1
|
Liu Y, Zhou X, Li R, Sun Z. Photocatalytic Synthesis of γ,γ-Difluoroallylic Ketones and δ,δ-Difluoroallylic Ketones via a Desulfurative/Defluorinative Alkylation Process. Org Lett 2024; 26:6424-6427. [PMID: 39041637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The gem-difluoroalkene moiety is frequently found in medicinal chemistry. From α-keton sulfides and thioic acids, we were able to develop a universal approach for the synthesis of γ,γ-difluoroallylic ketones and δ,δ-difluoroallylic ketones via a desulfurative/defluorinative alkylation process. We expect that this mild and efficient method will be complementary to other known strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiyan Zhou
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ruining Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhankui Sun
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
- Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Koo J, Kim W, Jhun BH, Park S, Song D, You Y, Lee HG. Halogen Atom Transfer-Induced Homolysis of C-F Bonds by the Excited-State Boryl Radical. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39093360 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
A novel reactivity toward C-F bond functionalization has been developed, which could be designated as fluorine atom transfer (FAT). A photoexcited state of an N-heterocyclic carbene-ligated boryl radical exhibits a transcendent reactivity, capable of activating chemically inert carbon-fluorine bonds through homolysis. Combined experimental and computational studies suggest that the ligated boryl radical species directly abstracts a fluorine atom from the organofluoride substrates to provide valuable carbon-centered radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jangwoo Koo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Weonjeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hak Jhun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayoon Song
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin You
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Geun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Y, Cao T, Peng R, Zhou S, Long X, Jiang H, Zhu C. Chemoselective Thioacylation of Amines Enabled by Synergistic Defluorinative Coupling. Org Lett 2024; 26:6438-6443. [PMID: 39046793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
A mild and chemoselective method for the thioacylation of amines, including amino acids and peptides, using gem-difluoroalkenes and sulfide, is reported. The distinguishing of the different nucleophilic sites (S-site and diverse N-sites) by the chemoselective C-F bond functionalization of gem-difluoroalkenes enables the unique synergistic defluorinative coupling reaction. This reaction features mild conditions, is operationally simple, efficient, and gram-scalable, tolerates various functional groups, and is activator-free and without racemization. Thioamide moieties were incorporated site-specifically into bioactive compounds. The proposed mechanism is illustrated by a DFT calculation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Tongxiang Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Rongbin Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xujing Long
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chuanle Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Tsui GC. Stereodivergent Palladium-Catalyzed C-F Bond Functionalization of gem-Difluoroalkenes. Org Lett 2024; 26:5822-5826. [PMID: 38937877 PMCID: PMC11250036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
We herein describe a stereodivergent C-F bond functionalization of gem-difluoroalkenes. Using trisubstituted β,β-difluoroacrylates, both E and Z monofluoroalkene products can be obtained with excellent diastereoselectivities. The design of two different reaction manifolds, i.e., Pd(II)- versus Pd(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling of boronic acids, is the key to stereocontrol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Gavin Chit Tsui
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Shanghai-Hong
Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang L, Tao Z, Xu HD, Shen MH, Chu H. Synthesis of gem-Difluorinated Oxa/Azaspiro[2.4]heptanes via Palladium-Catalyzed Spirocyclopropanation. Org Lett 2024; 26:5782-5787. [PMID: 38940384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed spirocyclopropanation of gem-difluoroalkenes with π-allylpalladium 1,4-dipoles has been successfully developed, which gives a powerful and straightforward synthetic strategy for the construction of novel gem-difluorinated spirocyclic compounds, 6,6-difluoro-5-oxa/azaspiro[2.4]heptanes. The scope of gem-difluoroalkenes can be extended to styrenes, acrylic esters, and acrylamides to realize the installment of various functional groups and different heteroatoms on the spirocyclic skeletons, which could be converted to valuable compounds with potential biological activity. The mechanistic investigations revealed the competition between spirocyclopropanation and β-F elimination of π-allylpalladium zwitterionic intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Zhu Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Hua-Dong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Mei-Hua Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Haoke Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Zhu T, Lin Y, Wei X, Xie X, Lin R, Zhang Z, Fang W, Zhang JJ, Zhang Y, Hu MY, Cai L, Chen Z. Organo-photoredox catalyzed gem-difluoroallylation of ketone-derived dihydroquinazolinones via C(sp 3)-C bond and C(sp 3)-F bond cleavage. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5561-5568. [PMID: 38916128 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00671b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
An organo-photoredox catalyzed gem-difluoroallylation of both acyclic and cyclic ketone derivatives with α-trifluoromethyl alkenes has been demonstrated, thus giving access to a diverse set of gem-difluoroalkenes in moderate to high yields. Pro-aromatic dihydroquinazolinones can be either pre-formed or in situ generated for ketone activation. This reaction is characterized by readily available starting materials, mild reaction conditions, and broad substrate scope. The feasibility of this reaction has been highlighted by the late-stage modification of several natural products and drug-like molecules as well as the in vitro antifungal activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China.
| | - Tianshuai Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China.
| | - Yuqian Lin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China.
| | - Xian Wei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China.
| | - Xinyu Xie
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China.
| | - Ruofan Lin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China.
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China.
| | - Weiwei Fang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China.
| | - Jing-Jing Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Meng-Yang Hu
- DreamChem (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., No. 4, Haitai Development 2nd Road, Binhai High-tech Zone, Tianjin, 300380, China
| | - Lingchao Cai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China.
| | - Zhen Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Uchikura T, Akutsu F, Tani H, Akiyama T. Photoreduction of Trifluoromethyl Group: Lithium Ion Assisted Fluoride-Coupled Electron Transfer from EDA Complex. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400658. [PMID: 38600038 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Photoinduced single-electron reduction is an efficient method for the mono-selective activation of the C-F bond on a trifluoromethyl group to construct a difluoroalkyl group. We have developed an electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) complex mediated single-electron transfer (EDA-SET) of α,α,α-trifluoromethyl arenes in the presence of lithium salt to give α,α-difluoroalkylarenes. The C-F bond reduction was realized by lithium iodide and triethylamine, two common feedstock reagents. Mechanistic studies revealed the generation of a α,α-difluoromethyl radical by single-electron reduction and defluorination, followed by the radical addition to alkenes. Lithium salt interacted with the fluorine atom to promote the photoinduced reduction mediated by the EDA complex. Computational studies indicated that the lithium-assisted defluorination and the single-electron reduction occurred concertedly. We call this phenomenon fluoride-coupled electron transfer (FCET). FCET is a novel approach to C-F bond activation for the synthesis of organofluorine compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Uchikura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 171-8588, 1-5-1, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fua Akutsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 171-8588, 1-5-1, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruna Tani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 171-8588, 1-5-1, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Akiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 171-8588, 1-5-1, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Talavera M, Mollasalehi S, Braun T. C-H and C-F bond activation of fluorinated propenes at Rh: enabling cross-coupling reactions with outer-sphere C-C coupling. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8472-8477. [PMID: 38846380 PMCID: PMC11151818 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00951g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The reaction of [Rh{(E)-CF[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3}(PEt3)3] with Zn(CH3)2 results in the methylation of the alkenyl ligand to give [Rh{(E/Z)-C(CH3)[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3}(PEt3)3]. Variable temperature NMR studies allowed the identification of a heterobinuclear rhodium-zinc complex as an intermediate, for which the structure [Rh(CH3)(ZnCH3){(Z)-C(CH3)[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3}(PEt3)2] is proposed. Based on these stoichiometric reactions, unique Negishi-type catalytic cross-coupling reactions of fluorinated propenes by consecutive C-H and C-F bond activation steps at room temperature were developed. The C-H bond activation steps provide a fluorinated ligand at Rh and deliver the fluorinated product, whereas the C-F bond activation and C-C coupling occur via outer-sphere nucleophilic attack at the fluorinated alkenyl ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Talavera
- Facultad de Química, Universidade de Vigo Campus Universitario 36310 Vigo Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Soodeh Mollasalehi
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Feng A, Yang Y, Liu C, Zhang D. DFT Calculations Rationalize Unconventional Regioselectivity in Pd II-Catalyzed Defluorinative Alkylation of gem-Difluorocyclopropanes with Hydrazones. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38766868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been conducted to gain insight into the unique formation of the branched alkylation product in the PdII-catalyzed defluorinative alkylation of gem-difluorocyclopropanes with hydrazones. The reaction is established to occur in sequence through oxidative addition, β-F elimination, η1-η3 isomerization, transmetalation, η3-η1 isomerization, 3,3'-reductive elimination, deprotonation/N2 extrusion, and proton abstraction. The rate-determining step of the reaction is identified as the β-F elimination, featuring an energy barrier of 28.6 kcal/mol. The 3,3'-reductive elimination transition states are the regioselectivity-determining transition states. The favorable noncovalent π-π interaction between the naphthyl group of gem-difluorocyclopropane and the phenyl group of hydrazone is found to be mainly responsible for the observed regioselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aili Feng
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yiying Yang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Chengbu Liu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Dongju Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zubkov MO, Dilman AD. Radical reactions enabled by polyfluoroaryl fragments: photocatalysis and beyond. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4741-4785. [PMID: 38536104 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00889d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Polyfluoroarenes have been known for a long time, but they are most often used as fluorinated building blocks for the synthesis of aromatic compounds. At the same time, due to peculiar fluorine effect, they have unique properties that provide applications in various fields ranging from synthesis to materials science. This review summarizes advances in the radical chemistry of polyfluoroarenes, which have become possible mainly with the advent of photocatalysis. Transformations of the fluorinated ring via the C-F bond activation, as well as use of fluoroaryl fragments as activating groups and hydrogen atom transfer agents are discussed. The ability of fluoroarenes to serve as catalysts is also considred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail O Zubkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jia J, Zhumagazy S, Zhu C, Lee SC, Alsharif S, Yue H, Rueping M. Selective Mono-Defluorinative Cross-Coupling of Trifluoromethyl arenes via Multiphoton Photoredox Catalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302927. [PMID: 38573029 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
A new cross-coupling of trifluoromethyl arenes has been realized via multiphoton photoredox catalysis. Trifluoromethyl arenes were demonstrated to undergo selective mono-defluorinative alkylation under mild reaction conditions providing access to a series of valuable α,α-difluorobenzylic compounds. The reaction shows broad substrate scope and general functional group tolerance. In addition to the electron-deficient trifluoromethyl arenes that are easily reduced to the corresponding radical anion, more challenging electron-rich substrates were also successfully applied. Steady-State Stern-Volmer quenching studies indicated that the trifluoromethyl arenes were reduced by the multiphoton excited Ir-based photocatalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Jia
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Serik Zhumagazy
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chen Zhu
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shao-Chi Lee
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Alsharif
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huifeng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Borys AM, Vedani L, Hevia E. Stoichiometric and Catalytic Lithium Nickelate-Mediated C-F Bond Alkynylation of Fluoroarenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10199-10205. [PMID: 38545862 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Low-valent nickelates have recently been shown to be key intermediates that facilitate challenging cross-coupling reactions under mild conditions. Expanding the synthetic potential of these heterobimetallic complexes, herein we report the success of trilithium nickelate Li3(TMEDA)3Ni(C≡C-Ph)3 in promoting stoichiometric C-F activation of assorted aryl fluorides furnishing novel mixed Li/Ni(0) or Li/Ni(II) species depending on the substrate and conditions employed. These stoichiometric successes can be upgraded to catalytic regimes to enable the atom-efficient alkynylation of aryl fluorides and polyfluoroarenes with lithium acetylides and precatalyst Ni(COD)2, which operates without the intervention of external ligands, Cu cocatalysts, or additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andryj M Borys
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmacie, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luca Vedani
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmacie, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmacie, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao X, Bai L, Li J, Jiang X. Photouranium-Catalyzed C-F Activation Hydroxylation via Water Splitting. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38593178 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The C-F bond is the strongest covalent single bond (126 kcal/mol) in carbon-centered bonds, in which the highest electronegativity of fluorine (χ = 4) gives rise to the shortest bond length (1.38 Å) and the smallest van der Waals radius (rw = 1.47 Å), resulting in enormous challenges for activation and transformation. Herein, C-F conversion was realized via photouranium-catalyzed hydroxylation of unactivated aryl fluorides using water as a hydroxyl source to deliver multifunctional phenols under ambient conditions. The activation featured cascade sequences of single electron transfer (SET)/hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)/oxygen atom transfer (OAT), highly integrated from the excited uranyl cation. The *UO22+ prompted water splitting under mild photoexcitation, caging the active oxygen in a peroxo-bridged manner for the critical OAT process and releasing hydrogen via the HAT process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Zhao
- Hainan Institute of East China Normal University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Leiyang Bai
- Hainan Institute of East China Normal University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- Hainan Institute of East China Normal University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Garg A, Haswell A, Hopkinson MN. C-F Bond Insertion: An Emerging Strategy for Constructing Fluorinated Molecules. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304229. [PMID: 38270496 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
C-F Insertion reactions, where an organic fragment formally inserts into a carbon-fluorine bond in a substrate, are highly attractive, yet largely unexplored, methods to prepare valuable fluorinated molecules. The inherent strength of C-F bonds and the resulting need for a large thermodynamic driving force to initiate C-F cleavage often leads to sequestering of the released fluoride in an unreactive by-product. Recently, however, several groups have succeeded in overcoming this challenge, opening up the study of C-F insertion as an efficient and highly atom-economical approach to prepare fluorinated compounds. In this article, the recent breakthroughs are discussed focusing on the key conceptual advances that allowed for both C-F bond cleavage and subsequent incorporation of the released fluoride into the product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arushi Garg
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alex Haswell
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthew N Hopkinson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhou J, Zhao Z, Mori S, Yamamoto K, Shibata N. Cross-coupling of organic fluorides with allenes: a silyl-radical-relay pathway for the construction of α-alkynyl-substituted all-carbon quaternary centres. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5113-5122. [PMID: 38577357 PMCID: PMC10988592 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06617g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlling the transformation of versatile and reactive allenes is a considerable challenge. Herein, we report an efficient silylboronate-mediated cross-coupling reaction of organic fluorides with allenes to construct a series of sterically demanding α-ethynyl-containing all-carbon quaternary centers (ACQCs), using catalyst-free silyl-radical-relay reactions to selectively functionalize highly inert C-F bonds in organic fluorides. The key to the success of this transformation lies in the radical rearrangement of an in situ-generated allenyl radical to form a bulky tertiary propargyl radical; however, the transformation does not show efficiency when using the propargyl isomer directly. This unique reaction enables the cross-coupling of a tertiary carbon radical center with a C(sp2)-F bond or a benzylic C(sp3)-F bond. α-Ethynyl-containing ACQCs with (hetero)aromatic substituents and benzyl were efficiently synthesized in a single step using electronically and sterically diverse organic fluorides and allenes. The practical utility of this protocol is showcased by the late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules and the modification of a liquid crystalline material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Zhengyu Zhao
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Soichiro Mori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xue Q, Pu Y, Zhao H, Xie X, Zhang H, Wang J, Yan L, Shang Y. Palladium-catalysed aryl/monofluoroalkylation of allenamides: access to fluoroalkyl indoles and isoquinolones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3794-3797. [PMID: 38482848 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00657g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A palladium catalysed construction of fluoroalkyl indoles and isoquinolones through aryl/monofluoroalkylation of allenamides has been developed. Monofluoromethyl-substituted heterocycles could be accessed under mild conditions with broad functional group tolerance. In addition, indole-oxindole bisheterocyclic scaffolds bearing a fluorine atom were successfully synthesized with 3-fluoro-oxindole as the nucleophile by applying this method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Xue
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China.
| | - Yue Pu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China.
| | - Haixia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaotian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China.
| | - Heng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China.
| | - Liqin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China.
| | - Yongjia Shang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xie X, Dong S, Hong K, Huang J, Xu X. Catalytic Asymmetric Difluoroalkylation Using In Situ Generated Difluoroenol Species as the Privileged Synthon. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307520. [PMID: 38318687 PMCID: PMC11005710 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
A robust and practical difluoroalkylation synthon, α,α-difluoroenol species, which generated in situ from trifluoromethyl diazo compounds and water in the presence of dirhodium complex, is disclosed. As compared to the presynthesized difluoroenoxysilane and in situ formed difluoroenolate under basic conditions, this difluoroenol intermediate displayed versatile reactivity, resulting in dramatically improved enantioselectivity under mild conditions. As demonstrated in catalytic asymmetric aldol reaction and Mannich reactions with ketones or imines in the presence of chiral organocatalysts, quinine-derived urea, and chiral phosphoric acid (CPA), respectively, this relay catalysis strategy provides an effective platform for applying asymmetric fluorination chemistry. Moreover, this method features a novel 1,2-difunctionalization process via installation of a carbonyl motif and an alkyl group on two vicinal carbons, which is a complementary protocol to the metal carbene gem-difunctionalization reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiongda Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shanliang Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Kemiao Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xinfang Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lin R, Shan Y, Li Y, Wei X, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Gao Y, Fang W, Zhang JJ, Wu T, Cai L, Chen Z. Organo-Photoredox Catalyzed gem-Difluoroallylation of Glycine and Glycine Residue in Peptides. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4056-4066. [PMID: 38449357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
An organo-photoredox catalyzed gem-difluoroallylation of glycine with α-trifluoromethyl alkenes via direct C(sp3)-H functionalization of glycine and C-F bond activation of α-trifluoromethyl alkenes has been described. As a consequence, a broad range of gem-difluoroalkene-containing unnatural amino acids are afforded in moderate to excellent yields. This reaction exhibits multiple merits such as readily available starting materials, broad substrate scope, and mild reaction conditions. The feasibility of this reaction has been highlighted by the late-stage modification of several peptides as well as the improved in vitro antifungal activity of compound 3v toward Valsa mali compared to that with commercial azoxystrobin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruofan Lin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yujie Shan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yan Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Xian Wei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yuqian Lin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yiman Gao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Weiwei Fang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Lab of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resource, Key Lab of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Lab for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, China
| | - Lingchao Cai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang M, Pan D, Zhang Q, Lei Y, Wang C, Jia H, Mou L, Miao X, Ren X, Xu Z. Site-Selective Polyfluoroaryl Modification and Unsymmetric Stapling of Unprotected Peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6675-6685. [PMID: 38427024 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Peptide stapling is recognized as an effective strategy for improving the proteolytic stability and cell permeability of peptides. In this study, we present a novel approach for the site-selective unsymmetric perfluoroaryl stapling of Ser and Cys residues in unprotected peptides. The stapling reaction proceeds smoothly under very mild conditions, exhibiting a remarkably rapid reaction rate. It can furnish stapled products in both liquid and solid phases, and the presence of nucleophilic groups other than Cys thiol within the peptide does not impede the reaction, resulting in uniformly high yields. Importantly, the chemoselective activation of Ser β-C(sp3)-H enables the unreacted -OH to serve as a reactive handle for subsequent divergent modification of the staple moiety with various therapeutic functionalities, including a clickable azido group, a polar moiety, a lipid tag, and a fluorescent dye. In our study, we have also developed a visible-light-induced chemoselective C(sp3)-H polyfluoroarylation of the Ser β-position. This reaction avoids interference with the competitive reaction of Ser -OH, enabling the precise late-stage polyfluoroarylative modification of Ser residues in various unprotected peptides containing other highly reactive amino acid residues. The biological assay suggested that our peptide stapling strategy would potentially enhance the proteolytic stability and cellular permeability of peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Da Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yongjia Lei
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haoyuan Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lingyun Mou
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaokang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhaoqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chai H, Wang X, Ma X, Zhen X, Qin Y, Qi L, Xu Z, Li F, Zhu W. Light-Activated BF 3·Et 2O-Promoted Generation of Singlet Oxygen and Cascade Reaction of Unsaturated Amides. Org Lett 2024; 26:1775-1779. [PMID: 38408019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Herein, BF3·Et2O-promoted O-insertion/spirocyclization/fluorination/ring-expansion of unsaturated amides to synthesis of spiro[benzo[b]-[1,4]dioxepine-3,5'-oxazole] skeletons in the presence of natural light and O2 (3Σg-) was reported. Air was the oxygen source of the 1O2-generation and O-insertion reaction under metal-free and mild conditions. BF3·Et2O played multiple roles, such as Lewis acid, activating reagent, and fluorine source in the reported cascade. A mechanism involving 1O2 generation/activation of double bond/O-insertion/spirocyclization/fluorination/ring expansion was supposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Chai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xingyu Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiang Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuji Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liang Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhaoqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fuchong Li
- Lanzhou Chemical Research Center of PetroChina, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratoty for Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cui M, Xu Y, Tian R, Duan Z. BF 3-Promoted Ring Expansion of Iminylphosphiranes and Acylphosphiranes for Divergent Access to 1,2-Azaphospholidines and 1,2-Dihydrophosphetes. Org Lett 2024; 26:1819-1823. [PMID: 38415589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Ring expansion of strained small rings provides an efficient method for the synthesis of various high-value carbocycles and heterocycles. Here we report BF3·Et2O as both an activating reagent and fluorine source, enabling ring expansion of phosphirane and P-F bond formation. Treatment of 1-iminylphosphirane complexes with BF3·Et2O resulted in 1,2-azaphospholidines, while the reaction of 1-acylphosphirane complexes with BF3·Et2O afforded 1,2-dihydrophosphetes. The reaction path was tuned by the nucleophilicity of the N and O atoms toward the intermediate phosphenium cation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Cui
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xu
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Rongqiang Tian
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ling J, Zhou L. Picking Two out of Three: Defluorinative Annulation of Trifluoromethyl Alkenes for the Synthesis of Monofluorinated Carbo- and Heterocycles. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300332. [PMID: 38251926 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The increasing demand of organofluorine compounds in medicine, agriculture, and materials sciences makes sophisticated methods for their synthesis ever more necessary. Nowadays, not only the C-F bond formation but also the selective C-F bond cleavage of readily available poly- or perfluorine-containing compounds have become powerful tools for the effective synthesis of organofluorine compounds. The defluorinative cross-coupling of trifluoromethyl alkenes with various nucleophiles or radical precursors in an SN 2' manner is a convergent route to access gem-difluoroalkenes, which in turn react with nucleophiles or radical precursors via an SN V-type reaction. If the SN V reactions occur intramolecularly, the dual C-F bond cleavage of trifluoromethyl alkenes allows facile assembly of monofluorinated cyclic skeletons with structural complexity and diversity. In this personal account, we summarized the advances in this field on the basis of coupling and cyclization partners, including binucleophiles, alkynes, diradical precursors and radical precursors bearing a nucleophilic site. Accordingly, the annulation reactions can be achieved by base-mediated sequential SN 2'/SN V reactions, transition metal catalyzed or mediated reactions, photoredox catalysis, and the combination of photocatalytic reactions with SN V reaction. In the context of seminal works of others in this field, a concise summary of the contributions of the authors is also offered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Ling
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lye K, Young RD. A review of frustrated Lewis pair enabled monoselective C-F bond activation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2712-2724. [PMID: 38404400 PMCID: PMC10882520 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) bond activation chemistry has greatly developed over the last two decades since the seminal report of metal-free reversible hydrogen activation. Recently, FLP systems have been utilized to allow monoselective C-F bond activation (at equivalent sites) in polyfluoroalkanes. The problem of 'over-defluorination' in the functionalization of polyfluoroalkanes (where multiple fluoro-positions are uncontrollably functionalized) has been a long-standing chemical problem in fluorocarbon chemistry for over 80 years. FLP mediated monoselective C-F bond activation is complementary to other solutions developed to address 'over-defluorination' and offers several advantages and unique opportunities. This perspective highlights some of these advantages and opportunities and places the development of FLP mediated C-F bond activation into the context of the wider effort to overcome 'over-defluorination'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Lye
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Rowan D Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia 4072 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zong Y, Tsui GC. Addition of Carboxylic Acids to gem-Difluoroalkenes for the Synthesis of gem-Difluoromethylenated Compounds. Org Lett 2024; 26:1261-1264. [PMID: 38301042 PMCID: PMC10877607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
We herein describe a straightforward protocol for the synthesis of carboxylic esters containing a gem-difluoromethylene unit. Readily available carboxylic acids can act as nucleophiles to add regioselectively to tetrasubstituted or trisubstituted β,β-difluoroacrylates (formal hydroacetoxylation) for the construction of RCO2-CF2 bonds. Thermal conditions are sufficient without the use of catalysts or additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zong
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New
Territories 999077, Hong
Kong SAR, China
| | - Gavin Chit Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New
Territories 999077, Hong
Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Qiu H, Li F, Jin C, Yang Z, Li J, Pan S, Mutailipu M. Fluorination Strategy Towards Symmetry Breaking of Boron-centered Tetrahedron for Poly-fluorinated Optical Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316194. [PMID: 38009443 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Borate crystals can be chemically and functionally modified by the fluorination strategy, which encourages the identification of emerging fluorooxoborates with a structure and set of characteristics not seen in any other oxide parents. However, the bulk of fluorooxoborates have been found accidentally, rational methods of synthesis are required, particularly for the infrequently occurring poly-fluorinated components. Herein, we reported the use of bifluoride salts as a potent source of fluorine to prepare fluorooxoborates that contain rarely tri-fluorinated [BF3 X] (X=O and CH3 ) tetrahedra and eleven compounds were found. We identified the optical properties of the organofluorinated group [CH3 BF3 ] and their potential for nonlinear optics for the first time. Among these, two non-centrosymmetric components hold potential for the production of 266 nm harmonic coherent light for nonlinear optics, and more crucially, have the benefit of growing large size single crystals. Our study establishes experimental conditions for the coexistence of the diverse functional groups, enabling the production of poly-fluorinated optical crystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Qiu
- Research Center for Crystal Materials, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fuming Li
- Research Center for Crystal Materials, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Congcong Jin
- Research Center for Crystal Materials, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Research Center for Crystal Materials, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Li
- Research Center for Crystal Materials, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shilie Pan
- Research Center for Crystal Materials, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Miriding Mutailipu
- Research Center for Crystal Materials, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu XL, Ji SJ, Cai ZJ. Palladium-catalyzed carbomonofluoromethylation of unactivated alkenes: rapid access to γ-monofluoromethyl carboxylic acid derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:730-733. [PMID: 38115711 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05380f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a palladium-catalyzed regioselective carbomonofluoromethylation of unactivated alkenes. The reaction uses easily available fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)methane (FBSM) as a fluoromethylating reagent, and proceeds smoothly with a wide variety of carbon electrophiles, including (hetero)aryl iodides, styrenyl iodides and TIPSBr. A range of remote γ-CH2F/CD2F carboxylic acid derivatives were constructed rapidly after a simple reductive desulfonylation step. The reaction features high regioselectivity, mild and simple reaction conditions and a broad substrate scope, and is easy to scale up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Shun-Jun Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Zhong-Jian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Deng G, Medel R, Lu Y, Riedel S. Photoinduced Dual C-F Bond Activation of Hexafluorobenzene Mediated by Boron Atom. Chemistry 2024:e202303874. [PMID: 38193267 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The reaction of laser-ablated boron atoms with hexafluorobenzene (C6 F6 ) was investigated in neon and argon matrices, and the products are identified by matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations. The reaction is triggered by a boron atom insertion into one C-F bond of hexafluorobenzene on annealing, forming a fluoropentafluorophenyl boryl radical (A). UV-Vis light irradiation of fluoropentafluorophenyl boryl radical causes generation of a 2-difluoroboryl-tetrafluorophenyl radical (B) via a second C-F bond activation. A perfluoroborepinyl radical (C) is also observed upon deposition and under UV-Vis light irradiation. This finding reveals the new example of a dual C-F bond activation of hexafluorobenzene mediated by a nonmetal and provides a possible route for synthesis of new perfluorinated organo-boron compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohai Deng
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Medel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yan Lu
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tang LN, Liu GY, Li JH, Chen M. Palladium-Catalyzed Diversified Synthesis of Monofluorinated Alkenes from Allylic gem-Difluorides through Pd-OH Intermediate. Org Lett 2023; 25:9064-9069. [PMID: 38091374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Significant advancements in synthesis of monofluoroalkenes via palladium-catalyzed reactions involving allylic gem-difluorides and diverse nucleophiles have been achieved. This method allows regioselective arylation, alkylation, allylation, alkenylation, and hydrogenation of allylic gem-difluorides, yielding high Z-selectivity and favorable product yields under mild conditions. Tolerating various functional groups, these transformations utilize a common Pd-OH intermediate. Additionally, employing triple Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling yields diverse trisubstituted alkenes efficiently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ning Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Guo-Ying Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jun-Hua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sinha S, Chaturvedi A, Gautam RK, Jiang JJ. Molecular Cu Electrocatalyst Escalates Ambient Perfluorooctanoic Acid Degradation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27390-27396. [PMID: 38064755 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater reservoirs contaminated with perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) need purifying remedies. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is the most abundant PFAS in drinking water. Although different degradation strategies for PFOA have been explored, none of them disintegrates the PFOA backbone rapidly under mild conditions. Herein, we report a molecular copper electrocatalyst that assists in the degradation of PFOA up to 93% with a 99% defluorination rate within 4 h of cathodic controlled-current electrolysis. The current-normalized pseudo-first-order rate constant has been estimated to be quite high for PFOA decomposition (3.32 L h-1 A-1), indicating its fast degradation at room temperature. Furthermore, comparatively, rapid decarboxylation over the first 2 h of electrolysis has been suggested to be the rate-determining step in PFOA degradation. The related Gibbs free energy of activation has been calculated as 22.6 kcal/mol based on the experimental data. In addition, we did not observe the formation of short-alkyl-chain PFASs as byproducts that are typically found in chain-shortening PFAS degradation routes. Instead, free fluoride (F-), trifluoroacetate (CF3COO-), trifluoromethane (CF3H), and tetrafluoromethane (CF4) were detected as fragmented PFOA products along with the evolution of CO2 using gas chromatography (GC), ion chromatography (IC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques, suggesting comprehensive cleavage of C-C bonds in PFOA. Hence, this study presents an effective method for the rapid degradation of PFOA into small ions/molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumalya Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Ashwin Chaturvedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Rajeev K Gautam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Jianbing Jimmy Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen SJ, Krska SW, Stahl SS. Copper-Catalyzed Benzylic C-H Cross-Coupling Enabled by Redox Buffers: Expanding Synthetic Access to Three-Dimensional Chemical Space. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3604-3615. [PMID: 38051914 PMCID: PMC10902864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusCross-coupling methods are the most widely used synthetic methods in medicinal chemistry. Existing reactions are dominated by methods such as amide coupling and arylation reactions that form bonds to sp2-hybridized carbon atoms and contribute to the formation of "flat" molecules. Evidence that three-dimensional structures often have improved physicochemical properties for pharmaceutical applications has contributed to growing demand for cross-coupling methods with sp3-hybridized reaction partners. Substituents attached to sp3 carbon atoms are intrinsically displayed in three dimensions. These considerations have led to efforts to establish reactions with sp3 cross-coupling partners, including alkyl halides, amines, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. As C(sp3)-H bonds are much more abundant that these more conventional coupling partners, we have been pursuing C(sp3)-H cross-coupling reactions that achieve site-selectivity, synthetic utility, and scope competitive with conventional coupling reactions.In this Account, we outline Cu-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling reactions of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds with diverse nucleophilic partners. These reactions commonly use N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) as the oxidant. The scope of reactivity is greatly improved by using a "redox buffer" that ensures that the Cu catalyst is available in the proper redox state to promote the reaction. Early precedents of catalytic Cu/NFSI oxidative coupling reactions, including C-H cyanation and arylation, did not require a redox buffer, but reactions with other nucleophiles, such as alcohols and azoles, were much less effective under similar conditions. Mechanistic studies show that some nucleophiles, such as cyanide and arylboronic acids, promote in situ reduction of CuII to CuI, contributing to successful catalytic turnover. Poor reactivity was observed with nucleophiles, such as alcohols, that do not promote CuII reduction in the same manner. This insight led to the identification of sacrificial reductants, termed "redox buffers", that support controlled generation of CuI during the reactions and enable successful benzylic C(sp3)-H cross-coupling with diverse nucleophiles. Successful reactions include those that feature direct coupling of (hetero)benzylic C-H substrates with coupling partners (alcohols, azoles) and sequential C(sp3)-H functionalization/coupling reactions. The latter methods feature generation of a synthetic linchpin that can undergo subsequent reaction with a broad array of nucleophiles. For example, halogenation/substitution cascades afford benzylic amines, (thio)ethers, and heterodiarylmethane derivatives, and an isocyanation/amine-addition sequence generates diverse benzylic ureas.Collectively, these Cu-catalyzed (hetero)benzylic C(sp3)-H cross-coupling reactions rapidly access diverse molecules. Analysis of their physicochemical and topological properties highlights the "drug-likeness" and enhanced three-dimensionality of these products relative to existing bioactive molecules. This consideration, together with the high benzylic C-H site-selectivity and the broad scope of reactivity enabled by the redox buffering strategy, makes these C(sp3)-H cross-coupling methods ideally suited for implementation in high-throughput experimentation platforms to explore novel chemical space for drug discovery and related applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 213 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California, 94030, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li SY, Yang XY, Shen PH, Xu L, Xu J, Zhang Q, Xu HJ. Selective Defluoroalkylation and Hydrodefluorination of Trifluoromethyl Groups Photocatalyzed by Dihydroacridine Derivatives. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 38054778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The selective functionalization of trifluoromethyl groups through C-F cleavage poses a significant challenge due to the high bond energy of the C(sp3)-F bonds. Herein, we present dihydroacridine derivatives as photocatalysts that can functionalize the C-F bond of trifluoromethyl groups with various alkenes under mild conditions. Mechanistic studies and DFT calculations revealed that upon irradiation, the dihydroacridine derivatives exhibit high reducibility and function as photocatalysts for reductive defluorination. This process involves a sequential single-electron transfer mechanism. This research provides valuable insights into the properties of dihydroacridine derivatives as photocatalysts, highlighting the importance of maintaining a planar conformation and a large conjugated system for optimal catalytic activity. These findings facilitate the efficient catalytic reduction of inert chemical bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yu Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Hui Shen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P.R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Jian Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P.R. China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hooker LV, Bandar JS. Synthetic Advantages of Defluorinative C-F Bond Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308880. [PMID: 37607025 PMCID: PMC10843719 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Much progress has been made in the development of methods to both create compounds that contain C-F bonds and to functionalize C-F bonds. As such, C-F bonds are becoming common and versatile synthetic functional handles. This review summarizes the advantages of defluorinative functionalization reactions for small molecule synthesis. The coverage is organized by the type of carbon framework the fluorine is attached to for mono- and polyfluorinated motifs. The main challenges, opportunities and advances of defluorinative functionalization are discussed for each class of organofluorine. Most of the text focuses on case studies that illustrate how defluorofunctionalization can improve routes to synthetic targets or how the properties of C-F bonds enable unique mechanisms and reactions. The broader goal is to showcase the opportunities for incorporating and exploiting C-F bonds in the design of synthetic routes, improvement of specific reactions and advent of new methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leidy V Hooker
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang X, Deng J, Ji Y, Li R, Sivaguru P, Song Q, Karmakar S, Bi X. Defluorinative 1,3-Dienylation of Fluoroalkyl N-Triftosylhydrazones with Homoallenols. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302562. [PMID: 37695246 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
A silver-catalyzed regioselective defluorinative 1,3-dienylation of trifluoromethyl phenyl N-triftosylhydrazones using homoallenols as 1,3-dienyl sources provides a variety of α-(di)fluoro-β-vinyl allyl ketones with excellent functional group tolerance in moderate to good yields. The reaction proceeds through a silver carbene-initiated sequential etherification and Claisen type [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement cascade. The synthetic utility of this protocol was demonstrated through the downstream synthetic elaboration toward diverse synthetically useful building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Jiahua Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | | | - Qingmin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Swastik Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, Basirhat College, West Bengal State University, Basirhat, 743412, West Bengal, India
| | - Xihe Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ma T, Wei XP, Wang XC, Qiao XX, Li G, He Y, Zhao XJ. Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of 3 a-Fluorofuro[3,2- b]indolines via Organocatalytic Aza-Friedel-Crafts Reaction/Selective C-F Bond Activation. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38014969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroalkylated compounds are of high interest in drug discovery and have inspired the evolution of diverse C-F bond activation methodologies. However, the selective activation of polyfluorinated compounds remains challenging. Herein, we describe an unprecedented strategy for synthesizing enantioenriched fluorofuro[3,2-b]indolines through the organocatalytic aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction coupled with selective C-F bond activation. These reactions feature excellent enantioselectivities (≤96% ee) and yields (≤96%) as well as good functional group compatibility. Mechanistic investigations by means of 19F nuclear magnetic resonance experiments provided sufficient support for silica gel as the key medium in this transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xing-Pin Wei
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xin-Chun Wang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiu-Xiu Qiao
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ganpeng Li
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yonghui He
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Röther A, Farmer JC, Portwich FL, Görls H, Kretschmer R. Anion-Dependent Reactivity of Mono- and Dinuclear Boron Cations. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302544. [PMID: 37641815 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The dinuclear bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) borane adduct 2 rapidly reacts with tritylium salts at room temperature but the outcome is strongly impacted by the respective counter-ion. Using tritylium tetrakis(perfluoro-tert-butoxy)aluminate affords - depending on the solvent - either the bis(boronium) ion 4 or the hydride-bridged dication 5. In case of tritylium hexafluorophosphate, however, H/F exchange occurs between boron and phosphorus yielding the dinuclear BF3 adduct 3 along with phosphorus dihydride trifluoride. H/F exchange also takes place when using the mononuclear N-heterocyclic carbene BH3 adduct 6 and hence provides a facile route to PH2 F3 , which is usually synthesized in more complex reaction sequences regularly involving toxic hydrogen fluoride. DFT calculations shed light on the H/F exchange between the borenium ion and the [PF6 ]- counter-ion and the computed mechanism features only small barriers in line with the experimental observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Röther
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - James C Farmer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Flavio L Portwich
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Kretschmer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Finck L, Oestreich M. Bond-Forming Processes Enabled by Silicon-Masked Aryl- and Alkyl-Substituted Diazenes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15531-15539. [PMID: 37933948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Aryl- and alkyldiimides (R-N═NH with R = aryl or alkyl) are elusive intermediates of valuable synthetic use, as they are assumed to be transient species in processes involving both carbon (with concomitant loss of N2) and nitrogen nucleophiles (with conservation of the N═N moiety). The actual compounds are fragile and as such not bench stable which is why they have not yet found the attention they deserve. Conversely, early contributions showed that the stability of the parent diimide is significantly increased by replacing the hydrogen atom by a silyl group, but the synthetic applicability of these silicon-protected aryl- and alkyldiazenes has been far less explored, in part due to the absence of general procedures for their preparation. This Perspective provides an overview of the underexplored diazene chemistry that has witnessed considerable progress in recent years and highlights the potential of this motif in a range of synthetically useful (catalytic) transformations. The rediscovered silicon-masked diazenes constitute a versatile platform possessing enhanced stability and tamed reactivity in comparison to the parent hydrogen-substituted diimides. Aryl, diazenyl, and alkyl anionic key intermediates can be selectively generated in situ under Lewis base or transition metal catalysis, giving rise to novel synthetic approaches as viable alternatives to the already existing methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Finck
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zou Q, Zhang W, Wang H, Yin G, He Y, Li F. Anion-Driven C-F Bond Activation of Trifluoromethyl N-Aryl Hydrazones: Application to the Synthesis of 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15507-15515. [PMID: 37862576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The CF3 group attached to N-aryl hydrazone could be activated upon treatment with a suitable base, thus serving as an excellent C1 unit for the assembly of a series of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles by reaction with hydrazides. The transformation is proposed to proceed via the intermediate formation of a gem-difluorinated azoalkene. Furthermore, this reaction features simple conditions and a broad substrate scope with respect to both trifluoromethyl N-aryl hydrazones and hydrazides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qijie Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Haoyue Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Guangwei Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhi He
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Fangyi Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lipka BM, Honeycutt DS, Bassett GM, Kowal TN, Adamczyk M, Cartnick ZC, Betti VM, Goldberg JM, Wang F. Ultra-rapid Electrophilic Cysteine Arylation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23427-23432. [PMID: 37857310 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Rapid bond-forming reactions are crucial for efficient bioconjugation. We describe a simple and practical strategy for facilitating ultra-rapid electrophilic cysteine arylation. Using a variety of sulfone-activated pyridinium salts, this uncatalyzed reaction proceeds with exceptionally high rate constants, ranging from 9800 to 320,000 M-1·s-1, in pH 7.0 aqueous buffer at 25 °C. Such reactions allow for stoichiometric bioconjugation of micromolar cysteine within minutes or even seconds. Even though the arylation is extremely fast, the chemistry exhibits excellent selectivity, thus furnishing functionalized peptides and proteins with both high conversion and purity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M Lipka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Rd, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Daniel S Honeycutt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Rd, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Gregory M Bassett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Rd, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Taylor N Kowal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Rd, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Max Adamczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Rd, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Zachary C Cartnick
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346, United States
| | - Vincent M Betti
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346, United States
| | - Jacob M Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346, United States
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Rd, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang T, Zong YY, Huang T, Jin XL, Wu LZ, Liu Q. Photocatalytic redox-neutral selective single C(sp 3)-F bond activation of perfluoroalkyl iminosulfides with alkenes and water. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11566-11572. [PMID: 37886085 PMCID: PMC10599478 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03771a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Visible-light-promoted site-selective and direct C-F bond functionalization of polyfluorinated iminosulfides was accomplished with alkenes and water under redox-neutral conditions, affording a diverse array of γ-lactams with a fluoro- and perfluoroalkyl-substituted carbon centre. A variety of perfluoroalkyl units, including C2F5, C3F7, C4F9, and C5F11 underwent site-selective defluorofunctionalization. This protocol allows high chemoselectivity control and shows excellent functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies reveal that the remarkable changes of the electron geometries during the defluorination widen the redox window between the substrates and the products and ensure the chemoselectivity of single C(sp3)-F bond cleavage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xiao-Ling Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nair RR, Seo EW, Hong S, Jung KO, Kim D. Pentafluorobenzene: Promising Applications in Diagnostics and Therapeutics. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:4081-4099. [PMID: 37721519 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Pentafluorobenzene (PFB) represents a class of aromatic fluorine compounds employed exclusively across a spectrum of chemical and biological applications. PFBs are credited with developing various chemical synthesis techniques, networks and biopolymers, bioactive materials, and targeted drug delivery systems. The first part of this review delves into recent developments in PFB-derived molecules for diagnostic purposes. In the latter segment, PFB's role in the domain of theragnostic applications is discussed. The review elucidates different mechanisms and interaction strategies applied in leveraging PFBs to formulate diagnostic and theragnostic tools, substantiated by proper examples. The utilization of PFBs emerges as an enabler, facilitating manifold reactions, improving materials' properties, and even opening avenues for explorative research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratish R Nair
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute (CRI), Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Woo Seo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongje Hong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Oh Jung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyoung Kim
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute (CRI), Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- UC San Diego Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Brain Technology, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Li D, Shen C, Si Z, Liu L. Palladium-Catalyzed Fluorinative Bifunctionalization of Aziridines and Azetidines with gem-Difluorocyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310283. [PMID: 37572320 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented Pd-catalyzed fluorinative bifunctionalization of aziridines and azetidines was successfully developed via regioselective C-C and C-F bond cleavage of gem-difluorocyclopropanes, leading to various β,β'-bisfluorinated amines and β,γ-bisfluorinated amines. This reaction was achieved by incorporating a 2-fluorinated allyl group and a fluorine atom scissored from gem-difluorocyclopropane in 100 % atom economy for the first time. The mechanistic investigations indicated that the reaction underwent amine attacking 2-fluorinated allyl palladium complex to generate η2 -coordinated N-allyl aziridine followed by fluoride ligand transfer affording the final β- and γ-fluorinated amines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chaoren Shen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhiyao Si
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, 3663N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Radzhabov MR, Mankad NP. Activation of robust bonds by carbonyl complexes of Mn, Fe and Co. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11932-11946. [PMID: 37727948 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03078d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Metal carbonyl complexes possess among the most storied histories of any compound class in organometallic chemistry. Nonetheless, these old dogs continue to be taught new tricks. In this Feature, we review the historic discoveries and recent advances in cleaving robust bonds (e.g., C-H, C-O, C-F) using carbonyl complexes of three metals: Mn, Fe, and Co. The use of Mn, Fe, and Co carbonyl catalysts in controlling selectivity during hydrofunctionalization reactions is also discussed. The chemistry of these earth-abundant metals in the field of robust bond functionalization is particularly relevant in the context of sustainability. We expect that an up-to-date perspective on these seemingly simple organometallic species will emphasize the wellspring of reactivity that continues to be available for discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim R Radzhabov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
| | - Neal P Mankad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pan C, Wang L, Han J. Diaryliodonium Salts Enabled Arylation, Arylocyclization, and Aryl-Migration. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300138. [PMID: 37249418 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Our research interest focusing on synthetic methodology with diaryliodonium salts, is summarized in this account. Besides employing a dual activation strategy of C-I and ortho C-H bonds, we have introduced vicinal functional groups at ortho-positions of diaryliodonium salts, in which their unique reactivities have been explored in various processes, including arylation, diarylation, cascade annulation, benzocyclization, arylocyclization, and intramolecular aryl migration. The variety of mechanisms of these reactions that involves either transition metals, especially palladium in organometallic catalysis, or transition-metal free conditions, were discussed in the context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Pan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Department of Fine Chemistry and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Limin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Department of Fine Chemistry and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Han
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Department of Fine Chemistry and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Li J, Hong C, Niu Y, Wang B, Xiong W, Jiang H. Synthesis of gem-Difluorinated Isoxazoles via Palladium-Catalyzed Oxylallylation of Alkynone Oxime Ethers. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300579. [PMID: 37494305 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel and reliable palladium-catalyzed oxylallylation of alkynone oxime ethers with fluorine-containing alkenes was accomplished. Using the bulk industrial chemical 3-bromo-3,3-difluoroprop-1-ene as the coupling partner, this synthetic methodology offers the first example for the assembly of structurally diverse gem-difluorinated isoxazole derivatives in moderate to good yields with high atom- and step-economy and excellent functional group compatibility. More importantly, this strategy allows for the direct combination of the isoxazole motifs and gem-difluoroalkene unit, which is not easy to obtain through a general synthetic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R China
| | - Chenjing Hong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R China
| | - Yanan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R China
| | - Bowen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R China
| | - Wenfang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R China
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, P. R. China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ni YQ, Li DJ, Mei Y, Jiang Y, Zhang JL, He KH, Pan F. Base-Mediated α- gem-Difluoroalkenylations of Aldehydes and Ketones. Org Lett 2023; 25:6784-6789. [PMID: 37672351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present a base-mediated nucleophilic substitution reaction of α-trifluoromethylstyrenes with simple silyl enol ethers, enabling the efficient synthesis of carbonyl-substituted gem-difluoroalkenes. The merit of this protocol is exhibited by its mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, and scalable preparation. Notably, this method demonstrates its applicability for late-stage functionalization of structurally complex molecules. Moreover, we illustrate that the resulting products can serve as valuable precursors for the synthesis of diverse medicinally relevant compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Ni
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Jie Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Mei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Lei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Han He
- School of Science, Xichang University, 1 Xuefu Road, Xichang 615000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Pan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Luo YC, Wang MK, Yu LC, Zhang X. Nickel-Catalyzed Selective C(sp 2 )-F Bond Alkylation of Industrially Relevant Hydrofluoroolefin HFO-1234yf. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308690. [PMID: 37470697 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The selective transition-metal catalyzed C-F bond functionalization of inexpensive industrial fluorochemicals represents one of the most attractive approaches to valuable fluorinated compounds. However, the selective C(sp2 )-F bond carbofunctionalization of refrigerant hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) remains challenging. Here, we report a nickel-catalyzed selective C(sp2 )-F bond alkylation of HFO-1234yf with alkylzinc reagents. The resulting 2-trifluoromethylalkenes can serve as a versatile synthon for diversified transformations, including the anti-Markovnikov type hydroalkylation and the synthesis of bioactive molecule analogues. Mechanistic studies reveal that lithium salt is essential to promote the oxidative addition of Ni0 (Ln ) to the C-F bond; the less electron-rich N-based ligands, such as bipyridine and pyridine-oxazoline, feature comparable or even higher oxidative addition rates than the electron-rich phosphine ligands; the strong σ-donating phosphine ligands, such as PMe3 , are detrimental to transmetallation, but the less electron-rich and bulky N-based ligands, such as pyridine-oxazoline, facilitate transmetallation and reductive elimination to form the final product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Cheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ming-Kuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ling-Chao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Iwasaki T, Kambe N. Cross- and Multi-Coupling Reactions Using Monofluoroalkanes. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300033. [PMID: 37070641 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fluorine bonds are stable and have demonstrated sluggishness against various chemical manipulations. However, selective transformations of C-F bonds can be achieved by developing appropriate conditions as useful synthetic methods in organic chemistry. This review focuses on C-C bond formation at monofluorinated sp3 -hybridized carbons via C-F bond cleavage, including cross-coupling and multi-component coupling reactions. The C-F bond cleavage mechanisms on the sp3 -hybridized carbon centers can be primarily categorized into three types: Lewis acids promoted F atom elimination to generate carbocation intermediates; nucleophilic substitution with metal or carbon nucleophiles supported by the activation of C-F bonds by coordination of Lewis acids; and the cleavage of C-F bonds via a single electron transfer. The characteristic features of alkyl fluorides, in comparison with other (pseudo)halides as promising electrophilic coupling counterparts, are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Kambe
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, 2-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yoshida S. C-F Transformations of Benzotrifluorides by the Activation of Ortho-Hydrosilyl Group. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200308. [PMID: 36762730 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Single C-F transformations of aromatic trifluoromethyl compounds are challenging issues due to the strong C-F bond. We have recently developed selective methods for single C-F transformations such as allylation of o-hydrosilyl-substituted benzotrifluorides through the hydride abstraction with trityl cations. Single C-F thiolation and azidation of o-(hydrosilyl)benzotrifluorides were achieved using trityl sulfides and trityl azide catalyzed by Yb(OTf)3 . Treatment of o-(hydrosilyl)benzotrifluorides with trityl chloride resulted in single C-F chlorination. The resulting fluorosilyl group served in further transformations including protonation, halogenation, and Hiyama cross-coupling with C-Si cleavage. We also synthesized benzyl fluorides by LiAlH4 -reduction of the resulting fluorosilanes and further C-F transformations. These methods enabled us to prepare a broad range of organofluorines from simple benzotrifluorides through C-F and C-Si transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Yoshida
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang Y, Tsui GC. Stereoselective Palladium-Catalyzed C-F Bond Alkenylation of Tetrasubstituted gem-Difluoroalkenes via Mizoroki-Heck Reaction. Org Lett 2023; 25:6217-6221. [PMID: 37584488 PMCID: PMC10463225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
A highly diastereoselective Pd(0)-catalyzed Mizoroki-Heck reaction of gem-difluoroalkenes is described. Unlike previously reported C-F bond functionalization with organometallic reagents, this reaction takes place between two different alkenes to achieve a formal C-F and C-H bond cross-coupling via a distinct pathway. Monofluorinated 1,3-diene products can be synthesized with control of the geometry of each alkene and good functional group tolerability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Gavin Chit Tsui
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ju G, Li Y, Zhao Y. Organic photoredox-catalyzed oxidative azolation of unactivated fluoroarenes. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6503-6508. [PMID: 37540014 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01041d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Inexpensive and commercially available 2,4,6-triphenylpyrrolium tetrafluoroborate (TPT) is used as an organic photocatalyst for the nucleophilic aromatic substitution of unactivated fluoroarenes with pyrazole derivatives (SNAr) to form azole arenes. The use of organic photoredox catalysis enables the easy operation of this method under mild conditions. Various fluorinated aromatic compounds are suitable electrophiles for this transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Ju
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Yalong Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Yingsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|