)ShirpurIndia
| | - L. Arun Lal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management (SPTM)Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's (SVKM's), Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS)ShirpurIndia
| | - Simran R. Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management (SPTM)Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's (SVKM's), Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS)ShirpurIndia
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Li L, Huang XJ, Peng JL, Zheng MY, Zhong DF, Zhang CF, Chen XY. Wedelolactone metabolism in rats through regioselective glucuronidation catalyzed by uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases 1As (UGT1As). PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:340-349. [PMID: 27002404 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wedelolactone (WEL), a medicinal plant-derived coumestan, has been reported to exhibit a diverse range of pharmacological activities. However, the metabolism and disposition of WEL remain unexplored. PURPOSE The present study aims to investigate the metabolism of WEL in rats and identify the enzymes responsible for forming major WEL metabolites. METHODS Plasma, urine, feces, and bile samples were collected before and after 50 mg/kg WEL was orally administered to rats. Metabolites were profiled by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-solid-phase extraction-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The in vitro WEL glucuronidation activities of human liver microsomes, human kidney microsomes, human intestine microsomes, and 12 recombinant human uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms were screened. Molecular docking simulation of the interaction between WEL and UGT1A9 was conducted. RESULTS WEL underwent extensive metabolism, and 17 metabolites were identified. The major metabolic pathways observed were glucuronidation and methylation. Glucuronic acid was preferentially introduced into 5-OH, whereas no obvious regioselectivity was observed in the methylation of 11-OH and 12-OH. Multiple UGTs, including UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A6, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT1A10, were involved in forming WEL glucuronides and O-methylated WEL glucuronides. CONCLUSION The extensive glucuronidation and methylation is responsible for the low oral bioavailability of WEL in rats. UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 were the major enzymes involved in the glucuronidation of WEL and O-methylated WEL. Molecular docking studies revealed that 5-OH was accessible to the catalytic domain of UGT1As; therefore, 5-OH exhibited a high probability of glucuronidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xue-juan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jian-long Peng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ming-yue Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Da-fang Zhong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chao-feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Xiao-yan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Wilkes JG, Stoyanova-Slavova IB, Buzatu DA. Alignment-independent technique for 3D QSAR analysis. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2016; 30:331-45. [PMID: 27026022 PMCID: PMC4833814 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-016-9909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular biochemistry is controlled by 3D phenomena but structure-activity models based on 3D descriptors are infrequently used for large data sets because of the computational overhead for determining molecular conformations. A diverse dataset of 146 androgen receptor binders was used to investigate how different methods for defining molecular conformations affect the performance of 3D-quantitative spectral data activity relationship models. Molecular conformations tested: (1) global minimum of molecules' potential energy surface; (2) alignment-to-templates using equal electronic and steric force field contributions; (3) alignment using contributions "Best-for-Each" template; (4) non-energy optimized, non-aligned (2D > 3D). Aggregate predictions from models were compared. Highest average coefficients of determination ranged from R Test (2) = 0.56 to 0.61. The best model using 2D > 3D (imported directly from ChemSpider) produced R Test (2) = 0.61. It was superior to energy-minimized and conformation-aligned models and was achieved in only 3-7 % of the time required using the other conformation strategies. Predictions averaged from models built on different conformations achieved a consensus R Test (2) = 0.65. The best 2D > 3D model was analyzed for underlying structure-activity relationships. For the compound strongest binding to the androgen receptor, 10 substructural features contributing to binding were flagged. Utility of 2D > 3D was compared for two other activity endpoints, each modeling a medium sized data set. Results suggested that large scale, accurate predictions using 2D > 3D SDAR descriptors may be produced for interactions involving endocrine system nuclear receptors and other data sets in which strongest activities are produced by fairly inflexible substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon G. Wilkes
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA
| | - Iva B. Stoyanova-Slavova
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA
| | - Dan A. Buzatu
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA
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Ulenberg S, Belka M, Król M, Herold F, Hewelt-Belka W, Kot-Wasik A, Bączek T. Prediction of overall in vitro microsomal stability of drug candidates based on molecular modeling and support vector machines. Case study of novel arylpiperazines derivatives. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122772. [PMID: 25826401 PMCID: PMC4380424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Other than efficacy of interaction with the molecular target, metabolic stability is the primary factor responsible for the failure or success of a compound in the drug development pipeline. The ideal drug candidate should be stable enough to reach its therapeutic site of action. Despite many recent excellent achievements in the field of computational methods supporting drug metabolism studies, a well-recognized procedure to model and predict metabolic stability quantitatively is still lacking. This study proposes a workflow for developing quantitative metabolic stability-structure relationships, taking a set of 30 arylpiperazine derivatives as an example. The metabolic stability of the compounds was assessed in in vitro incubations in the presence of human liver microsomes and NADPH and subsequently quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to obtain 30 models of the molecules, and Dragon software served as a source of structure-based molecular descriptors. For modeling structure-metabolic stability relationships, Support Vector Machines (SVM), a non-linear machine learning technique, were found to be more effective than a regression technique, based on the validation parameters obtained. Moreover, for the first time, general sites of metabolism for arylpiperazines bearing the 4-aryl-2H-pyrido[1,2-c]pyrimidine-1,3-dione system were defined by analysis of Q-TOF-MS/MS spectra. The results indicated that the application of one of the most advanced chemometric techniques combined with a simple and quick in vitro procedure and LC-MS analysis provides a novel and valuable tool for predicting metabolic half-life values. Given the reduced time and simplicity of analysis, together with the accuracy of the predictions obtained, this is a valid approach for predicting metabolic stability using structural data. The approach presented provides a novel, comprehensive and reliable tool for investigating metabolic stability, factors that affect it, and the proposed structures of metabolites at the same time. The performance of the DFT-SVM-based approach provides an opportunity to implement it in a standard drug development pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Ulenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Belka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marek Król
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Franciszek Herold
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Hewelt-Belka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland
| | - Agata Kot-Wasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- * E-mail:
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