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Zhong H, Meng Q, Mei B, Thawko A, Yan C, Liu N, Mao X, Wang Z, Wysocki G, Truhlar DG, Ju Y. Kinetics and Mechanism of the Singlet Oxygen Atom Reaction with Dimethyl Ether. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:6158-6165. [PMID: 38836585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
We combine in situ laser spectroscopy, quantum chemistry, and kinetic calculations to study the reaction of a singlet oxygen atom with dimethyl ether. Infrared laser absorption spectroscopy and Faraday rotation spectroscopy are used for the detection and quantification of the reaction products OH, H2O, HO2, and CH2O on submillisecond time scales. Fitting temporal profiles of products with simulations using an in-house reaction mechanism allows product branching to be quantified at 30, 60, and 150 Torr. The experimentally determined product branching agrees well with master equation calculations based on electronic structure data and transition state theory. The calculations demonstrate that the dimethyl peroxide (CH3OOCH3) generated via O-insertion into the C-O bond undergoes subsequent dissociation to CH3O + CH3O through energetically favored reactions without an intrinsic barrier. This O-insertion mechanism can be important for understanding the fate of biofuels leaking into the atmosphere and for plasma-based biofuel processing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Qinghui Meng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Bowen Mei
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Andy Thawko
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Chao Yan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Xingqian Mao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Gerard Wysocki
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Yiguang Ju
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
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2
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Han S, Xie C, Hu X, Yarkony DR, Guo H, Xie D. Quantum Dynamics of Photodissociation: Recent Advances and Challenges. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10517-10530. [PMID: 37970789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in constructing accurate potential energy surfaces and nonadiabatic couplings from high-level ab initio data have revealed detailed potential landscapes in not only the ground electronic state but also excited ones. They enabled quantitatively accurate characterization of photoexcited reactive systems using quantum mechanical methods. In this Perspective, we survey the recent progress in quantum mechanical studies of adiabatic and nonadiabatic photodissociation dynamics, focusing on initial state control and product energy disposal. These new insights helped to understand quantum effects in small prototypical systems, and the results serve as benchmarks for developing more approximate theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyu Han
- International Center for Isotope Effects Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Changjian Xie
- Institute of Modern Physics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Theoretical Physics Frontiers, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Xixi Hu
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - David R Yarkony
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Daiqian Xie
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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3
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Kumar A, Kumar P. Can Ozone Dissociate at the Surface of Water (Water Droplet and Ice) without Light? J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10016-10025. [PMID: 37965752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is a major source of OH radicals in the troposphere. It is well-known that photodissociation of ozone is key for the conversion of ozone into OH radicals. In the present study, using Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulation, we have shown that on the surface of the droplet and ice, ozone can dissociate without light. In addition, the dissociation time of ozone is found to be much less on the ice surface than the same time on the water droplet. As the dissociation of ozone on the water surface can happen during the day as well as in the night time, we believe this route of forming OH radicals can be even more important than the photodissociation. The present study suggests that the cloud and ice surface can enhance the oxidizing power of the troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017,India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017,India
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4
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Guo Y, Wang M, Wu Z, Shi Y, Wang Y, Zhang S, Jin B, Cui S, Zhao G. Ultrafast non-adiabatic dynamics of stilbene-based plant-derived sunscreens with cis-trans isomerization structures. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 298:122759. [PMID: 37119635 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the potential UV protection mechanism of the natural compounds hydroxy resveratrol and pterostilbene by combining theoretical calculations and femtosecond transient absorption spectra (FTAS). The UV absorption spectra showed that the two compounds exhibited strong absorption properties and high photostability. We found two molecules will reach the S1 state or an even higher excited state after UV exposure and molecules in S1 will cross a lower energy barrier to reach the conical intersection. The adiabatic trans-cis isomerization process happened and finally return to the ground. Meanwhile, FTAS clarified the time scale of trans-cis isomerization of two molecules was ∼ 10 ps, which also met the requirement of fast energy relaxation. This work also provides theoretical guidance for developing new sunscreen molecules from natural stilbene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, MeChem Group, Molecular Dynamic Chemistry Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Education, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, MeChem Group, Molecular Dynamic Chemistry Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Education, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Zibo Wu
- Department of Chemistry, MeChem Group, Molecular Dynamic Chemistry Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Education, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Yanan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, MeChem Group, Molecular Dynamic Chemistry Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Education, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Bing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shen Cui
- Department of Chemistry, MeChem Group, Molecular Dynamic Chemistry Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Education, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Guangjiu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, MeChem Group, Molecular Dynamic Chemistry Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Education, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
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5
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Kumar G, Ojha VP, Pasi S, Dhiman RC. Effect of ultraviolet radiation on immature stages of Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. J Vector Borne Dis 2023; 60:382-385. [PMID: 38174515 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.374043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Understanding the influence of ultraviolet light on organisms is important for examining the hazards of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. However, little is known about the biological toxicity of ultraviolet light against mosquitoes, which are regularly exposed to UV light. This study was planned to determine the impact of UV radiation on different aquatic stages of Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefaciatus mosquitoes. Methods We exposed I/II instar larvae, III/IV instar larvae and pupae of Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefaciatus mosquitoes to UV radiation of 253 nm wavelength in a closed chamber of 30×30 cm. The exposure was done for different time intervals viz. 1, 2, 3, 4 minutes and so on. Development of larvae/pupae to adult stage was monitored daily and mortality, if any, was recorded. Results Development of I/II instar larvae of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus to pupal stage was unsuccessful at an exposure time of one minute while only 1.7% pupation occurred in I/II instar larvae of Ae. aegypti upon similar exposure. When III/IV stage larvae were exposed to UV light, pupal development occurred only at 30seconds and one-minute exposure in An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefaciatus but in Ae. aegypti, no pupation occurred with one-minute exposure. With four-minute UV exposure of pupae, no adult emerged in Ae. aegypti; 33.3% adult emerged in An. stephensi and 66.7% adult emerged in Cx. quinquefaciatus. Interpretation & conclusion Our results show that UV radiation results in developmental arrest of Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefaciatus mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - V P Ojha
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Shweta Pasi
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramesh C Dhiman
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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6
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Aardema M, Fast M, Meas B, North SW. Rotational Distributions and Imaging of Singlet O 2 Following Spin-Forbidden Photodissociation of O 3. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7101-7114. [PMID: 37540577 PMCID: PMC10863062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
We report REMPI spectra and velocity-mapped ion images of the O2(a1Δg) and (b1Σg+) fragments arising from the spin-forbidden photodissociation of O3 near 320 and 330 nm. The O2(a1Δg, v = 0) REMPI spectrum following a 320 nm dissociation shows enhanced peak intensity for the odd rotational states relative to the even states, which is the opposite of the trend observed by Gunthardt et al. ( J. Chem. Phys. 2019, 151, 224302) for spin-allowed dissociation at 266 nm but is consistent with the couplings between the B state and 3A' and 3A″ states calculated by Grebenshchikov and Rosenwaks ( J. Phys. Chem. A 2010, 114, 9809-9819). There are no significant differences between the ion image angular distributions of fragments in odd and even rotational states, which indicates a cold distribution of O3 and supports the explanation that the alternation in peak intensities results from a difference in the couplings. Quantitative analysis of the image angular distributions was limited due to the single laser polarization geometry accessible in one-color experiments. Radial distributions of the 320 nm images indicate a broad rotational distribution, evidenced in bimodal speed distributions with peaks corresponding to both high (j = 35-43) and low (j = 17-20) rotational states. The REMPI spectrum of O2(a1Δg) near 330 nm was collected, and while quantitative population analysis is difficult because of the perturbed resonant state, the spectrum clearly supports a broad rotational distribution as well, consistent with the images collected at 320 nm. A 2D-REMPI spectrum was collected following dissociation of O3 near 330 nm, which showed evidence of contributions from O2 fragments in both the a1Δg and b1Σg+ states. The rotational distribution for the O2(b1Σg+, v = 0) product peaks at j = 32 and is narrower than that of the O2(a1Δg) fragment, consistent with distributions reported by O'Keeffe et al. at longer dissociation wavelengths ( J. Chem. Phys. 2002, 117, 8705-8709). At smaller radii in the 2D-REMPI spectrum, there is additional signal assigned to v = 1-4 of O2(b1Σg+), with rotational distributions similar to v = 0. The vibrational distribution of the O2(b1Σg+) fragment peaks at v = 0, with populations monotonically decreasing with increasing vibrational state. Ion image angular distributions of the O2(b1Σg+) fragment and the corresponding anisotropy parameters are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan
N. Aardema
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Megan Fast
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Benjamen Meas
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Simon W. North
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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7
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Crane SW, Lee JWL, Ashfold MNR, Rolles D. Molecular photodissociation dynamics revealed by Coulomb explosion imaging. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37335247 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01740k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Coulomb explosion imaging (CEI) methods are finding ever-growing use as a means of exploring and distinguishing the static stereo-configurations of small quantum systems (molecules, clusters, etc). CEI experiments initiated by ultrafast (femtosecond-duration) laser pulses also allow opportunities to track the time-evolution of molecular structures, and thereby advance understanding of molecular fragmentation processes. This Perspective illustrates two emerging families of dynamical studies. 'One-colour' studies (employing strong field ionisation driven by intense near infrared or single X-ray or extreme ultraviolet laser pulses) afford routes to preparing multiply charged molecular cations and exploring how their fragmentation progresses from valence-dominated to Coulomb-dominated dynamics with increasing charge and how this evolution varies with molecular size and composition. 'Two-colour' studies use one ultrashort laser pulse to create electronically excited neutral molecules (or monocations), whose structural evolution is then probed as a function of pump-probe delay using an ultrafast ionisation pulse along with time and position-sensitive detection methods. This latter type of experiment has the potential to return new insights into not just molecular fragmentation processes but also charge transfer processes between moieties separating with much better defined stereochemical control than in contemporary ion-atom and ion-molecule charge transfer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart W Crane
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Jason W L Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Daniel Rolles
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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8
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Inactivation of foodborne pathogenic bacteria in water and stainless steel surfaces by vacuum-UV amalgam lamp and low-pressure mercury UV lamp irradiation. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2023.103297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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9
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Choi J, Jang M. Suppression of the phenolic SOA formation in the presence of electrolytic inorganic seed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158082. [PMID: 35985582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are largely attributed to wildfire gases and rapidly react with atmospheric oxidants to form persistent phenoxy free radicals, which influence atmospheric chemistry and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. In this study, phenol or o-cresol was photochemically oxidized under various conditions (NOx levels, humidity, and seed conditions) in an outdoor photochemical reactor. Unexpectedly, SOA growth of both phenols was suppressed in the presence of salted aqueous aerosol compared to non-seed SOA. This discovery is different from the typical SOA formation of aromatic or biogenic hydrocarbons, which show noticeably higher SOA yields via organic aqueous reactions. Phenol, o-cresol, and their phenolic products (e.g., catechols) are absorbed in aqueous aerosol and form phenoxy radicals via heterogeneous reactions under sunlight. The resulting phenoxy radicals are redistributed between the gas and particle phases. Gaseous phenoxy radicals quickly react with ozone to form phenyl peroxide radicals and regenerated through a NOx cycle to retard phenol oxidation and SOA formation. The explicit oxidation mechanisms of phenol or o-cresol in the absence of aqueous phase were derived including the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM v3.3.1) and the path for peroxy radical adducts originating from the addition of an OH radical to phenols to form low volatility products (e.g., multi-hydroxy aromatics). The resulting gas mechanisms of phenol or o-cresol were, then, applied to the Unified Partitioning Aerosol Phase Reaction (UNIPAR) model to predict SOA formation via multiphase partitioning of organics and aerosol-phase oligomerization. The model well simulated chamber-generated phenolic SOA in absence of wet-inorganic seed, but significantly overestimated SOA mass in presence of wet seed. This study suggests that heterogeneous chemistry to form phenoxy radicals needs to be included to improve SOA prediction from phenols. The suppression of atmospheric oxidation due to phenoxy radicals in wet inorganic aerosol can explain the low SOA formation during wildfire episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Myoseon Jang
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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10
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Abiola TT, Rioux B, Johal S, Mention MM, Brunissen F, Woolley JM, Allais F, Stavros VG. Insight into the Photodynamics of Photostabilizer Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8388-8397. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Temitope T. Abiola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7ALUnited Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Rioux
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110, Pomacle, France
| | - Sharanjit Johal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7ALUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthieu M. Mention
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110, Pomacle, France
| | - Fanny Brunissen
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110, Pomacle, France
| | - Jack M. Woolley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7ALUnited Kingdom
| | - Florent Allais
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110, Pomacle, France
| | - Vasilios G. Stavros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7ALUnited Kingdom
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11
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Lashuk B, Pineda M, AbuBakr S, Boffito D, Yargeau V. Application of photocatalytic ozonation with a WO 3/TiO 2 catalyst for PFAS removal under UVA/visible light. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:157006. [PMID: 35779716 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This research evaluates photocatalytic ozonation for removing 5 PFAS (PFOA/PFHxS/PFBS/6:2 FTS/GenX) from water using a WO3/TiO2 catalyst under UVA-visible radiation. Four catalysts of varying WO3 content (0/1/3/5 wt%) were synthesized by sol-gel and characterized by XRD, TEM, STEM-EDS, HAADF-STEM, adsorption/desorption N2 isotherms, and DRS-UV-vis. 5 wt% WO3/TiO2 was the optimal composition based on physicochemical properties and photocatalytic activity tests with methylene blue. PFAS degradation showed that photocatalytic ozonation inefficiently degraded PFAS with WO3/TiO2 under UVA-visible light after 4 h (ΣPFAS removal 16 %, [range 4 %-26 %]). Photocatalysis had comparable removal to photocatalytic ozonation, photolysis and ozone photolysis showed lower removal, and ozonation had no effect. Microtox analysis showed the initial acute toxicity was no longer detectable after photocatalysis and photocatalytic ozonation treatment. Low PFAS removals under tested conditions require that future work evaluate different catalysts or treatment conditions, while disparities between tested PFAS removals demonstrate the need to evaluate multiple compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: The research presented in this manuscript involves the preparation and characterization of WO3/TiO2 catalysts used, for the first time, to remove multiple PFAS in water via photocatalytic ozonation. This manuscript supports the development of a catalytic process for the elimination of hard to degrade environmental pollutants, provides new knowledge on aspects of photocatalytic processes, and provides insights on environmental pollution abatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Lashuk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 Rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Marco Pineda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 Rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Salma AbuBakr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 Rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Daria Boffito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, 2500 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Canada Research Chair in Engineering Process Intensification and Catalysis (EPIC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, 2500 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 Rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada.
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12
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Steinmetz SA, Chen TY, Goldberg BM, Limbach CM, Kliewer CJ. Resolved rotation-vibration non-equilibrium with rotational VIPA-CARS. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5429-5432. [PMID: 36240381 DOI: 10.1364/ol.474037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous rotational and vibrational temperatures are measured in an N2 plasma with rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) resolved with a virtually imaged phased array (VIPA)-based spectrometer. A VIPA spectrally separates rotational transitions for each vibrational state, allowing vibrational populations to be directly measured. VIPA-CARS is shown to provide more accurate measurements of non-equilibrium temperatures than grating-resolved rotational CARS. The general characteristics, limitations, and potential uses of VIPA-CARS are discussed.
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13
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Aardema MN, McBane GC, North SW. Ozone Photodissociation in the Singlet Channel at 226 nm. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6898-6907. [PMID: 36129835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the rotational state distribution and vector correlations of the O2(a 1Δg, v = 0) fragments arising from the 226 nm photodissociation of jet-cooled O3. Consistent with previously reported trends, the rotational distribution is shifted to higher rotational states with decreasing wavelength. We observe highly suppressed odd rotational state populations due to a strong Λ-doublet propensity. The measured rotational distribution is in agreement with classical trajectory calculations for the v = 0 products, although the distribution is slightly narrower than predicted. The spatial anisotropy follows the previously observed trend of decreasing β with increasing photon energy with β = 0.72 ± 0.14 for v = 0, j = 38. As expected for a triatomic molecule, the v-j correlation is consistent with v perpendicular to j, but the measured correlation is nonlimiting due, in part, to rotational and translational depolarization. The j-dependent line width of the O2(a 1Δg) REMPI spectrum is also discussed in connection with the lifetime of the resonant O2(d 1Πg) state due to predissociation via the II 1Πg valence state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N Aardema
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - George C McBane
- Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan 49401, United States
| | - Simon W North
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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14
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Whittock AL, Abiola TT, Stavros VG. A Perspective on Femtosecond Pump-Probe Spectroscopy in the Development of Future Sunscreens. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2299-2308. [PMID: 35394773 PMCID: PMC9036518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Given
the negative impacts of overexposure to ultraviolet radiation
(UVR) on humans, sunscreens have become a widely used product. Certain
ingredients within sunscreens are responsible for photoprotection
and these are known, collectively herein, as ultraviolet (UV) filters.
Generally speaking, organic UV filters work by absorbing the potentially
harmful UVR and dissipating this energy as harmless heat. This process
happens on picosecond time scales and so femtosecond pump–probe
spectroscopy (FPPS) is an ideal technique for tracking this energy
conversion in real time. Coupling FPPS with complementary techniques,
including steady-state spectroscopy and computational methods, can
provide a detailed mechanistic picture of how UV filters provide photoprotection.
As such, FPPS is crucial in aiding the future design of UV filters.
This Perspective sheds light on the advancements made over the past
two years on both approved and nature-inspired UV filters. Moreover,
we suggest where FPPS can be further utilized within sunscreen applications
for future considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L Whittock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.,Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Temitope T Abiola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Vasilios G Stavros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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15
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Synthesis and Characterization of Atmospherically Relevant Hydroxy Hydroperoxides. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxy hydroperoxides are formed upon OH oxidation of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere and may contribute to secondary organic aerosol growth and aqueous phase chemistry after phase transfer to particles. Although the detection methods for oxidized volatile organic compounds improved much over the past decades, the limited availability of synthetic standards for atmospherically relevant hydroxy hydroperoxides prevented comprehensive investigations for the most part. Here, we present a straightforward improved synthetic access to isoprene-derived hydroxy hydroperoxides, i.e., 1,2-ISOPOOH and 4,3-ISOPOOH. Furthermore, we present the first successful synthesis of an α-pinene derived hydroxy hydroperoxide. All products were identified by 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy for structure elucidation, additional 2D NMR experiments were performed. Furthermore, gas-phase FTIR- and UV/VIS spectra are presented for the first time. Using the measured absorption cross section, the atmospheric photolysis rate of up to 2.1 × 10−3 s−1 was calculated for 1,2-ISOPOOH. Moreover, we present the investigation of synthesized hydroxy hydroperoxides in an aerosol chamber study by online MS techniques, namely PTR-ToFMS and (NO3−)-CI-APi-ToFMS. Fragmentation patterns recorded during these investigations are presented as well. For the (NO3−)-CI-APi-ToFMS, a calibration factor for 1,2-ISOPOOH was calculated as 4.44 × 10−5 ncps·ppbv−1 and a LOD (3σ, 1 min average) = 0.70 ppbv.
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16
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Wolf JR. Review: Self-radiolysis of compounds containing tritium and carbon-14. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2021; 64:286-335. [PMID: 33439502 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Energy released from beta emission causes molecules that incorporate tritium (3 H) and carbon-14 (14 C) atoms to be less stable than their stable labeled counterparts, thus making radiolabeled compounds prone to self-radiolysis. This literature review examines the stability of organic compounds incorporating 3 H and 14 C atoms and discusses stability of the compound with respect to functional groups within the radiolabeled molecules. The goal of this paper is to serve as a reference for the stability of radiolabeled compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R Wolf
- Synthesis Department, Eurofins BioPharma Testing, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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17
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Zhang H, Itoi T, Konishi T, Izumi Y. Efficient and Selective Interplay Revealed: CO 2 Reduction to CO over ZrO 2 by Light with Further Reduction to Methane over Ni 0 by Heat Converted from Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9045-9054. [PMID: 33474813 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of CO2 photoreduction into methane was elucidated by time-course monitoring of the mass chromatogram, in situ FTIR spectroscopy, and in situ extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). Under 13 CO2 , H2 , and UV/Vis light, 13 CH4 was formed at a rate of 0.98 mmol h-1 gcat -1 using Ni (10 wt %)-ZrO2 that was effective at 96 kPa. Under UV/Vis light irradiation, the 13 CO2 exchange reaction and FTIR identified physisorbed/chemisorbed bicarbonate and the reduction because of charge separation in/on ZrO2 , followed by the transfer of formate and CO onto the Ni surface. EXAFS confirmed exclusive presence of Ni0 sites. Then, FTIR spectroscopy detected methyl species on Ni0 , which was reversibly heated to 394 K owing to the heat converted from light. With D2 O and H2 , the H/D ratio in the formed methane agreed with reactant H/D ratio. This study paves the way for using first row transition metals for solar fuel generation using only UV/Vis light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoi 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takaomi Itoi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takehisa Konishi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoi 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuo Izumi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoi 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
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18
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Kon A, Inano N, Terada N, Kamata K, Akai N, Nakata M. Photoreactions of Ozone-Tetrahydrothiophene, Ozone-Pyrrolidine, and Ozone-Thiazolidine Complexes Studied Using Matrix-Isolation IR and Visible Absorption Spectroscopies. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2114-2120. [PMID: 33689327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photoreactions of molecular complexes composed of O3 and three 5-membered heterocyclic compounds, tetrahydrothiophene (THT), pyrrolidine (PyD), and thiazolidine (TAD), are systematically investigated using matrix-isolation infrared (IR) and UV-visible spectroscopies. Two visible-light absorption bands appear in the visible spectra obtained for O3-THT and O3-PyD, whereas four bands are observed for O3-TAD, which contains both N and S atoms in the heterocyclic ring. Upon visible-light irradiation, O3-THT and O3-PyD form their corresponding oxide derivatives, tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide and pyrrolidine-N-oxide. Although two O3-TAD complexes with different photoreactivities are detected, both structures form thiazolidine-1-oxide upon combining with O and S atom in the heterocyclic ring, but not thiazolidine-N-oxide. The mechanism of formation of these oxide compounds can be explained by the stability of the oxide compound in the triplet state formed via the combination of O(3P) and the paired ring molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Kon
- Graduate School of BASE (Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Natsuki Inano
- Graduate School of BASE (Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Nariko Terada
- Graduate School of BASE (Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kamata
- Graduate School of BASE (Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Akai
- Graduate School of BASE (Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Munetaka Nakata
- Graduate School of BASE (Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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19
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Zhang H, Itoi T, Konishi T, Izumi Y. Efficient and Selective Interplay Revealed: CO
2
Reduction to CO over ZrO
2
by Light with Further Reduction to Methane over Ni
0
by Heat Converted from Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Chiba University Yayoi 1–33, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Takaomi Itoi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Chiba University Yayoi 1–33, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Takehisa Konishi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Chiba University Yayoi 1–33, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Yasuo Izumi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Chiba University Yayoi 1–33, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
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20
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Xiao T, Chen Y, Song C, Xu S, Lin S, Li M, Chen X, Gu H. Possible treatment for UVB-induced skin injury: Anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective role of metformin in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2021; 102:25-35. [PMID: 33642112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive inflammation and cell death induced by ultraviolet (UV) cause skin photodamage. Metformin possesses anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. However, whether metformin inhibits inflammation and cell death in UVB-induced acute skin damage is unclear. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of metformin in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, its potential mechanism has been explored. METHODS Transcriptome sequencing and multiplex cytokines analysis were used to evaluate the validity of in vitro UVB-induced acute damage keratinocyte model and anti-inflammatory effects of metformin. We also determined the expression and nuclear translocation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPβ), an important transcriptional factor of Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β). Cell viability and cell death of keratinocytes were evaluated upon UVB irradiation in the presence or absence of metformin. 0.6% metformin cream was applied on UVB-irradiated mice to explore its pharmacological effects in vivo. RESULTS Transcriptional landscape of 50 mJ/cm2 UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells is typical of UVB-induced acute damage keratinocyte model in vitro. Metformin alleviated transcription and secretion of IL-1β, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, and Fibroblast Growth Factor 2, expression and nuclear translocation of C/EBPβ in this model. Metformin also protected keratinocytes from cell death caused by UVB-induced cellular secretions, which contributed to its cytoprotective effects. Topical administration of 0.6% metformin cream alleviated UVB-induced skin damage in mice. CONCLUSION We proved the protective roles of metformin in UVB-challenged keratinocytes and UVB-irradiated mice, which indicated the potential value of metformin in topical therapy against skin photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Shangqing Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
| | - Heng Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
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21
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Robust Inferential Techniques Applied to the Analysis of the Tropospheric Ozone Concentration in an Urban Area. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21010277. [PMID: 33401639 PMCID: PMC7795081 DOI: 10.3390/s21010277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper analyzes 12 years of tropospheric ozone (O3) concentration measurements using robust techniques. The measurements were taken at an air quality monitoring station called Belisario, which is in Quito, Ecuador; the data collection time period was 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2019, and the measurements were carried out using photometric O3 analyzers. Here, the measurement results were used to build variables that represented hours, days, months, and years, and were then classified and categorized. The index of air quality (IAQ) of the city was used to make the classifications, and robust and nonrobust confidence intervals were used to make the categorizations. Furthermore, robust analysis methods were compared with classical methods, nonparametric methods, and bootstrap-based methods. The results showed that the analysis using robust methods is better than the analysis using nonrobust methods, which are not immune to the influence of extreme observations. Using all of the aforementioned methods, confidence intervals were used to both establish and quantify differences between categories of the groups of variables under study. In addition, the central tendency and variability of the O3 concentration at Belisario station were exhaustively analyzed, concluding that said concentration was stable for years, highly variable for months and hours, and slightly changing between the days of the week. Additionally, according to the criteria established by the IAQ, it was shown that in Quito, the O3 concentration levels during the study period were not harmful to human health.
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22
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Abstract
The piezoelectric direct discharge (PDD) is a comparatively new type of atmospheric pressure gaseous discharge for production of cold plasma. The generation of such discharge is possible using the piezoelectric cold plasma generator (PCPG) which comprises the resonant piezoelectric transformer (RPT) with voltage transformation ratio of more than 1000, allowing for reaching the output voltage >10 kV at low input voltage, typically below 25 V. As ionization gas for the PDD, either air or various gas mixtures are used. Despite some similarities with corona discharge and dielectric barrier discharge, the ignition of micro-discharges directly at the ceramic surface makes PDD unique in its physics and application potential. The PDD is used directly, in open discharge structures, mainly for treatment of electrically nonconducting surfaces. It is also applied as a plasma bridge to bias different excitation electrodes, applicable for a broad range of substrate materials. In this review, the most important architectures of the PDD based discharges are presented. The operation principle, the main operational characteristics and the example applications, exploiting the specific properties of the discharge configurations, are discussed. Due to the moderate power achievable by PCPG, of typically less than 10 W, the focus of this review is on applications involving thermally sensitive materials, including food, organic tissues, and liquids.
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23
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Kamata K, Yoshioka R, Akai N, Nakata M. Visible-light-Induced Reaction of an Ozone–Trimethylamine Complex Studied by Matrix-Isolation IR and Visible Absorption Spectroscopies. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9973-9979. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kamata
- Graduate School of BASE (Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Rengo Yoshioka
- Graduate School of BASE (Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Akai
- Graduate School of BASE (Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Munetaka Nakata
- Graduate School of BASE (Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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24
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Douglas KM, Blitz MA, Mangan TP, Western CM, Plane JMC. Kinetic Study of the Reactions PO + O 2 and PO 2 + O 3 and Spectroscopy of the PO Radical. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7911-7926. [PMID: 32877605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c06106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the reactions of PO with O2 and PO2 with O3 were studied at temperatures ranging from ∼190 to 340 K, using a pulsed laser photolysis-laser induced fluorescence technique. For the reaction of PO + O2, there is evidence of both a two- and three-body exit channel, producing PO2 + O and PO3, respectively. Potential energy surfaces of both the PO + O2 and PO2 + O3 systems were calculated using electronic structure theory and combined with RRKM calculations to explain the observed pressure and temperature dependences. For PO + O2, at pressures typical of a planetary upper atmosphere where meteoric ablation of P will occur, the reaction is effectively pressure independent with a yield of PO2 + O of >99%; the rate coefficient can be expressed by log10(k, 120-500 K, cm3 molecule-1 s-1) = -13.915 + 2.470 log10(T) - 0.5020(log10(T))2, with an uncertainty of ±10% over the experimental temperature range (191-339 K). With increasing pressure, the yield of PO3 increases, reaching ∼90% at a pressure of 1 atm and T = 300 K. For PO2 + O3, k(188-339 K) = 3.7 × 10-11 exp(-1131/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1, with an uncertainty of ±26% over the stated temperature range. Laser-induced fluorescence spectra of PO over the wavelength range 245-248 nm were collected and simulated using pgopher to obtain new spectroscopic constants for the ground and v = 1 vibrational levels of the X2Π and A2Σ+ states of PO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Douglas
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Mark A Blitz
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K.,National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Thomas P Mangan
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Colin M Western
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - John M C Plane
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
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25
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Herdiwijaya D, Satyaningsih R, Luthfiandari, Prastyo HA, Arumaningtyas EP, Sulaeman M, Setiawan A, Yulianti Y. Measurements of sky brightness at Bosscha Observatory, Indonesia. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04635. [PMID: 32904332 PMCID: PMC7452556 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the level of light pollution due to human activities, we performed sky-brightness measurements at Bosscha Observatory, Indonesia (107°36′E; 6°49′S, 1300 m above sea level) for seven years from 2011 to 2018, using a portable photometer pointed at the zenith. From 1692 nightly records, we found that the average brightness on moonless nights reached the 19.70 ± 0.84 and 19.01 ± 0.88 astronomical magnitudes per square arcsecond (mpass), with median values of 19.73 mpass and 19.03 mpass for the AM and PM periods, respectively. The darkest skies occurred in the peak of the summer season during the month of July, which corresponds to the lowest annual temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity. The internal temperature of our Sky Quality Meter is adequately stable, and our results correlate well with other measurements. The sky brightness depends on the age of the Moon (days past new Moon) and on seasonal monthly variations, but it is not related to the lunar distance. The night-SB quality can be modified by the coupled climate system as a diurnal cycle to an 11-year solar cycle. The cities around the Observatory, Bandung and Lembang, clearly make strong contributions to light pollution in the area due to unshielded light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Herdiwijaya
- Astronomy Department, Bandung Institute of Technology, Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia.,Bosscha Observatory, Bandung Institute of Technology, Peneropongan Bintang, Lembang 40391, Indonesia
| | - R Satyaningsih
- Center for Research and Development, Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics, Angkasa I-2, Kemayoran, Jakarta 10720, Indonesia
| | - Luthfiandari
- Astronomy Department, Bandung Institute of Technology, Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - H A Prastyo
- Astronomy Department, Bandung Institute of Technology, Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - E P Arumaningtyas
- Astronomy Department, Bandung Institute of Technology, Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - M Sulaeman
- Bosscha Observatory, Bandung Institute of Technology, Peneropongan Bintang, Lembang 40391, Indonesia
| | - A Setiawan
- Bosscha Observatory, Bandung Institute of Technology, Peneropongan Bintang, Lembang 40391, Indonesia
| | - Y Yulianti
- Bandung Geophysics Station, Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics, Cemara 66 Bandung 40161, Indonesia
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26
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Origin of the "odd" behavior in the ultraviolet photochemistry of ozone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21065-21069. [PMID: 32817468 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006070117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of the even-odd rotational state population alternation in the 16O2(a 1Δg) fragments resulting from the ultraviolet (UV) photodissociation of 16O3, a phenomenon first observed over 30 years ago, has been elucidated using full quantum theory. The calculated 16O2(a 1Δg) rotational state distribution following the 266-nm photolysis of 60 K ozone shows a strong even-odd propensity, in excellent agreement with the new experimental rotational state distribution measured under the same conditions. Theory indicates that the even rotational states are significantly more populated than the adjacent odd rotational states because of a preference for the formation of the A' Λ-doublet, which can only occupy even rotational states due to the exchange symmetry of the two bosonic 16O nuclei, and thus not as a result of parity-selective curve crossing as previously proposed. For nonrotating ozone, its dissociation on the excited B1A' state dictates that only A' Λ-doublets are populated, due to symmetry conservation. This selection rule is relaxed for rotating parent molecules, but a preference still persists for A' Λ-doublets. The A''/A' ratio increases with increasing ozone rotational quantum number, and thus with increasing temperature, explaining the previously observed temperature dependence of the even-odd population alternation. In light of these results, it is concluded that the previously proposed parity-selective curve-crossing mechanism cannot be a source of heavy isotopic enrichment in the atmosphere.
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27
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Abiola TT, Whittock AL, Stavros VG. Unravelling the Photoprotective Mechanisms of Nature-Inspired Ultraviolet Filters Using Ultrafast Spectroscopy. Molecules 2020; 25:E3945. [PMID: 32872380 PMCID: PMC7504748 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are several drawbacks with the current commercially available ultraviolet (UV) filters used in sunscreen formulations, namely deleterious human and ecotoxic effects. As a result of the drawbacks, a current research interest is in identifying and designing new UV filters. One approach that has been explored in recent years is to use nature as inspiration, which is the focus of this review. Both plants and microorganisms have adapted to synthesize their own photoprotective molecules to guard their DNA from potentially harmful UV radiation. The relaxation mechanism of a molecule after it has been photoexcited can be unravelled by several techniques, the ones of most interest for this review being ultrafast spectroscopy and computational methods. Within the literature, both techniques have been implemented on plant-, and microbial-inspired UV filters to better understand their photoprotective roles in nature. This review aims to explore these findings for both families of nature-inspired UV filters in the hope of guiding the future design of sunscreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope T. Abiola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (T.T.A.); (A.L.W.)
| | - Abigail L. Whittock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (T.T.A.); (A.L.W.)
- AS CDT, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Vasilios G. Stavros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (T.T.A.); (A.L.W.)
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28
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Gao J, Zuo P, Zhu T, Gong Q, Jiang H. Study of the Formation Dynamics of OH from the Photolysis of O 3 by Ultrashort Laser Pulses. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6482-6486. [PMID: 32692574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the first experimental detection of the laser-induced formation dynamics of OH under normal pressure, which was observed using the pump-probe scheme with two 250 fs laser pulses at 282.2 nm. The first laser photolyzes O3 to form OH, and the second laser excites OH to induce fluorescence at 308 nm. The fluorescence cannot be detected with a single beam because the femtosecond pulses have already passed through the sample before the formation of OH from their own photolysis. A photochemical dynamic model was built, and the experimental results are in good agreement with the model. This method can also be used for other OH-related dynamic measurements, which can effectively avoid laser-generated interference from the photolysis of O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Zuo
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Hongbing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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29
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Molina-Gutiérrez S, Dalle Vacche S, Vitale A, Ladmiral V, Caillol S, Bongiovanni R, Lacroix-Desmazes P. Photoinduced Polymerization of Eugenol-Derived Methacrylates. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153444. [PMID: 32751133 PMCID: PMC7435665 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobased monomers have been used to replace their petroleum counterparts in the synthesis of polymers that are aimed at different applications. However, environmentally friendly polymerization processes are also essential to guarantee greener materials. Thus, photoinduced polymerization, which is low-energy consuming and solvent-free, rises as a suitable option. In this work, eugenol-, isoeugenol-, and dihydroeugenol-derived methacrylates are employed in radical photopolymerization to produce biobased polymers. The polymerization is monitored in the absence and presence of a photoinitiator and under air or protected from air, using Real-Time Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The polymerization rate of the methacrylate double bonds was affected by the presence and reactivity of the allyl and propenyl groups in the eugenol- and isoeugenol-derived methacrylates, respectively. These groups are involved in radical addition, degradative chain transfer, and termination reactions, yielding crosslinked polymers. The materials, in the form of films, are characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric, and contact angle analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Molina-Gutiérrez
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (S.M.-G.); (V.L.); (S.C.)
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (S.D.V.); (A.V.)
| | - Sara Dalle Vacche
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (S.D.V.); (A.V.)
| | - Alessandra Vitale
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (S.D.V.); (A.V.)
| | - Vincent Ladmiral
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (S.M.-G.); (V.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (S.M.-G.); (V.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Roberta Bongiovanni
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (S.D.V.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (P.L.-D.)
| | - Patrick Lacroix-Desmazes
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (S.M.-G.); (V.L.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (P.L.-D.)
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30
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Chen X, Zhao Z, Liu S, Huang J, Xie J, Zhou Y, Pan Z, Lu H. Ce–Fe–Mn ternary mixed-oxide catalysts for catalytic decomposition of ozone at ambient temperatures. J RARE EARTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Gunthardt CE, Aardema MN, Hall GE, North SW. Evidence for lambda doublet propensity in the UV photodissociation of ozone. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:224302. [PMID: 31837678 DOI: 10.1063/1.5131504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The photodissociation of O3 at 266 nm has been studied using velocity mapped ion imaging. We report temperature-dependent vector correlations for the O2(a1Δg, v = 0, j = 18-20) fragments at molecular beam temperatures of 70 K, 115 K, and 170 K. Both the fragment spatial anisotropy and the v-j correlations are found to be increasingly depolarized with increasing beam temperature. At all temperatures, the v-j correlations for the j = 19 state were shown to be reduced compared to those of j = 18 and 20, while no such odd/even rotational state difference was observed for the spatial anisotropy, consistent with previous measurements. We find that temperature-dependent differences in the populations and v-j correlations between the odd and even rotational states can be explained by a Λ-doublet propensity model. Although symmetry conservation should lead to formation of only the A' Λ-doublet component, and only even rotational states, out-of-plane rotation of the parent molecule breaks the planar symmetry and permits the formation of the A″ Λ-doublet component and odd rotational states. A simple classical model to treat the effect of parent rotation on the v-j correlation and the odd/even rotational population alternation reproduces both the current measurements and previously reported rotational distributions, suggesting that the "odd" behavior originates from a Λ-doublet propensity, and not from a mass independent curve crossing effect, as previously proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E Gunthardt
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, USA
| | - Megan N Aardema
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, USA
| | - Gregory E Hall
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory P.O. Box 5000 Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
| | - Simon W North
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, USA
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32
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Holt EL, Stavros VG. Applications of ultrafast spectroscopy to sunscreen development, from first principles to complex mixtures. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2019.1663062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Holt
- Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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33
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Ershov BG, Panich NM. Spectrophotometric determination of ozone in solutions: Molar absorption coefficient in the visible region. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 217:39-43. [PMID: 30927569 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new approach for the determination of ozone concentration in solutions in organic liquids based on spectrophotometric absorbance measurements in the visible region was proposed and substantiated. The molar absorption coefficient of ozone in the absorption maximum at ~600nm is 8.0mol-1 L cm-1 for hydrocarbons (hexane, heptane, isooctane), CHCl3 and CCl4, and 5.3mol-1 L cm-1 for methanol and 4.5mol-1 L cm-1 for water (±10%). The coefficient monotonically decreases with increasing dielectric constant of the liquid. The low molar absorption coefficient allows the use of spectrophotometric measurements for determination of high ozone concentrations ranging from approximately 1·10-2mol L-1 up to 1.0mol L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris G Ershov
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31-4, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Nadezhda M Panich
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31-4, Moscow 119071, Russia
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34
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Gil ES, de Araújo BB, Gonçalves PFB. CASPT2, CASSCF and non-adiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) studies on the low-lying electronic states of 1 H-1,2,3-triazole photolysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:25809-25819. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04313f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The photolysis mechanisms of 1H-1,2,3-triazole and 1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole were elucidated by employing multiconfigurational methods (CASSCF and CASPT2) and non-adiabatic molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Sangiogo Gil
- Grupo de Química Teórica
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – Instituto de Química
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
| | - Bruno Bercini de Araújo
- Grupo de Química Teórica
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – Instituto de Química
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
| | - Paulo F. B. Gonçalves
- Grupo de Química Teórica
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – Instituto de Química
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
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35
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Warter ML, Gunthardt CE, Wei W, McBane GC, North SW. Nascent O 2 ( a 1Δ g, v = 0, 1) rotational distributions from the photodissociation of jet-cooled O 3 in the Hartley band. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:134309. [PMID: 30292221 DOI: 10.1063/1.5051540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report rotational distributions for the O2 (a 1Δg) fragment from the photodissociation of jet-cooled O3 at 248, 266, and 282 nm. The rotational distributions show a population alternation that favors the even states, as previously reported for a 300 K sample by Valentini et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 86, 6745 (1987)]. The alternation from the jet-cooled precursor is much stronger than that observed by Valentini et al. and in contrast to their observations does not depend strongly on the O2 (a 1Δg) vibrational state or photolysis wavelength. The odd/even alternation diminishes substantially when the ozone beam temperature is increased from 60 to 200 K, confirming its dependence on parent internal energy. The magnitude of the even/odd alternation in product rotational states from the cold ozone sample, its temperature dependence, and other experimental and theoretical evidence reported since 1987 suggest that the alternation originates from a Λ-doublet propensity and not from a mass independent curve crossing effect, as previously proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Warter
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, USA
| | - Carolyn E Gunthardt
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, USA
| | - George C McBane
- Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan 49401, USA
| | - Simon W North
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, USA
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36
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Kamata K, Akai N, Nakata M. Red-light induced photoreaction of ozone-dimethylamine complex; matrix-isolation infrared spectra of dimethylamine-N-oxide and N,N-dimethylhydroxylamine. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Chen Y, Qu W, Li C, Chen J, Ma Z, Tang X. Ultra-Low-Temperature Ozone Abatement on α-MnO2(001) Facets with Down-Shifted Lowest Unoccupied Orbitals. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution & Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Weiye Qu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution & Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution & Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junxiao Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution & Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhen Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution & Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control & Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xingfu Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution & Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control & Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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38
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Dodson LG, Savee JD, Gozem S, Shen L, Krylov AI, Taatjes CA, Osborn DL, Okumura M. Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization cross section of the hydroxyl radical. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:184302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5024249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leah G. Dodson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - John D. Savee
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Samer Gozem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Linhan Shen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Craig A. Taatjes
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - David L. Osborn
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Mitchio Okumura
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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39
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Larsson K, Hot D, Ehn A, Lantz A, Weng W, Aldén M, Bood J. Quantitative Imaging of Ozone Vapor Using Photofragmentation Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF). APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:1578-1585. [PMID: 28195498 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817691528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the spectral properties of gaseous ozone (O3) have been investigated aiming to perform quantitative concentration imaging of ozone by using a single laser pulse at 248 nm from a KrF excimer laser. The O3 molecule is first photodissociated by the laser pulse into two fragments, O and O2. Then the same laser pulse electronically excites the O2 fragment, which is vibrationally hot, whereupon fluorescence is emitted. The fluorescence intensity is found to be proportional to the concentration of ozone. Both emission and absorption characteristics have been investigated, as well as how the laser fluence affects the fluorescence signal. Quantitative ozone imaging data have been achieved based on calibration measurements in known mixtures of O3. In addition, a simultaneous study of the emission intensity captured by an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera and a spectrograph has been performed. The results show that any signal contribution not stemming from ozone is negligible compared to the strong fluorescence induced by the O2 fragment, thus proving interference-free ozone imaging. The single-shot detection limit has been estimated to ∼400 ppm. The authors believe that the presented technique offers a valuable tool applicable in various research fields, such as plasma sterilization, water and soil remediation, and plasma-assisted combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa Larsson
- 1 Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dina Hot
- 1 Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Ehn
- 1 Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lantz
- 1 Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- 2 Current address: Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB, Finspång, Sweden
| | - Wubin Weng
- 1 Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Aldén
- 1 Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joakim Bood
- 1 Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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40
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Lieberman HB, Panigrahi SK, Hopkins KM, Wang L, Broustas CG. p53 and RAD9, the DNA Damage Response, and Regulation of Transcription Networks. Radiat Res 2017; 187:424-432. [PMID: 28140789 DOI: 10.1667/rr003cc.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The way cells respond to DNA damage is important since inefficient repair or misrepair of lesions can have deleterious consequences, including mutation, genomic instability, neurodegenerative disorders, premature aging, cancer or death. Whether damage occurs spontaneously as a byproduct of normal metabolic processes, or after exposure to exogenous agents, cells muster a coordinated, complex DNA damage response (DDR) to mitigate potential harmful effects. A variety of activities are involved to promote cell survival, and include DNA repair, DNA damage tolerance, as well as transient cell cycle arrest to provide time for repair before entry into critical cell cycle phases, an event that could be lethal if traversal occurs while damage is present. When such damage is prolonged or not repairable, senescence, apoptosis or autophagy is induced. One major level of DDR regulation occurs via the orchestrated transcriptional control of select sets of genes encoding proteins that mediate the response. p53 is a transcription factor that transactivates specific DDR downstream genes through binding DNA consensus sequences usually in or near target gene promoter regions. The profile of p53-regulated genes activated at any given time varies, and is dependent upon type of DNA damage or stress experienced, exact composition of the consensus DNA binding sequence, presence of other DNA binding proteins, as well as cell context. RAD9 is another protein critical for the response of cells to DNA damage, and can also selectively regulate gene transcription. The limited studies addressing the role of RAD9 in transcription regulation indicate that the protein transactivates at least one of its target genes, p21/waf1/cip1, by binding to DNA sequences demonstrated to be a p53 response element. NEIL1 is also regulated by RAD9 through a similar DNA sequence, though not yet directly verified as a bonafide p53 response element. These findings suggest a novel pathway whereby p53 and RAD9 control the DDR through a shared mechanism involving an overlapping network of downstream target genes. Details and unresolved questions about how these proteins coordinate or compete to execute the DDR through transcriptional reprogramming, as well as biological implications, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard B Lieberman
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; and.,b Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Sunil K Panigrahi
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; and
| | - Kevin M Hopkins
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; and
| | - Li Wang
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; and
| | - Constantinos G Broustas
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; and
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41
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Huang M, Kline N, Miller TA, Dawes R. Studies via Near-Infrared Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy and Electronic Structure Calculations of the Products of the Photolysis of Dihalomethane/N2/O2 Mixtures. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:98-112. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b10632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Huang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Neal Kline
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Research
and Technology Directorate, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, Gunpowder, Maryland 21010-5424, United States
| | - Terry A. Miller
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Richard Dawes
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
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42
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Wei C, Zhang F, Hu Y, Feng C, Wu H. Ozonation in water treatment: the generation, basic properties of ozone and its practical application. REV CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2016-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe widespread applications of ozone technologies are established on the basis of large-scale manufacture of ozone generator and chemical reactivity of ozone. It is hence necessary to summarize the principles of ozone generation and to analyze the physicochemical properties of ozone, which are of fundamental significance to indicate its technical developments and practical applications. This review presents a summary concerning ozone generation mechanisms, the physicochemical properties of ozone, as well as the applications of ozone in water treatment. Ozone can be produced by phosphorus contact, silent discharge, photochemical reactions, and electrochemical reactions, principally proceeding by the reaction of oxygen atom with oxygen molecule. There are side reactions to the generation of ozone, however, which are responsible for ozone depletion including thermal decomposition and quenching reactions by reactive species. The solubility of ozone in water is much higher than that of oxygen, suggesting that it may be reliably applied in water and wastewater treatment. Based on the resonance structures of ozone, one oxygen atom in ozone molecule is electron-deficient displaying electrophilic property, whereas one oxygen atom is electron-rich holding nucleophilic property. The superior chemical reactivity of ozone can also be indirectly revealed by radical-mediated reactions initiated from homogenous and heterogeneous catalytic decomposition of ozone. Owing to the reliable generation of ozone and its robust reactive properties, it is worthy to thoroughly elaborate the applications of ozone reaction in drinking water disinfection and pre- or post-treatment of industrial wastewater including cyanide wastewater, coking wastewater, dyeing wastewater, and municipal wastewater. The structural characteristics of ozone reactors and energy requirement of applied technologies are evaluated. In addition, future directions concerning the development of ozone generation, ozone reactivity, and industrial wastewater ozonation have been proposed.
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43
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Lahankar SA, Zhang J, Minton TK, Guo H, Lendvay G. Dynamics of the O-Atom Exchange Reaction 16O(3P) + 18O18O(3Σg–) → 16O18O(3Σg–) + 18O(3P) at Hyperthermal Energies. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:5348-59. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b01855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar A. Lahankar
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Montana State University Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Montana State University Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Timothy K. Minton
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Montana State University Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Hua Guo
- Department
of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - György Lendvay
- Institute of Materials and
Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 286, H-1519 Budapest, Hungary
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44
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Theis D, Ivanic J, Windus TL, Ruedenberg K. The transition from the open minimum to the ring minimum on the ground state and on the lowest excited state of like symmetry in ozone: A configuration interaction study. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:104304. [PMID: 26979690 PMCID: PMC4788607 DOI: 10.1063/1.4942019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastable ring structure of the ozone 1(1)A1 ground state, which theoretical calculations have shown to exist, has so far eluded experimental detection. An accurate prediction for the energy difference between this isomer and the lower open structure is therefore of interest, as is a prediction for the isomerization barrier between them, which results from interactions between the lowest two (1)A1 states. In the present work, valence correlated energies of the 1(1)A1 state and the 2(1)A1 state were calculated at the 1(1)A1 open minimum, the 1(1)A1 ring minimum, the transition state between these two minima, the minimum of the 2(1)A1 state, and the conical intersection between the two states. The geometries were determined at the full-valence multi-configuration self-consistent-field level. Configuration interaction (CI) expansions up to quadruple excitations were calculated with triple-zeta atomic basis sets. The CI expansions based on eight different reference configuration spaces were explored. To obtain some of the quadruple excitation energies, the method of Correlation Energy Extrapolation by Intrinsic Scaling was generalized to the simultaneous extrapolation for two states. This extrapolation method was shown to be very accurate. On the other hand, none of the CI expansions were found to have converged to millihartree (mh) accuracy at the quadruple excitation level. The data suggest that convergence to mh accuracy is probably attained at the sextuple excitation level. On the 1(1)A1 state, the present calculations yield the estimates of (ring minimum-open minimum) ∼45-50 mh and (transition state-open minimum) ∼85-90 mh. For the (2(1)A1-(1)A1) excitation energy, the estimate of ∼130-170 mh is found at the open minimum and 270-310 mh at the ring minimum. At the transition state, the difference (2(1)A1-(1)A1) is found to be between 1 and 10 mh. The geometry of the transition state on the 1(1)A1 surface and that of the minimum on the 2(1)A1 surface nearly coincide. More accurate predictions of the energy differences also require CI expansions to at least sextuple excitations with respect to the valence space. For every wave function considered, the omission of the correlations of the 2s oxygen orbitals, which is a widely used approximation, was found to cause errors of about ±10 mh with respect to the energy differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Theis
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Joseph Ivanic
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, DSITP, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Theresa L Windus
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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45
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Huang SC, Nghia NT, Putikam R, Nguyen HMT, Lin MC, Tsuchiya S, Lee YP. Reaction dynamics of O(¹D) + HCOOD/DCOOH investigated with time-resolved Fourier-transform infrared emission spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2015; 141:154313. [PMID: 25338902 DOI: 10.1063/1.4897418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the reaction dynamics of O((1)D) towards hydrogen atoms of two types in HCOOH. The reaction was initiated on irradiation of a flowing mixture of O3 and HCOOD or DCOOH at 248 nm. The relative vibration-rotational populations of OH and OD (1 ≦ v ≦ 4, J ≤ 15) states were determined from time-resolved IR emission recorded with a step-scan Fourier-transform spectrometer. In the reaction of O((1)D) + HCOOD, the rotational distribution of product OH is nearly Boltzmann, whereas that of OD is bimodal. The product ratio [OH]/[OD] is 0.16 ± 0.05. In the reaction of O((1)D) + DCOOH, the rotational distribution of product OH is bimodal, but the observed OD lines are too weak to provide reliable intensities. The three observed OH/OD channels agree with three major channels of production predicted with quantum-chemical calculations. In the case of O((1)D) + HCOOD, two intermediates HOC(O)OD and HC(O)OOD are produced in the initial C-H and O-D insertion, respectively. The former undergoes further decomposition of the newly formed OH or the original OD, whereas the latter produces OD via direct decomposition. Decomposition of HOC(O)OD produced OH and OD with similar vibrational excitation, indicating efficient intramolecular vibrational relaxation, IVR. Decomposition of HC(O)OOD produced OD with greater rotational excitation. The predicted [OH]/[OD] ratio is 0.20 for O((1)D) + HCOOD and 4.08 for O((1)D) + DCOOH; the former agrees satisfactorily with experiments. We also observed the v3 emission from the product CO2. This emission band is deconvoluted into two components corresponding to internal energies E = 317 and 96 kJ mol(-1) of CO2, predicted to be produced via direct dehydration of HOC(O)OH and secondary decomposition of HC(O)O that was produced via decomposition of HC(O)OOH, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Chen Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - N T Nghia
- School of Chemical Engineering - Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Raghunath Putikam
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Hue M T Nguyen
- Center for Computational Science and Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - M C Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Soji Tsuchiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Pern Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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Picconi D, Grebenshchikov SY. Intermediate photofragment distributions as probes of non-adiabatic dynamics at conical intersections: application to the Hartley band of ozone. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:28931-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04564a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dynamics at a reactive two-state conical intersection lying outside the Franck–Condon zone is studied for a prototypical reaction of ultraviolet photodissociation of ozone in the Hartley band.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Picconi
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- 85747 Garching
- Germany
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47
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Hwang KC, Sagadevan A. One-pot room-temperature conversion of cyclohexane to adipic acid by ozone and UV light. Science 2014; 346:1495-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1259684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Chu Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Arunachalam Sagadevan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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48
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Kiefer J, Zhou B, Zetterberg J, Li Z, Alden M. Laser-induced fluorescence detection of hot molecular oxygen in flames using an alexandrite laser. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 68:1266-1273. [PMID: 25279538 DOI: 10.1366/14-07512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of an alexandrite laser for laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy and imaging of molecular oxygen in thermally excited vibrational states is demonstrated. The laser radiation after the third harmonic generation was used to excite the B-X (0-7) band at 257 nm in the Schumann-Runge system of oxygen. LIF emission was detected between 270 and 380 nm, revealing distinct bands of the transitions from B(0) to highly excited vibrational states in the electronic ground state, X (v > 7). At higher spectral resolution, these bands reveal the common P- and R-branch line splitting. Eventually, the proposed LIF approach was used for single-shot imaging of the two-dimensional distribution of hot oxygen molecules in flames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kiefer
- School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Fraser Noble Building, Aberdeen AB24 3UE Scotland, UK
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49
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Picconi D, Grebenshchikov SY. Signatures of a conical intersection in photofragment distributions and absorption spectra: photodissociation in the Hartley band of ozone. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:074311. [PMID: 25149790 DOI: 10.1063/1.4892919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodissociation of ozone in the near UV is studied quantum mechanically in two excited electronic states coupled at a conical intersection located outside the Franck-Condon zone. The calculations, performed using recent ab initio PESs, provide an accurate description of the photodissociation dynamics across the Hartley/Huggins absorption bands. The observed photofragment distributions are reproduced in the two electronic dissociation channels. The room temperature absorption spectrum, constructed as a Boltzmann average of many absorption spectra of rotationally excited parent ozone, agrees with experiment in terms of widths and intensities of diffuse structures. The exit channel conical intersection contributes to the coherent broadening of the absorption spectrum and directly affects the product vibrational and translational distributions. The photon energy dependences of these distributions are strikingly different for fragments created along the adiabatic and the diabatic paths through the intersection. They can be used to reverse engineer the most probable geometry of the non-adiabatic transition. The angular distributions, quantified in terms of the anisotropy parameter β, are substantially different in the two channels due to a strong anticorrelation between β and the rotational angular momentum of the fragment O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Picconi
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Univeristät München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Sergy Yu Grebenshchikov
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Univeristät München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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50
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Qi L, Ding Y, Dong Q, Wen B, Wang F, Zhang S, Yang M. Photostabilization of polypropylene by surface modified rutile-type TiO2nanorods. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfen Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Quanxiao Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute, Co., Ltd.; Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
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