1
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Lee CH, Korvink JG, Jouda M. Frequency multiplexing enables parallel multi-sample EPR. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11815. [PMID: 38783051 PMCID: PMC11116391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy stands out as a powerful analytical technique with extensive applications in the fields of biology, chemistry, physics, and material sciences. It proves invaluable for investigating the molecular structure and reaction mechanisms of substances containing unpaired electrons, such as metal complexes, organic and inorganic radicals, and intermediate states in chemical reactions. However, despite their remarkable capabilities, EPR systems face significant limitations in terms of sample throughput, as current commercial systems only target the analysis of one sample at a time. Here we introduce a novel scheme for conducting ultra-high frequency continuous-wave EPR (CW EPR) targeting the EPR spectroscopy of multiple microliter volume samples in parallel. Our proof-of-principle prototype involves two decoupled detection cells equipped with high qualty factor Q = 104 solenoidal coils tuned to 488 and 589 MHz, ensuring a significant frequency gap for effective radio frequency (RF) decoupling between the channels. To further enhance electromagnetic decoupling, an orthogonal alignment of the coils was adopted. The paper further presents an innovative radiofrequency circuit concept that utilizes a single physical RF channel to simultaneously conduct parallel EPR on up to eight cells. Parallel EPR experiments on two BDPA samples, each with a sample volume of 18.3 μL, registered signal-to-noise ratios of 255 and 252 for the two EPR measurement cells, with no observable coupling. The showcased prototype, built using cost-effective commercially available fabrication technology, is readily scalable and represents an initial step with promising potential for advancing sample screening with high-throughput parallel EPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Him Lee
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Mazin Jouda
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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2
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Scherrer SK, Gates C, Rajapaksha H, Greer SM, Stein BW, Forbes TZ. Superoxide Radicals in Uranyl Peroxide Solids: Lasting Signatures Identified by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400379. [PMID: 38530229 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
U(VI) peroxide phases (studtite and meta-studtite) are found throughout the nuclear fuel cycle and exist as corrosion products in high radiation fields. Peroxides are part of a family of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that include hydroperoxyl and superoxide species and are produced during alpha radiolysis of water. While U(VI) peroxides have been thoroughly investigated, the incorporation and stability of ROS species within studtite have not been validated. In the current study, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to identify the presence of free radicals within a series of U(VI) peroxide samples containing depleted, highly enriched, and natural uranium. Density functional theory calculations indicated that the predicted EPR signals matched well with a superoxide (O2 -⋅) species incorporated into the studtite structure, confirming the presence of ROS in the material. Further analysis of samples that were synthesized between 1945 and 2023 indicated that there is a correlation between the radical signal and the product of specific activity multiplied by age of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Scherrer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Chemistry Building W374, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Cassandra Gates
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, United States
| | - Harindu Rajapaksha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Chemistry Building W374, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Samuel M Greer
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, United States
| | - Benjamin W Stein
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, United States
| | - Tori Z Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Chemistry Building W374, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
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3
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Akbari N, Nandy S, Aleshkevych P, Chae KH, Najafpour MM. Oxygen-evolution reaction in the presence of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate and iron (hydr)oxide: old system, new findings. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11176-11186. [PMID: 37519100 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01760e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Solar fuel production by photosynthetic systems strongly relies on developing efficient and stable oxygen-evolution catalysts (OECs). Cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) has been the most commonly used sacrificial oxidant to investigate OECs. Although many metal oxides have been extensively investigated as OECs in the presence of CAN, mechanistic studies were rarely reported. Herein, first, Fe(III) (hydr)oxide (FeOxHy) was prepared by the reaction of Fe(ClO4)3 and KOH solution and characterized by some methods. Then, changes in Fe oxide in the presence of CAN during the OER were tracked using in situ Raman spectroscopy, in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, in situ visible spectroscopy, and in situ electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. FeOxHy in the presence of CAN and during the OER converted to γ-Fe2O3 and [Fe(H2O)6]3+, and a small amount of oxygen was formed. A maximum turnover frequency and turnover number of 10-6 s-1 and 1.3 × 10-3 mol(O2)/mol(Fe) (for half an hour) in the presence of CAN (0.20 M) and FeOxHy were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Akbari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan45137-66731, Iran.
| | - Subhajit Nandy
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Pavlo Aleshkevych
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 02-668, Poland
| | - Keun Hwa Chae
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan45137-66731, Iran.
- Center of Climate Change and Global Warming, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan45137-66731, Iran
- Research Center for Basic Sciences & Modern Technologies (RBST), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
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4
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Jiang W, Shao F, Cheng J, Ma F, Wei Z, Zhong X, Wang H, Wang J. Calcium Aluminate Induced Pt(0)‐Pt(δ+) Coupling Boost Catalyzed H−D Exchange Reaction of Arenes with Deuterium Oxide. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Jiang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P.R. China
| | - Fangjun Shao
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P.R. China
| | - Jiaxu Cheng
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P.R. China
| | - Fandong Ma
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P.R. China
| | - Zhongzhe Wei
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P.R. China
| | - Xing Zhong
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P.R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P.R. China
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5
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Li W, Chai Y, Wu G, Li L. Stable and Uniform Extraframework Cations in Faujasite Zeolites. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11419-11429. [PMID: 36468947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Extraframework transition metal ions (TMIs) in zeolites can serve as active sites for adsorption and catalysis. However, due to the complexity and mobility of extraframework cation sites, their applications are significantly limited and the structure-performance relationship is poorly understood. In this Perspective, stable and uniform TMIs in zeolites are exemplified and their characteristics are discussed. A series of TMIs can be introduced to specific cation sites of faujasite via a ligand-protected in situ synthesis route to construct uniform TMIs in the zeolite matrix, namely, TMI@FAU (TMI= Co, Ni, Cu, Rh, and Pt). Coordinatively unsaturated TMIs within faujasite are active for small-molecule adsorption and activation, and therefore, TMI@FAU zeolites show unique properties in adsorption and catalysis. TMI@FAU zeolites appear to be ideal model systems, and the well-defined structure of TMI@FAU greatly facilitates the mechanism studies by spectroscopic investigations and theoretical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuchao Chai
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guangjun Wu
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Landong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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6
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Ren Q, He Y, Wang H, Sun Y, Dong F. Photo-Switchable Oxygen Vacancy as the Dynamic Active Site in the Photocatalytic NO Oxidation Reaction. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ren
- Research Center for Environmental and Energy Catalysis, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan611731, China
| | - Ye He
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan611731, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Research Center for Environmental and Energy Catalysis, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan611731, China
| | - Yanjuan Sun
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan611731, China
| | - Fan Dong
- Research Center for Environmental and Energy Catalysis, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan611731, China
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7
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Shen C, Sun K, Zou R, Wu Q, Mei D, Liu CJ. CO 2 Hydrogenation to Methanol on Indium Oxide-Supported Rhenium Catalysts: The Effects of Size. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Kaihang Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, China
| | - Rui Zou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Qinglei Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Donghai Mei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Chang-jun Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
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8
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Shi Y, Zhou Y, Lou Y, Chen Z, Xiong H, Zhu Y. Homogeneity of Supported Single-Atom Active Sites Boosting the Selective Catalytic Transformations. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201520. [PMID: 35808964 PMCID: PMC9404403 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Selective conversion of specific functional groups to desired products is highly important but still challenging in industrial catalytic processes. The adsorption state of surface species is the key factor in modulating the conversion of functional groups, which is correspondingly determined by the uniformity of active sites. However, the non-identical number of metal atoms, geometric shape, and morphology of conventional nanometer-sized metal particles/clusters normally lead to the non-uniform active sites with diverse geometric configurations and local coordination environments, which causes the distinct adsorption states of surface species. Hence, it is highly desired to modulate the homogeneity of the active sites so that the catalytic transformations can be better confined to the desired direction. In this review, the construction strategies and characterization techniques of the uniform active sites that are atomically dispersed on various supports are examined. In particular, their unique behavior in boosting the catalytic performance in various chemical transformations is discussed, including selective hydrogenation, selective oxidation, Suzuki coupling, and other catalytic reactions. In addition, the dynamic evolution of the active sites under reaction conditions and the industrial utilization of the single-atom catalysts are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and frontiers are identified, and the perspectives on this flourishing field is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological ColloidsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and MaterialsJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological ColloidsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and MaterialsJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122P. R. China
| | - Yang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological ColloidsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and MaterialsJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122P. R. China
| | - Zupeng Chen
- College of Chemical EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Yongfa Zhu
- Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
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9
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Pappuru S, Shpasser D, Carmieli R, Shekhter P, Jentoft FC, Gazit OM. Atmospheric-Pressure Conversion of CO 2 to Cyclic Carbonates over Constrained Dinuclear Iron Catalysts. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:24656-24661. [PMID: 35874206 PMCID: PMC9301958 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of CO2 and epoxides to cyclic carbonates over a silica-supported di-iron(III) complex having a reduced Robson macrocycle ligand system is shown to proceed at 1 atm and 80 °C, exclusively producing the cis-cyclohexene carbonate from cyclohexene oxide. We examine the effect of immobilization configuration to show that the complex grafted in a semirigid configuration catalytically outperforms the rigid, flexible configurations and even the homogeneous counterparts. Using the semirigid catalyst, we are able to obtain a TON of up to 800 and a TOF of up to 37 h-1 under 1 atm CO2. The catalyst is shown to be recyclable with only minor leaching and no change to product selectivity. We further examine a range of epoxides with varying electron-withdrawing/donating properties. This work highlights the benefit arising from the constraining effect of a solid surface, akin to the role of hydrogen bonds in enzyme catalysts, and the importance of correctly balancing it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenath Pappuru
- Faculty
of Chemical Engineering and the Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 320003, Israel
| | - Dina Shpasser
- Faculty
of Chemical Engineering and the Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 320003, Israel
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Pini Shekhter
- Wolfson
Applied Materials Research Centre, Tel Aviv
University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Friederike C. Jentoft
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Oz M. Gazit
- Faculty
of Chemical Engineering and the Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 320003, Israel
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10
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Etim UJ, Bai P, Gazit OM, Zhong Z. Low-Temperature Heterogeneous Oxidation Catalysis and Molecular Oxygen Activation. CATALYSIS REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2021.1919044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ubong J. Etim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Bai
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China
| | - Oz M. Gazit
- Wolfson Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ziyi Zhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Technion Israel Institute of Technology (IIT), Haifa, Israel
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11
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Zhu J, Cannizzaro F, Liu L, Zhang H, Kosinov N, Filot IAW, Rabeah J, Brückner A, Hensen EJM. Ni-In Synergy in CO 2 Hydrogenation to Methanol. ACS Catal 2021; 11:11371-11384. [PMID: 34557327 PMCID: PMC8453486 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Indium oxide (In2O3) is a promising catalyst for selective CH3OH synthesis from CO2 but displays insufficient activity at low reaction temperatures. By screening a range of promoters (Co, Ni, Cu, and Pd) in combination with In2O3 using flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) synthesis, Ni is identified as the most suitable first-row transition-metal promoter with similar performance as Pd-In2O3. NiO-In2O3 was optimized by varying the Ni/In ratio using FSP. The resulting catalysts including In2O3 and NiO end members have similar high specific surface areas and morphology. The main products of CO2 hydrogenation are CH3OH and CO with CH4 being only observed at high NiO loading (≥75 wt %). The highest CH3OH rate (∼0.25 gMeOH/(gcat h), 250 °C, and 30 bar) is obtained for a NiO loading of 6 wt %. Characterization of the as-prepared catalysts reveals a strong interaction between Ni cations and In2O3 at low NiO loading (≤6 wt %). H2-TPR points to a higher surface density of oxygen vacancy (Ov) due to Ni substitution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis of the used catalysts suggest that Ni cations can be reduced to Ni as single atoms and very small clusters during CO2 hydrogenation. Supportive density functional theory calculations indicate that Ni promotion of CH3OH synthesis from CO2 is mainly due to low-barrier H2 dissociation on the reduced Ni surface species, facilitating hydrogenation of adsorbed CO2 on Ov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Zhu
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Cannizzaro
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Liang Liu
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Zhang
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolay Kosinov
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo. A. W. Filot
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz-Institut
für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e. V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Angelika Brückner
- Leibniz-Institut
für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e. V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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12
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Abstract
The discoveries and development of the oxidative strong metal–support interaction (OMSI) phenomena in recent years not only promote new and deeper understanding of strong metal–support interaction (SMSI) but also open an alternative way to develop supported heterogeneous catalysts with better performance. In this review, the brief history as well as the definition of OMSI and its difference from classical SMSI are described. The identification of OMSI and the corresponding characterization methods are expounded. Furthermore, the application of OMSI in enhancing catalyst performance, and the influence of OMSI in inspiring discoveries of new types of SMSI are discussed. Finally, a brief summary is presented and some prospects are proposed.
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13
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14
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Ruan M, Zhao YX, He SG. Study on the Reaction of Nanosized Yttrium Oxide Cluster Anions with n-Butane in the Gas Phase. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a20110511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Electron paramagnetic resonance study of vanadium exchanged H-ZSM5 prepared by vapor reaction of VCl4. The role of 17O isotope labelling in the characterisation of the metal oxide interaction. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Lang R, Du X, Huang Y, Jiang X, Zhang Q, Guo Y, Liu K, Qiao B, Wang A, Zhang T. Single-Atom Catalysts Based on the Metal–Oxide Interaction. Chem Rev 2020; 120:11986-12043. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaorui Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yike Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xunzhu Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yalin Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaipeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Botao Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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17
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Bakker MG, Fowler B, Bowman MK, Patience GS. Experimental methods in chemical engineering: Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy‐EPR/ESR. CAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin G. Bakker
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
| | - Benjamin Fowler
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
| | - Michael K. Bowman
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
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18
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Georgiou CD, McKay CP, Quinn RC, Kalaitzopoulou E, Papadea P, Skipitari M. The Oxygen Release Instrument: Space Mission Reactive Oxygen Species Measurements for Habitability Characterization, Biosignature Preservation Potential Assessment, and Evaluation of Human Health Hazards. Life (Basel) 2019; 9:E70. [PMID: 31461989 PMCID: PMC6789740 DOI: 10.3390/life9030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the design of an instrument, the OxR (for Oxygen Release), for the enzymatically specific and non-enzymatic detection and quantification of the reactive oxidant species (ROS), superoxide radicals (O2•-), and peroxides (O22-, e.g., H2O2) on the surface of Mars and Moon. The OxR instrument is designed to characterize planetary habitability, evaluate human health hazards, and identify sites with high biosignature preservation potential. The instrument can also be used for missions to the icy satellites of Saturn's Titan and Enceladus, and Jupiter's Europa. The principle of the OxR instrument is based on the conversion of (i) O2•- to O2 via its enzymatic dismutation (which also releases H2O2), and of (ii) H2O2 (free or released by the hydrolysis of peroxides and by the dismutation of O2•-) to O2 via enzymatic decomposition. At stages i and ii, released O2 is quantitatively detected by an O2 sensor and stoichiometrically converted to moles of O2•- and H2O2. A non-enzymatic alternative approach is also designed. These methods serve as the design basis for the construction of a new small-footprint instrument for specific oxidant detection. The minimum detection limit of the OxR instrument for O2•- and O22- in Mars, Lunar, and Titan regolith, and in Europa and Enceladus ice is projected to be 10 ppb. The methodology of the OxR instrument can be rapidly advanced to flight readiness by leveraging the Phoenix Wet Chemical Laboratory, or microfluidic sample processing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard C Quinn
- SETI Institute, Carl Sagan Center, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
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19
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Continuous Wave and Pulse EPR Characterization of Open-Shell Ti3+ Ions Generated in Hybrid SiO2–TiO2 Monoliths. Top Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-1037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Yin L, Zhang J, Yao J, Li H. A Designed TEMPO-derivate Catalyst with Switchable Signals of EPR and Photoluminescence: Application in the Mechanism of Alcohol Oxidation. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yin
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 PR China
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 PR China
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 PR China
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 PR China
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21
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Meguerdichian AG, Shirazi-Amin A, Moharreri E, Achola LA, Murphy SC, Macharia J, Zhong W, Jafari T, Suib SL. Synthesis of Large Mesoporous-Macroporous and High Pore Volume, Mixed Crystallographic Phase Manganese Oxide, Mn 2O 3/Mn 3O 4 Sponge. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:6946-6956. [PMID: 29808686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The controlled synthesis of mixed crystallographic phase Mn2O3/Mn3O4 sponge material by varying heating rates and isothermal segments provides valuable information about the morphological and physical properties of the obtained sample. The well-characterized Mn2O3/Mn3O4 sponge and applicability of difference in reactivity of H2 and CO2 desorbed during the synthesis provide new developments in the synthesis of metal oxide materials with unique morphological and surface properties. We report the preparation of a Mn2O3/Mn3O4 sponge using a metal nitrate salt, water, and Dextran, a biopolymer consisting of glucose monomers. The Mn2O3/Mn3O4 sponge prepared at 1 °C·min-1 heating rate to 500 °C and held isothermally for 1 h consisted of large mesopores-macropores (25.5 nm, pore diameter) and a pore volume of 0.413 mL/g. Furthermore, the prepared Mn2O3/Mn3O4 and 5 mol %-Fe-Mn2O3/Mn3O4 sponges provide potential avenues in the development of solid-state catalyst materials for alcohol and amine oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Meguerdichian
- Institute of Materials Science , University of Connecticut , U-3136, 97 N. Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Alireza Shirazi-Amin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , U-3060, 55 N. Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Ehsan Moharreri
- Institute of Materials Science , University of Connecticut , U-3136, 97 N. Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Laura A Achola
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , U-3060, 55 N. Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Steven C Murphy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , U-3060, 55 N. Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - John Macharia
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , U-3060, 55 N. Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Wei Zhong
- Institute of Materials Science , University of Connecticut , U-3136, 97 N. Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Tahereh Jafari
- Institute of Materials Science , University of Connecticut , U-3136, 97 N. Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Steven L Suib
- Institute of Materials Science , University of Connecticut , U-3136, 97 N. Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , U-3060, 55 N. Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , University of Connecticut , U-3222, 191 Auditorium Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
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22
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Roduner E. Superatom chemistry: promising properties of near-spherical noble metal clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:23812-23826. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04651d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atomic angular moments are nearly quenched in bonded structures, but superatoms in cylindrical environments develop molecular orbital moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Roduner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry
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23
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Ranaweera SA, Henry WP, White MG. Methanol Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions Catalyzed by a Model Catalyst Developed from Bis(1,5-diphenyl-1,3,5-pentanetrionato)dicopper(II)/Silica. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5949-5961. [PMID: 31457849 PMCID: PMC6644588 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silica-supported model copper catalysts were prepared by supporting bis(1,5-diphenyl-1,3,5-pentanetrionato)dicopper(II), Cu2(dba)2, on Cab-O-Sil by a batch impregnation technique. This metal complex showed a strong affinity for the silica support, developing monolayer coverages near the value predicted from a consideration of the size and shape of the planar metal complex (2.6 wt % Cu). The supported catalysts were subsequently activated by decomposing the organic ligands at 400 °C in air followed by reduction with 2% H2/He at 250 °C. One sample was prepared having a loading of 3.70 wt % Cu2(dba)2/silica catalyst, and it was examined for the methanol synthesis reaction under the following conditions: 250 °C with an equimolar gas mixture of CO and H2 in a high-pressure batch reactor. Kinetic data over the model catalyst were fit to a rate equation, second order in the limiting reactant (H2), with a pseudo-second-order rate constant k 2[CO]o[H2]o = 0.0957 [h-g total Cu]-1. A control experiment using a commercial catalyst, Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 with a copper loading of 41.20 wt %, showed a value of k 2[CO]o[H2]o = 0.793 [h-g total Cu]-1. A fresh sample of Cu2(dba)2/silica was examined for methanol decomposition reaction at 220 °C. The model catalyst shows a methanol decomposition first-order rate constant greater than that of the commercial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3catalyst: 1.59 × 10-1 [min-g total Cu]-1 versus 9.6 × 10-3 [min-g total Cu]-1. X-ray diffraction analyzes confirm the presence of CuO particles in both catalysts after calcinations. Copper metal particles were found in both catalysts (fractional Cu dispersions were 0.11 and 0.16 on commercial and model catalysts, respectively) after the reduced catalysts were used in both the methanol synthesis and decomposition reactions. Using the values of copper dispersion found in these samples, we recalculated the rate constants for the two reactions per unit surface copper. These refined rate constants showed the same trends as those reported per total amount of Cu. One role of the promoter(s) in the commercial catalyst is the inhibition of the methanol decomposition reaction, thus allowing higher MeOH synthesis reaction rates in those regimes not controlled by thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William P. Henry
- Department of Chemistry and Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical
Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Mark G. White
- Department of Chemistry and Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical
Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
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24
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Silva TQ, dos Santos MB, Santiago AA, Santana DO, Cruz FT, Andrade HM, Mascarenhas AJ. Gas phase glycerol oxidative dehydration over bifunctional V/H-zeolite catalysts with different zeolite topologies. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Morra E, Giamello E, Chiesa M. EPR approaches to heterogeneous catalysis. The chemistry of titanium in heterogeneous catalysts and photocatalysts. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 280:89-102. [PMID: 28579105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Paramagnetic species are often involved in catalytic or photocatalytic reactions occurring at the solid-gas interface of heterogeneous catalysts. In this contribution we will provide an overview of the wealth and breadth of information that can be obtained from EPR in the characterization of paramagnetic species in such systems, illustrating the advantages that modern pulsed EPR methodologies can offer in monitoring the elementary processes occurring within the coordination sphere of surface transition-metal ions. To do so we selected three representative systems, where titanium ions in low oxidation states act as active catalytic sites, trying to outline the methodological approaches which characterize the application of EPR techniques and the questions that can be answered and addressed relative to the characterization of heterogeneous catalytic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Morra
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Elio Giamello
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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26
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Hänninen MM, Baldansuren A, Pugh T. Structural and electronic elucidation of a N-heterocyclic silylene vanadocene adduct. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:9740-9744. [PMID: 28513747 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01226h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation mechanism and bonding in a rare vanadocene complex with N-heterocyclic silylene (1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,3-diaza-2-silacyclopent-4-en-2-ylidene) is elucidated using a combination of experimental and theoretical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko M. Hänninen
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | - Thomas Pugh
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
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27
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Sohn H, Camacho-Bunquin J, Langeslay RR, Ignacio-de Leon PA, Niklas J, Poluektov OG, Liu C, Connell JG, Yang D, Kropf J, Kim H, Stair PC, Ferrandon M, Delferro M. Isolated, well-defined organovanadium(iii) on silica: single-site catalyst for hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:7325-7328. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01876b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Well-defined, isolated, single-site organovanadium(iii) catalyst on SiO2 for unprecedented liquid- and gas-phase hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes under mild conditions.
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28
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Yadav A, Khasa S, Hooda A, Dahiya MS, Agarwal A, Chand P. EPR and impedance spectroscopic investigations on lithium bismuth borate glasses containing nickel and vanadium ions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 157:129-137. [PMID: 26748341 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glasses having composition 7NiO∙23Li2O∙20Bi2O3∙50B2O3, 7V2O5∙23Li2O∙20Bi2O3∙50B2O3 and x(2NiO∙V2O5)∙(30-x)Li2O∙50B2O3∙20Bi2O3 (with x=0, 2, 5, 7 & 10 mol%) prepared through melt-quench route are explored by analyzing density, impedance spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). It is found that both density and molar volume increase with an increase in substitution of 2NiO∙V2O5 in the base glass matrix. Different dielectric parameters viz. dielectric loss (ε), electrical modulus (M), loss tangent (tanδ) etc. are evaluated and their variations with frequency and temperature are analyzed which reveals that these glasses exhibit a non-Debye relaxation behavior. A phenomenal description of the capacitive behavior is obtained by considering the circuitry as a parallel combination of bulk resistance (Rb) and constant phase element (CPE). The conduction mechanism is found to follow Quantum Mechanical Tunneling (QMT) model. Spin Hamiltonian Parameters (SHPs) and covalency rates are calculated from the EPR spectra of vanadyl ion. The observed EPR spectra confirmed that V(4+) ion exists as vanadyl ion in the octahedral coordination with tetragonal compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Yadav
- Department of Physics, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonipat 131039, India
| | - Satish Khasa
- Department of Physics, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonipat 131039, India.
| | - Ashima Hooda
- Department of Physics, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonipat 131039, India
| | - Manjeet S Dahiya
- Department of Physics, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonipat 131039, India
| | - Ashish Agarwal
- Department of Applied Physics, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Prem Chand
- Department of Physics, S R M University, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India
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29
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Georgiou CD, Zisimopoulos D, Panagiotidis K, Grintzalis K, Papapostolou I, Quinn RC, McKay CP, Sun HJ. Martian Superoxide and Peroxide O2 Release (OR) Assay: A New Technology for Terrestrial and Planetary Applications. ASTROBIOLOGY 2016; 16:126-142. [PMID: 26881470 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study presents an assay for the detection and quantification of soil metal superoxides and peroxides in regolith and soil. The O2 release (OR) assay is based on the enzymatic conversion of the hydrolysis products of metal oxides to O2 and their quantification by an O2 electrode based on the stoichiometry of the involved reactions. The intermediate product O₂˙⁻ from the hydrolysis of metal superoxides is converted by cytochrome c to O2 and by superoxide dismutase (SOD) to ½ mol O2 and ½ mol H2O2, which is then converted by catalase (CAT) to ½ mol O2. The product H2O2 from the hydrolysis of metal peroxides and hydroperoxides is converted to ½ mol O2 by CAT. The assay method was validated in a sealed sample chamber by using a liquid-phase Clark-type O2 electrode with known concentrations of O₂˙⁻ and H2O2, and commercial metal superoxide and peroxide mixed with Mars analog Mojave and Atacama Desert soils. Carbonates and perchlorates, both present on Mars, do not interfere with the assay. The assay lower limit of detection, when using luminescence quenching/optical sensing O2-electrodes, is 1 nmol O2 cm(-3) or better. The activity of the assay enzymes SOD and cytochrome c was unaffected up to 6 Gy exposure by γ radiation, while CAT retained 100% and 40% of its activity at 3 and 6 Gy, respectively, which demonstrates the suitability of these enzymes for planetary missions, for example, on Mars or Europa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard C Quinn
- 2 SETI Institute, Carl Sagan Center , Mountain View, California, USA
| | | | - Henry J Sun
- 4 Desert Research Institute , Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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30
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Qu Z, Wang Z, Zhang X, Wang H. Role of different coordinated Cu and reactive oxygen species on the highly active Cu–Ce–Zr mixed oxides in NH3-SCO: a combined in situ EPR and O2-TPD approach. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy02125a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel Cu–Ce–Zr mixed oxides were synthesized by a citric acid sol–gel method, and they exhibited an excellent NH3-SCO activity (180 °C, TOF = 1.33 h−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenping Qu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering
- School of Environmental Sciences and Technology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering
- School of Environmental Sciences and Technology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering
- School of Environmental Sciences and Technology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering
- School of Environmental Sciences and Technology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
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31
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Insights into the Reaction Mechanism of Cyclohexane Oxidation Catalysed by Molybdenum Blue Nanorings. Catal Letters 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-015-1660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Diagnostic Features of EPR Spectra of Superoxide Intermediates on Catalytic Surfaces and Molecular Interpretation of Their g and A Tensors. Top Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-015-0420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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Morra E, Maurelli S, Chiesa M, Giamello E. Rational Design of Engineered Multifunctional Heterogeneous Catalysts. The Role of Advanced EPR Techniques. Top Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-015-0418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Ivars-Barceló F, Millet J, Blasco T, Concepción P, Valente J, Nieto JL. Understanding effects of activation-treatments in K-free and K-MoVSbO bronze catalysts for propane partial oxidation. Catal Today 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2014.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Ranaweera SA, Rowe MD, Walters KB, Henry WP, White MG, Rodriguez JM. Support of dinuclear copper triketonate complexes on silica: Monolayer loading from complex footprint and the first crystallographically characterized cis dipyridine adduct. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Liu X, Ryabenkova Y, Conte M. Catalytic oxygen activation versus autoxidation for industrial applications: a physicochemical approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 17:715-31. [PMID: 25259662 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03568b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The activation and use of oxygen for the oxidation and functionalization of organic substrates are among the most important reactions in a chemist's toolbox. Nevertheless, despite the vast literature on catalytic oxidation, the phenomenon of autoxidation, an ever-present background reaction that occurs in virtually every oxidation process, is often neglected. In contrast, autoxidation can affect the selectivity to a desired product, to those dictated by pure free-radical chain pathways, thus affecting the activity of any catalyst used to carry out a reaction. This critical review compares catalytic oxidation routes by transition metals versus autoxidation, particularly focusing on the industrial context, where highly selective and "green" processes are needed. Furthermore, the application of useful tests to discriminate between different oxygen activation routes, especially in the area of hydrocarbon oxidation, with the aim of an enhanced catalyst design, is described and discussed. In fact, one of the major targets of selective oxidation is the use of molecular oxygen as the ultimate oxidant, combined with the development of catalysts capable of performing the catalytic cycle in a real energy and cost effective manner on a large scale. To achieve this goal, insights from metallo-proteins that could find application in some areas of industrial catalysis are presented, as well as considering the physicochemical principles that are fundamental to oxidation and autoxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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37
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Rajh T, Dimitrijevic NM, Bissonnette M, Koritarov T, Konda V. Titanium Dioxide in the Service of the Biomedical Revolution. Chem Rev 2014; 114:10177-216. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500029g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Rajh
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South
Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60540, United States
| | - Nada M. Dimitrijevic
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South
Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60540, United States
| | - Marc Bissonnette
- Department
of Medicine, The University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4076, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Tamara Koritarov
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South
Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60540, United States
- School
of Medicine, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Vani Konda
- Department
of Medicine, The University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4076, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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38
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Zhao W, Zhong Q, Pan Y, Zhang R. Defect structure and evolution mechanism of O2− radical in F-doped V2O5/TiO2 catalysts. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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Fukuzumi S, Karlin KD. Kinetics and thermodynamics of formation and electron-transfer reactions of Cu-O 2 and Cu 2-O 2 complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2013; 257:187-195. [PMID: 23470920 PMCID: PMC3587051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics and thermodynamics of formation of Cu(II)-superoxo (Cu-O2) complexes by the reaction of Cu(I) complexes with dioxygen (O2) and the reduction of Cu(II)-superoxo complexes to dinuclear Cu-peroxo complexes are discussed. In the former case, electron transfer from a Cu(I) complex to O2 occurs concomitantly with binding of O2•- to the corresponding Cu(II) species. This is defined as an inner-sphere Cu(II) ion-coupled electron transfer process. Electron transfer from another Cu(I) complex to preformed Cu(II)-superoxo complexes also occurs concomitantly with binding of the the Cu(II)-peroxo species with the Cu(II) species to produce the dinuclear Cu-peroxo (Cu2-O2) complexes. The kinetics and thermodynamics of outer-sphere electron-transfer reduction of Cu2-O2 complexes are also been discussed in light of the Marcus theory of outer-sphere electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, ALCA (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Kenneth D. Karlin
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Harris BL, Waters T, Khairallah GN, O’Hair RAJ. Gas-Phase Reactions of [VO2(OH)2]− and [V2O5(OH)]− with Methanol: Experiment and Theory. J Phys Chem A 2012; 117:1124-35. [PMID: 22889366 DOI: 10.1021/jp3046142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Harris
- School
of Chemistry, ‡Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, and §ARC Centre of
Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne,
Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Tom Waters
- School
of Chemistry, ‡Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, and §ARC Centre of
Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne,
Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - George N. Khairallah
- School
of Chemistry, ‡Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, and §ARC Centre of
Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne,
Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Richard A. J. O’Hair
- School
of Chemistry, ‡Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, and §ARC Centre of
Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne,
Victoria 3010, Australia
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42
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Chiarella GM, Cotton FA, Dalal NS, Murillo CA, Wang Z, Young MD. Direct evidence from electron paramagnetic resonance for additional configurations in uncommon paddlewheel Re2(7+) units surrounded by an unsymmetrical bicyclic guanidinate. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:5257-63. [PMID: 22506487 DOI: 10.1021/ic300169f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three rare compounds have been synthesized and structurally characterized; these species have paddlewheel structures and Re(2)(7+) cores surrounded by four bicyclic guanidinates and two axial ligands along the Re-Re axis. Each possesses a formal bond order of 3.5 and a σ(2)π(4)δ(1) electronic configuration that entails the presence of one unpaired electron for each compound. The guanidinate ligands characterized by having CH(2) entities and a central C(N)(3) unit that joins two cyclic units--one having two fused 6-membered rings (hpp) and the other having a 5- and a 6-membered ring fused together (tbn)--allowed the isolation of [Re(2)(tbn)(4)Cl(2)]PF(6), 1, [Re(2)(tbn)(4)Cl(2)]Cl, 2, and [Re(2)(hpp)(4)(O(3)SCF(3))(2)](O(3)SCF(3)), 3. Because of the larger bite angle of the tbn relative to the hpp ligand, the Re-Re bond distances in 1 and 2 (2.2691(14) and 2.2589(14) Å, respectively) are much longer than that in 3 (2.1804(8) Å). Importantly, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies at both X-band (~9.4 GHz) and W-band (112 GHz) in the solid and in frozen solution show unusually low g-values (~1.75) and the absence of zero-field splitting, providing direct evidence for the presence of one metal-based unpaired electron for both 1 and 3. These spectroscopic data suggest that the unsymmetrical 5-/6-membered ligand leads to the formation of isomers, as shown by significantly broader EPR signals for 1 than for 3, even though both compounds possess what appears to be similar ideal crystallographic axial symmetry on the X-ray time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Chiarella
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 3012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA
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Tian LH, Zhao YX, Wu XN, Ding XL, He SG, Ma TM. Structures and Reactivity of Oxygen-Rich Scandium Cluster Anions ScO3-5−. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:1282-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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Pietrzyk P, Podolska K, Mazur T, Sojka Z. Heterogeneous Binding of Dioxygen: EPR and DFT Evidence for Side-On Nickel(II)–Superoxo Adduct with Unprecedented Magnetic Structure Hosted in MFI Zeolite. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:19931-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ja208387q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Pietrzyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Podolska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Mazur
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Sojka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
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45
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Xu B, Zhao YX, Li XN, Ding XL, He SG. Experimental and Theoretical Study of Hydrogen Atom Abstraction from n-Butane by Lanthanum Oxide Cluster Anions. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:10245-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jp203990w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Na Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun-Lei Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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46
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Kawashima T, Ohkubo K, Fukuzumi S. Stepwise vs. concerted pathways in scandium ion-coupled electron transfer from superoxide ion to p-benzoquinone derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:3344-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00916d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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47
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Zhao YX, Wu XN, Ma JB, He SG, Ding XL. Characterization and reactivity of oxygen-centred radicals over transition metal oxide clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:1925-38. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Brückner A. In situ electron paramagnetic resonance: a unique tool for analyzing structure-reactivity relationships in heterogeneous catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4673-84. [PMID: 20886170 DOI: 10.1039/b919541f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) offers widespread opportunities for monitoring catalytically relevant species that contain unpaired electrons under conditions close to those of heterogeneous catalytic gas and liquid phase reactions. In this tutorial review, after introducing basic theoretical and experimental principles of the technique, selected examples of typical applications are discussed that comprise (1) transition metal ions in paramagnetic valence states such as vanadium, (2) radical anions such as O˙(-) formed on oxide surfaces and (3) electrons in ferromagnetic particles such as nickel as well as in conduction bands of organic conductors such as polyaniline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Brückner
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse, Albert-Einstein-Str., 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany.
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49
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Stösser R, Marx U, Herrmann W, Jabor JK, Brückner A. In Situ EPR Study of Chemical Reactions in Q-Band at Higher Temperatures: A Challenge for Elucidating Structure−Reactivity Relationships in Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:9873-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1035418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Stösser
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany, and Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Kelchstrasse 31, D-12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Marx
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany, and Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Kelchstrasse 31, D-12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Herrmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany, and Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Kelchstrasse 31, D-12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jabor K. Jabor
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany, and Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Kelchstrasse 31, D-12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Brückner
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany, and Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Kelchstrasse 31, D-12169 Berlin, Germany
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50
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Chiesa M, Giamello E, Che M. EPR Characterization and Reactivity of Surface-Localized Inorganic Radicals and Radical Ions. Chem Rev 2009; 110:1320-47. [DOI: 10.1021/cr800366v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Chiesa
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM and NIS, Università di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, UMR 7197-CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie—Paris 6 and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elio Giamello
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM and NIS, Università di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, UMR 7197-CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie—Paris 6 and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michel Che
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM and NIS, Università di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, UMR 7197-CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie—Paris 6 and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
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