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Ferreira JRM, Esteves CIC, Marques MMB, Guieu S. Locking the GFP Fluorophore to Enhance Its Emission Intensity. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010234. [PMID: 36615428 PMCID: PMC9822164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and its analogues have been widely used as fluorescent biomarkers in cell biology. Yet, the chromophore responsible for the fluorescence of the GFP is not emissive when isolated in solution, outside the protein environment. The most accepted explanation is that the quenching of the fluorescence results from the rotation of the aryl-alkene bond and from the Z/E isomerization. Over the years, many efforts have been performed to block these torsional rotations, mimicking the environment inside the protein β-barrel, to restore the emission intensity. Molecule rigidification through chemical modifications or complexation, or through crystallization, is one of the strategies used. This review presents an overview of the strategies developed to achieve highly emissive GFP chromophore by hindering the torsional rotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana R. M. Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3010-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia I. C. Esteves
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3010-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuel B. Marques
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Samuel Guieu
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3010-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3010-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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2
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Dutta Choudhury S, Pal H. Supramolecular and suprabiomolecular photochemistry: a perspective overview. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 22:23433-23463. [PMID: 33112299 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03981k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective review article, we have attempted to bring out the important current trends of research in the areas of supramolecular and suprabiomolecular photochemistry. Since the spans of the subject areas are very vast, it is impossible to cover all the aspects within the limited space of this review article. Nevertheless, efforts have been made to assimilate the basic understanding of how supramolecular interactions can significantly change the photophysical and other related physiochemical properties of chromophoric dyes and drugs, which have enormous academic and practical implications. We have discussed with reference to relevant chemical systems where supramolecularly assisted modulations in the properties of chromophoric dyes and drugs can be used or have already been used in different areas like sensing, dye/drug stabilization, drug delivery, functional materials, and aqueous dye laser systems. In supramolecular assemblies, along with their conventional photophysical properties, the acid-base properties of prototropic dyes, as well as the excited state prototautomerization and related proton transfer behavior of proton donor/acceptor dye molecules, are also largely modulated due to supramolecular interactions, which are often reflected very explicitly through changes in their absorption and fluorescence characteristics, providing us many useful insights into these chemical systems and bringing out intriguing applications of such changes in different applied areas. Another interesting research area in supramolecular photochemistry is the excitation energy transfer from the donor to acceptor moieties in self-assembled systems which have immense importance in light harvesting applications, mimicking natural photosynthetic systems. In this review article, we have discussed varieties of these aspects, highlighting their academic and applied implications. We have tried to emphasize the progress made so far and thus to bring out future research perspectives in the subject areas concerned, which are anticipated to find many useful applications in areas like sensors, catalysis, electronic devices, pharmaceuticals, drug formulations, nanomedicine, light harvesting, and smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Dutta Choudhury
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India. and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Trombay, Mumbai-400094, India
| | - Haridas Pal
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Trombay, Mumbai-400094, India and Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India.
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3
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Deng H, Yu C, Yan D, Zhu X. Dual-Self-Restricted GFP Chromophore Analogues with Significantly Enhanced Emission. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:871-880. [PMID: 31928005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The tremendous gap of fluorescence emission of synthetic green fluorescent protein (GFP) chromophore to the protein itself makes it impossible to use for applications in molecular and cellular imaging. Here, we developed an efficient methodology to enhance the photoluminescence response of synthetic GFP chromophore analogues by constructing dual-self-restricted chromophores. Single self-restricted chromophores were first generated with 2,5-dimethoxy substitution on the aromatic ring, which were further modified with phenyl or 2,5-dimethoxy phenyl to form dual-self-restricted chromophores. These two chromophores showed an obvious solvatofluorochromic color palette across blue to yellow with a maximum emission Stokes shift of 95 nm and dramatically enhanced fluorescence emission in various aprotic solvents, especially in hexane, where the QY reached around 0.6. Importantly, in acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide, the fluorescence QYs of both chromophores were over 0.22, which were the highest reported so far in high polar organic solvents. Meanwhile, the fluorescence lifetimes also improved obviously with the maximum of around 4.5 ns. Theoretical calculations revealed a more favorable Mülliken atomic charge translocation over the double-bond bridge and illustrated much higher energy barriers for the Z/E photoisomerization together with larger bond orders compared with the GFP core chromophore, p-HBDI. Our work significantly improved the fluorescence emission of synthetic GFP chromophore analogues in polar solvents while reserved the multicolor emitting function, providing a solid molecular motif for engineering high-performance fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyang Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China
| | - Deyue Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China
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4
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Baleeva NS, Zaitseva SO, Gorbachev DA, Smirnov AY, Zagudaylova MB, Baranov MS. The Role of N
-Substituents in Radiationless Deactivation of Aminated Derivatives of a Locked GFP Chromophore. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda S. Baleeva
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10 117997 Moscow Russia
| | - Snezhana O. Zaitseva
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10 117997 Moscow Russia
| | - Dmitriy A. Gorbachev
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10 117997 Moscow Russia
| | - Alexander Yu. Smirnov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10 117997 Moscow Russia
| | - Marina B. Zagudaylova
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10 117997 Moscow Russia
| | - Mikhail S. Baranov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10 117997 Moscow Russia
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5
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Bozhanova NG, Baranov MS, Klementieva NV, Sarkisyan KS, Gavrikov AS, Yampolsky IV, Zagaynova EV, Lukyanov SA, Lukyanov KA, Mishin AS. Protein labeling for live cell fluorescence microscopy with a highly photostable renewable signal. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7138-7142. [PMID: 29147545 PMCID: PMC5676496 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01628j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel method of protein labeling uses the highly dynamic reversible association of a cell-permeable fluorogenic dye and lipocalin Blc mutants.
We present protein-PAINT – the implementation of the general principles of PAINT (Point Accumulation for Imaging in Nanoscale Topography) for live-cell protein labeling. Our method employs the specific binding of cell-permeable fluorogenic dyes to genetically encoded protein tags. We engineered three mutants of the bacterial lipocalin Blc that possess different affinities to a fluorogenic dye and exhibit a strong increase in fluorescence intensity upon binding. This allows for rapid labeling and washout of intracellular targets on a time scale from seconds to a few minutes. We demonstrate an order of magnitude higher photostability of the fluorescence signal in comparison with spectrally similar fluorescent proteins. Protein-PAINT ensures prolonged super-resolution fluorescence microscopy of living cells in both single molecule detection and stimulated emission depletion regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G Bozhanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Moscow , Russia . .,Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia
| | - Mikhail S Baranov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Moscow , Russia .
| | | | - Karen S Sarkisyan
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Moscow , Russia . .,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) , The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology , Dr Aiguader 88 , 08003 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Alexey S Gavrikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Moscow , Russia .
| | - Ilia V Yampolsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Moscow , Russia . .,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University , Moscow , Russia
| | | | - Sergey A Lukyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Moscow , Russia . .,Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University , Moscow , Russia
| | - Konstantin A Lukyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Moscow , Russia . .,Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia
| | - Alexander S Mishin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Moscow , Russia . .,Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia
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6
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Tsai MS, Ou CL, Tsai CJ, Huang YC, Cheng YC, Sun SS, Yang JS. Fluorescence Enhancement of Unconstrained GFP Chromophore Analogues Based on the Push–Pull Substituent Effect. J Org Chem 2017; 82:8031-8039. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shiue Tsai
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lin Ou
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jui Tsai
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chin Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chung Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Sheng Sun
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jye-Shane Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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7
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Jones BL, Walker C, Azizi B, Tolbert L, Williams LD, Snell TW. Conservation of estrogen receptor function in invertebrate reproduction. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:65. [PMID: 28259146 PMCID: PMC5336670 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rotifers are microscopic aquatic invertebrates that reproduce both sexually and asexually. Though rotifers are phylogenetically distant from humans, and have specialized reproductive physiology, this work identifies a surprising conservation in the control of reproduction between humans and rotifers through the estrogen receptor. Until recently, steroid signaling has been observed in only a few invertebrate taxa and its role in regulating invertebrate reproduction has not been clearly demonstrated. Insights into the evolution of sex signaling pathways can be gained by clarifying how receptors function in invertebrate reproduction. Results In this paper, we show that a ligand-activated estrogen-like receptor in rotifers binds human estradiol and regulates reproductive output in females. In other invertebrates characterized thus far, ER ligand binding domains have occluded ligand-binding sites and the ERs are not ligand activated. We have used a suite of computational, biochemical and biological techniques to determine that the rotifer ER binding site is not occluded and can bind human estradiol. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that this mammalian hormone receptor plays a key role in reproduction of the ancient microinvertebrate Brachinous manjavacas. The presence and activity of the ER within the phylum Rotifera indicates that the ER structure and function is highly conserved throughout animal evolution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0909-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brande L Jones
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0230, USA.
| | - Chris Walker
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0230, USA
| | - Bahareh Azizi
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462, Kuwait
| | - Laren Tolbert
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0230, USA
| | - Loren Dean Williams
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0230, USA
| | - Terry W Snell
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0230, USA
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8
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Chatterjee T, Mandal M, Mandal PK. Solvent H-bond accepting ability induced conformational change and its influence towards fluorescence enhancement and dual fluorescence of hydroxy meta-GFP chromophore analogue. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:24332-42. [PMID: 27530959 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04219h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The effect of structural rigidity towards enhancement of fluorescence quantum yield of GFP chromophore analogues has been documented. In the present study, a new way of enhancing the fluorescence quantum yield of two ortho-meta GFP chromophore analogues meta-methoxy-ortho-hydroxy-benzylimidazolidinone (abbreviated as mOMe-HBDI) and meta-diethylamino-ortho-hydroxyl imidazolidinone (abbreviated as MOHIM) has been reported. This enhancement is controlled by the H-bond accepting ability (denoted as β value) of the solvent and happens only in the case of GFP chromophore analogues having ortho (hydroxyl)-meta (electron donating group) and not in the case of analogues having a para electron donating group. The ground state (solid) conformation of mOMe-HBDI has been obtained from single crystal X-ray analysis, exhibiting the existence of strong intramolecular H-bonding. However, in solution phase, as the solvent β value increases, the strength of intramolecular H-bonding decreases. This process has strong influence on the relative conformational orientation of phenyl and imidazolidinone rings. For mOMe-HBDI, fluorescence quantum yield increases with increase in β value of the solvents. However, the effect of solvent polarity cannot be completely ruled out. The lower wavelength emission band (∼480 nm) has been assigned to the normal charge-transferred (CT) species, whereas the highly Stokes shifted emission band (∼660 nm) has been assigned to the proton-transferred (PT) tautomer species for mOMe-HBDI. In solvents of low β value (say hexane) only the PT band and in solvents of high β value (say DMSO) only the CT band is observed. Quite interestingly, in solvents of intermediate β value both CT and PT bands, thus dual emission, are observed. For mOMe-HBDI when fluorescence decay is monitored at the normal CT emission band, it is observed to be biexponential in nature. The short component increases from ∼0.2 ns to 0.6 ns and the long component increases from 1 to 3.6 ns as the β value of the solvent increases. For a particular solvent, when fluorescence decay is monitored at the normal CT band, as the monitoring wavelength increases the amplitude of the long lifetime component increases and that of the short lifetime component decreases. Time-resolved area-normalised emission spectral (TRANES) analysis confirms the possible existence of two conformers having differential stabilisation by solvent polarity. When fluorescence decay is monitored at the PT band an instrument response limited (<60 ps) decay is noted. Strong support in favour of the above-mentioned structural, steady state and time-resolved optical observations and analyses has been obtained from the methoxy derivative mOMe-MBDI and MOMIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West-Bengal 741246, India.
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9
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Deng H, Yu C, Gong L, Zhu X. Self-Restricted Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore Analogues: Dramatic Emission Enhancement and Remarkable Solvatofluorochromism. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2935-2944. [PMID: 27404318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The confinement effect of the β-barrel defines the emission profiles of the chromophores of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) family. Here, we describe the design strategy and mimicking of confinement effects via the chromophore itself, termed the self-restricted effect. By systematically tailoring the GFP core, a family of 2,5-dialkoxy-substituted GFP chromophore analogues is found to be highly emissive and show remarkable solvatofluorochromism in fluid solvents. Fluorescence quantum yield (QY) and lifetime measurements, in combination with theoretical calculations, illustrate the mechanism relying on inhibition of torsional rotation around the exocyclic CC bond. Meanwhile, theoretical calculations further reveal that the electrostatic interaction between the solvent and the imidazolinone oxygen can contribute to suppress the radiationless decay channel around the exocyclic C═C double bond. Our findings put forward a universal approach toward unlocked highly emissive GFPc analogues, potentially promoting the understanding of the photophysics and biochemical application of GFP chromophore analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyang Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Lidong Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University , 850 Huanghe Road, Dalian 116029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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10
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Singh A, Ramanathan G. Rational Design of Heterogeneous Silver Catalysts by Exploitation of Counteranion-Induced Coordination Geometry. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Singh
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology; Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Gurunath Ramanathan
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology; Kanpur 208016 India
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11
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Dolgopolova EA, Moore TM, Fellows WB, Smith MD, Shustova NB. Photophysics of GFP-related chromophores imposed by a scaffold design. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:9884-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt05063d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a rigid scaffold imposes the photophysics of chromophores with a benzylidene imidazolidinone core by mimicking the β-barrel structure of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Dolgopolova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of South Carolina
- Columbia
- USA
| | - T. M. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of South Carolina
- Columbia
- USA
| | - W. B. Fellows
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of South Carolina
- Columbia
- USA
| | - M. D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of South Carolina
- Columbia
- USA
| | - N. B. Shustova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of South Carolina
- Columbia
- USA
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12
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Chang DH, Ou CL, Hsu HY, Huang GJ, Kao CY, Liu YH, Peng SM, Diau EWG, Yang JS. Cooperativity and Site-Selectivity of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds on the Fluorescence Quenching of Modified GFP Chromophores. J Org Chem 2015; 80:12431-43. [PMID: 26583964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides the first example of experimentally characterized hydrogen-bond cooperativity on fluorescence quenching with a modified green fluorescence protein (GFP) chromophore that contains a 6-membered C═N···H-O and a 7-membered C═O···H-O intramolecular H-bonds. Variable-temperature (1)H NMR and electronic absorption and emission spectroscopies were used to elucidate the preference of intra- vs intermolecular H-bonding at different concentrations (1 mM and 10 μM), and X-ray crystal structures provide clues of possible intermolecular H-bonding modes. In the ground state, the 6-membered H-bond is significant but the 7-membered one is rather weak. However, fluorescence quenching is dominated by the 7-membered H-bond, indicating a strengthening of the H-bond in the excited state. The H-bonding effect is more pronounced in more polar solvents, and no intermediates were observed from femtosecond fluorescence decays. The fluorescence quenching is attributed to the occurrence of diabatic excited-state proton transfer. Cooperativity of the two intramolecular H-bonds on spectral shifts and fluorescence quenching is evidenced by comparing with both the single H-bonded and the non-H-bonded counterparts. The H-bond cooperativity does not belong to the conventional patterns of σ- and π-cooperativity but a new type of polarization interactions, which demonstrates the significant interplay of H-bonds for multiple H-bonding systems in the electronically excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lin Ou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Hsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Jhih Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yi Kao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shie-Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Eric Wei-Guang Diau
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Jye-Shane Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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13
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Walker CL, Lukyanov KA, Yampolsky IV, Mishin AS, Bommarius AS, Duraj-Thatte AM, Azizi B, Tolbert LM, Solntsev KM. Fluorescence imaging using synthetic GFP chromophores. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 27:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Baranov MS, Solntsev KM, Baleeva NS, Mishin AS, Lukyanov SA, Lukyanov KA, Yampolsky IV. Red-shifted fluorescent aminated derivatives of a conformationally locked GFP chromophore. Chemistry 2014; 20:13234-41. [PMID: 25171432 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of fluorescent dyes based on conformationally locked GFP chromophore is reported. These dyes are characterized by red-shifted spectra, high fluorescence quantum yields and pH-independence in physiological pH range. The intra- and intermolecular mechanisms of radiationless deactivation of ABDI-BF2 fluorophore by selective structural locking of various conformational degrees of freedom were studied. A unique combination of solvatochromic and lipophilic properties together with "infinite" photostability (due to a dynamic exchange between free and bound dye) makes some of the novel dyes promising bioinspired tools for labeling cellular membranes, lipid drops and other organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Baranov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow (Russia).
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15
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Lee J. Light-Controlled Chemical Reactions and Their Applications in Biological Systems. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201402054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Fery-Forgues S, Veesler S, Fellows WB, Tolbert LM, Solntsev KM. Microcrystals with enhanced emission prepared from hydrophobic analogues of the green fluorescent protein chromophore via reprecipitation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:14718-14727. [PMID: 24245782 DOI: 10.1021/la403909k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Certain synthetic analogues of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) chromophore are almost nonfluorescent in dilute solutions but are strongly light-emissive in the solid state, thus exhibiting aggregation-induced emission (AIE) behavior. In the present work, two such hydrophobic derivatives of the GFP chromophore known to be fluorescent in the crystalline state (p-hexyloxy- and p-dodecyloxybenzylideneimidazolinone) were used to prepare aqueous suspensions of particles via a mild solvent-exchange reprecipitation (RP) method. This evolution was monitored at various experimental conditions by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, as well as electron transmission and scanning microscopy. Both compounds spontaneously produced platelet-like microcrystals, the size and shape of which were influenced by the experimental conditions. The dodecyl derivative also led to the concomitant formation of nanofibers, a tendency reinforced by addition of poly(acrylic acid) to the RP medium. The photoluminescence properties of the solids produced by RP were compared to pristine microcrystalline powders obtained by crystallization in an organic solvent. Significant differences in the emission properties were found and are discussed. This study illustrates the fact that AIE fluorescence is strongly dependent on the nature of the particles and hence on the preparation methods. Being aware of these variations is important for the preparation and subsequent use of AIE-active compounds as fluorescent materials.
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Chen YH, Lo WJ, Sung K. Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and Application of o- and p-Amino Green Fluorescence Protein Synthetic Chromophores. J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302050y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hui Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Lo
- Department
of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuangsen Sung
- Department
of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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18
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SYNTHESIS AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF GFP-MIMIC FLUORESCENT POLYMER. ACTA POLYM SIN 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2012.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Huang GJ, Ho JH, Prabhakar C, Liu YH, Peng SM, Yang JS. Site-Selective Hydrogen-Bonding-Induced Fluorescence Quenching of Highly Solvatofluorochromic GFP-like Chromophores. Org Lett 2012; 14:5034-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol302237k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Jhih Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 10617, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, 10607
| | - Jinn-Hsuan Ho
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 10617, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, 10607
| | - Ch. Prabhakar
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 10617, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, 10607
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 10617, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, 10607
| | - Shie-Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 10617, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, 10607
| | - Jye-Shane Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 10617, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, 10607
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20
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Hötzer B, Medintz IL, Hildebrandt N. Fluorescence in nanobiotechnology: sophisticated fluorophores for novel applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:2297-326. [PMID: 22678833 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nanobiotechnology is one of the fastest growing and broadest-ranged interdisciplinary subfields of the nanosciences. Countless hybrid bio-inorganic composites are currently being pursued for various uses, including sensors for medical and diagnostic applications, light- and energy-harvesting devices, along with multifunctional architectures for electronics and advanced drug-delivery. Although many disparate biological and nanoscale materials will ultimately be utilized as the functional building blocks to create these devices, a common element found among a large proportion is that they exert or interact with light. Clearly continuing development will rely heavily on incorporating many different types of fluorophores into these composite materials. This review covers the growing utility of different classes of fluorophores in nanobiotechnology, from both a photophysical and a chemical perspective. For each major structural or functional class of fluorescent probe, several representative applications are provided, and the necessary technological background for acquiring the desired nano-bioanalytical information are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Hötzer
- NanoBioPhotonics, Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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21
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Lee CY, Chen YC, Lin HC, Jhong Y, Chang CW, Tsai CH, Kao CL, Chien TC. Facile synthesis of 4-arylidene-5-imidazolinones as synthetic analogs of fluorescent protein chromophore. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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22
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Vendrell M, Zhai D, Er JC, Chang YT. Combinatorial strategies in fluorescent probe development. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4391-420. [PMID: 22616565 DOI: 10.1021/cr200355j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Vendrell
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, 138667 Singapore.
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23
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Baranov MS, Lukyanov KA, Borissova AO, Shamir J, Kosenkov D, Slipchenko LV, Tolbert LM, Yampolsky IV, Solntsev KM. Conformationally locked chromophores as models of excited-state proton transfer in fluorescent proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:6025-32. [PMID: 22404323 DOI: 10.1021/ja3010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Members of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) family form chromophores by modifications of three internal amino acid residues. Previously, many key characteristics of chromophores were studied using model compounds. However, no studies of intermolecular excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) with GFP-like synthetic chromophores have been performed because they either are nonfluorescent or lack an ionizable OH group. In this paper we report the synthesis and photochemical study of two highly fluorescent GFP chromophore analogues: p-HOBDI-BF2 and p-HOPyDI:Zn. Among known fluorescent compounds, p-HOBDI-BF(2) is the closest analogue of the native GFP chromophore. These irrreversibly (p-HOBDI-BF(2)) and reversibly (p-HOPyDI:Zn) locked compounds are the first examples of fully planar GFP chromophores, in which photoisomerization-induced deactivation is suppressed and protolytic photodissociation is observed. The photophysical behavior of p-HOBDI-BF2 and p-HOPyDI:Zn (excited state pK(a)'s, solvatochromism, kinetics, and thermodynamics of proton transfer) reveals their high photoacidity, which makes them good models of intermolecular ESPT in fluorescent proteins. Moreover, p-HOPyDI:Zn is a first example of "super" photoacidity in metal-organic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Baranov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Tolbert LM, Baldridge A, Kowalik J, Solntsev KM. Collapse and recovery of green fluorescent protein chromophore emission through topological effects. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:171-81. [PMID: 21861536 DOI: 10.1021/ar2000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Housed within the 11-stranded β-barrel of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) is the arylideneimidazolidinone (AMI) chromophore, the component responsible for fluorescence. This class of small-molecule chromophore has drawn significant attention for its remarkable photophysical and photochemical properties, both within the intact protein and after its denaturation. All of the proteins so far isolated that have visible light fluorescence have been found to contain an AMI chromophore. These proteins comprise an extensive rainbow, ranging from GFP, which contains the simplest chromophore, p-hydroxybenzylideneimidazolidinone (p-HOBDI), to proteins having molecules with longer conjugation lengths and a variety of intraprotein interactions. The fluorescence invariably almost vanishes upon removal of the protective β-barrel. The role of the barrel in hindering internal conversion has been the subject of numerous studies, especially in our laboratories and those of our collaborators. A better understanding of these chromophores has been facilitated by the development of numerous synthetic protocols. These syntheses, which commonly use the Erlenmeyer azlactone method, have evolved in recent years with the development of a [2 + 3] cycloaddition exploited in our laboratory. The synthetic AMI chromophores have allowed delineation of the complex photophysics of GFP and its derivatives. Upon denaturation, AMI chromophores are marked by 4 orders of magnitude of diminution in emission quantum yield (EQY). This result is attributed to internal conversion resulting from conformational freedom in the released chromophore, which is not allowed within the restrictive β-barrel. To date, the photophysical properties of the AMI chromophore remain elusive and have been attributed to a variety of mechanisms, including cis-trans isomerization, triplet formation, hula twisting, and proton transfer. Advanced studies involving gas-phase behavior, solvent effects, and protonation states have significantly increased our understanding of the chromophore photophysics, but a comprehensive picture is only slowly emerging. Most importantly, mechanisms in structurally defined chromophores may provide clues as to the origin of the "blinking" behavior of the fluorescent proteins themselves. One approach to examining the effect of conformational freedom on rapid internal conversion of the chromophores is to restrict the molecules, both through structural modifications and through adjustments of the supramolecular systems. We thus include here a discussion of studies involving the crystalline state, inclusion within natural protein-binding pockets, complexation with metal ions, and sequestration within synthetic cavities; all of this research affirms the role of restricting conformational freedom in partially restoring the EQY. Additionally, new photochemistry is observed within these restricted systems. Many of the studies carried out in our laboratories show promise for these molecules to be adapted as molecular probes, wherein inclusion turns on the fluorescence and provides a signaling mechanism. In this Account, we present an overview of the AMI chromophores, including synthesis, overall photophysics, and supramolecular behavior. A significant amount of work remains for researchers to fully understand the properties of these chromophores, but important progress achieved thus far in photophysics and photochemistry is underscored here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laren M. Tolbert
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Anthony Baldridge
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Janusz Kowalik
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Kyril M. Solntsev
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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26
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Lee JS, Vendrell M, Chang YT. Diversity-oriented optical imaging probe development. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:760-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Kang NY, Ha HH, Yun SW, Yu YH, Chang YT. Diversity-driven chemical probe development for biomolecules: beyond hypothesis-driven approach. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3613-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00172d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Baldridge A, Samanta SR, Jayaraj N, Ramamurthy V, Tolbert LM. Steric and electronic effects in capsule-confined green fluorescent protein chromophores. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:712-5. [PMID: 21174415 DOI: 10.1021/ja1094606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The turn-on of emission in fluorescent protein chromophores sequestered in an "octaacid" capsule is controlled by stereoelectronic effects described by a linear free energy relationship. The stereochemical effects are governed by both the positions and volumes of the aryl substituents, while the electronic effects, including ortho effects, can be treated with Hammett σ parameters. The use of substituent volumes rather than A values reflects packing of the molecule within the confines of the capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Baldridge
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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