1
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Vogler S, Dietschreit JCB, Peters LDM, Ochsenfeld C. Important components for accurate hyperfine coupling constants: electron correlation, dynamic contributions, and solvation effects. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1772515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Vogler
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Laurens D. M. Peters
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
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2
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Oliveira JPC, Rivelino R. Close Relationships between NMR J-Coupling Alternation (JCA) and Molecular Properties of Carbon Chains. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:1605-1615. [PMID: 30730735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We propose a J-coupling alternation (JCA) value that is demonstrated to be a suitable parameter to evaluate the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) indirect spin-spin coupling constants (SSCCs) as a function of molecular properties of chains by increasing their length. As an application, we report a theoretical study of the SSCCs for the interactions between neighbor nuclei in increasingly patterned carbon chains within density functional theory. First, we examine the J-coupling constants between 1H and 13C nuclei ( n JHC) considering the separation distance, as well as between two adjacent 13C nuclei (1 JCC) considering their relative positions in polyynes and cumulenes. Further, we define and determine JCA in terms of the differences of 1 JCC, which is investigated as a function of several molecular properties, e.g., cohesive energy, characteristic vibrational frequency, average polarizability, and energy gap of the systems. We also determine JCA for other types of carbon chains, such as diphenyl-capped polyynes, polyacetylene and polythiophene. The behavior of JCA as a function of the energy gap may be related to highly π-conjugated low-band-gap carbon chains. Overall, JCA correlates very well with the electronic properties of these chains, especially with their energy gap, exhibiting positive values for pristine polyyne and polythiophene and negative values for pristine cumulene and plyacetylene. These findings indicate an alternative way to establish an appropriate SSCC descriptor that characterizes the electronic nature of the system, such as the proposed JCA value averaging the whole system, instead of using only the individual J-coupling values to give insights into the properties of large and extended systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P C Oliveira
- Instituto de Física , Universidade Federal da Bahia , 40210-340 Salvador , Bahia , Brazil.,Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Sustentabilidade , Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia , 44085-132 Feira de Santana , Bahia , Brazil
| | - Roberto Rivelino
- Instituto de Física , Universidade Federal da Bahia , 40210-340 Salvador , Bahia , Brazil
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3
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Abstract
We review recent work on property decomposition techniques using quantum chemical methods and discuss some topical applications in terms of quantum mechanics-molecular mechanics calculations and the constructing of properties of large molecules and clusters. Starting out from the so-called LoProp decomposition scheme [Gagliardi et al., J. Chem. Phys., 2004, 121, 4994] for extracting atomic and inter-atomic contributions to molecular properties we show how this method can be generalized to localized frequency-dependent polarizabilities, to localized hyperpolarizabilities and to localized dispersion coefficients. Some applications of the generalized decomposition technique are reviewed - calculations of frequency-dependent polarizabilities, Rayleigh scattering of large clusters, and calculations of hyperpolarizabilities of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Ågren
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Massolle A, Dresselhaus T, Eusterwiemann S, Doerenkamp C, Eckert H, Studer A, Neugebauer J. Towards reliable references for electron paramagnetic resonance parameters based on quantum chemistry: the case of verdazyl radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:7661-7675. [PMID: 29497710 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05657e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present an efficient and accurate computational procedure to calculate properties measurable by EPR spectroscopy. We simulate a molecular dynamics (MD) trajectory by employing the quantum mechanically derived force field (QMDFF) [S. Grimme, J. Chem. Theory Comput., 2014, 10, 4497] and sample the trajectory at different time steps. For each snapshot EPR properties are calculated with a hybrid density functional theory (DFT) method. EPR spectra are simulated based on the averaged results. We applied the strategy to a number of previously published and novel verdazyl radicals, for which we recorded EPR spectra. The resulting simulated spectra are compatible with experiment already before employing an additional fitting step, in contrast to those from single point electronic-structure calculations. After the refinement, the experimental data are excellently reproduced, and the fitted EPR parameters do not deviate much from the calculated ones. This provides confidence in ascribing a direct physical meaning to the refined data in terms of experimental EPR parameters rather than merely considering them as mathematical fit parameters. We also find that couplings to hydrogen nuclei have a significant influence on the spectra of verdazyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Massolle
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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5
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Consentius P, Loll B, Gohlke U, Alings C, Müller C, Müller R, Teutloff C, Heinemann U, Kaupp M, Wahl MC, Risse T. Internal Dynamics of the 3-Pyrroline-N-Oxide Ring in Spin-Labeled Proteins. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1113-1117. [PMID: 28221042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Site-directed spin labeling is a versatile tool to study structure as well as dynamics of proteins using EPR spectroscopy. Methanethiosulfonate (MTS) spin labels tethered through a disulfide linkage to an engineered cysteine residue were used in a large number of studies to extract structural as well as dynamic information on the protein from the rotational dynamics of the nitroxide moiety. The ring itself was always considered to be a rigid body. In this contribution, we present a combination of high-resolution X-ray crystallography and EPR spectroscopy of spin-labeled protein single crystals demonstrating that the nitroxide ring inverts fast at ambient temperature while exhibiting nonplanar conformations at low temperature. We have used quantum chemical calculations to explore the potential energy that determines the ring dynamics as well as the impact of the geometry on the magnetic parameters probed by EPR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Consentius
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Loll
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustraße 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gohlke
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association , Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Alings
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustraße 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin , Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Teutloff
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Joint EPR Laboratory, Freie Universität Berlin , 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Heinemann
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustraße 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association , Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin , Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus C Wahl
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustraße 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Macromolecular Crystallography , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Risse
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Joint EPR Laboratory, Freie Universität Berlin , 14195 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Remigio RD, Repisky M, Komorovsky S, Hrobarik P, Frediani L, Ruud K. Four-component relativistic density functional theory with the polarisable continuum model: application to EPR parameters and paramagnetic NMR shifts. Mol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2016.1239846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Di Remigio
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Tromsø– The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Michal Repisky
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Tromsø– The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stanislav Komorovsky
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Tromsø– The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Peter Hrobarik
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca Frediani
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Tromsø– The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Tromsø– The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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7
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Löytynoja T, Niskanen J, Jänkälä K, Vahtras O, Rinkevicius Z, Ågren H. Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Modeling of Photoelectron Spectra: The Carbon 1s Core–Electron Binding Energies of Ethanol–Water Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:13217-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jp506410w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Löytynoja
- Department
of Physics, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry & Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J. Niskanen
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - K. Jänkälä
- Department
of Physics, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
| | - O. Vahtras
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry & Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Z. Rinkevicius
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry & Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish
e-Science Research Centre (SeRC), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H. Ågren
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry & Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Retegan M, Neese F, Pantazis DA. Convergence of QM/MM and Cluster Models for the Spectroscopic Properties of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex in Photosystem II. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:3832-42. [PMID: 26584129 DOI: 10.1021/ct400477j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The latest crystal structure of photosystem II at 1.9 Å resolution, which resolves the topology of the Mn4CaO5 oxygen evolving complex (OEC) at atomistic detail, enables a better correlation between structural features and spectroscopic properties than ever before. Building on the refined crystallographic model of the OEC and the protein, we present combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) studies of the spectroscopic properties of the natural catalyst embedded in the protein matrix. Focusing on the S2 state of the catalytic cycle, we examine the convergence of not only structural parameters but also of the intracluster magnetic interactions in terms of exchange coupling constants and of experimentally relevant (55)Mn, (17)O, and (14)N hyperfine coupling constants with respect to QM/MM partitioning using five QM regions of increasing size. This enables us to assess the performance of the method and to probe second sphere effects by identifying amino acid residues that principally affect the spectroscopic properties of the OEC. Comparison between QM-only and QM/MM treatments reveals that whereas QM/MM models converge quickly to stable values, the QM cluster models need to incorporate significantly larger parts of the second coordination sphere and surrounding water molecules to achieve convergence for certain properties. This is mainly due to the sensitivity of the QM-only models to fluctuations in the hydrogen bonding network and ligand acidity. Additionally, a hydrogen bond that is typically omitted in QM-only treatments is shown to determine the hyperfine coupling tensor of the unique Mn(III) ion by regulating the rotation plane of the ligated D1-His332 imidazole ring, the only N-donor ligand of the OEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Retegan
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-38, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-38, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Dimitrios A Pantazis
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-38, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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9
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Lipparini F, Cappelli C, Barone V. A gauge invariant multiscale approach to magnetic spectroscopies in condensed phase: general three-layer model, computational implementation and pilot applications. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:234108. [PMID: 23802952 PMCID: PMC4630867 DOI: 10.1063/1.4811113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Analytical equations to calculate second order electric and magnetic properties of a molecular system embedded into a polarizable environment are presented. The treatment is limited to molecules described at the self consistent field level of theory, including Hartree-Fock theory as well as Kohn-Sham density functional theory and is extended to the Gauge-Including Atomic Orbital method. The polarizable embedding is described by means of our already implemented polarizable quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (MM) methodology, where the polarization in the MM layer is handled by means of the fluctuating charge (FQ) model. A further layer of description, i.e, the polarizable continuum model, can also be included. The FQ(/polarizable continuum model) contributions to the properties are derived, with reference to the calculation of the magnetic susceptibility, the nuclear magnetic resonance shielding tensor, electron spin resonance g-tensors, and hyperfine couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Lipparini
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7 I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Cappelli
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7 I-56126 Pisa, Italy and Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento, 35 I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7 I-56126 Pisa, Italy
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10
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Frecus B, Rinkevicius Z, Ågren H. π-Stacking effects on the EPR parameters of a prototypical DNA spin label. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:10466-71. [PMID: 23685812 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51129d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The character and value of spin labels for probing environments like double-stranded DNA depend on the degree of change in the spin Hamiltonian parameters of the spin label induced by the environment. Herein we provide a systematic theoretical investigation of this issue, based on a density functional theory method applied to a spin labeled DNA model system, focusing on the dependence of the EPR properties of the spin label on the π stacking and hydrogen bonding that occur upon incorporating the spin label into the selected base pair inside DNA. It is found that the EPR spin Hamiltonian parameters of the spin label are only negligibly affected by its incorporation into DNA, when compared to its free form. This result gives a theoretical ground for the common empirical assumption regarding the behaviour of spin Hamiltonian parameters made in EPR based measurements of the distance between spin labels incorporated into DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Frecus
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Biotechnology, Division of Theoretical Chemistry & Biology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Frecus B, Rinkevicius Z, Murugan NA, Vahtras O, Kongsted J, Ågren H. EPR spin Hamiltonian parameters of encapsulated spin-labels: impact of the hydrogen bonding topology. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:2427-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43951d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Hedegård ED, Kongsted J, Sauer SPA. Improving the calculation of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance hyperfine coupling tensors for d-block metals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:10669-76. [PMID: 22785432 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40969k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Calculation of hyperfine coupling constants (HFCs) of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance from first principles can be a beneficial complement to experimental data in cases where the molecular structure is unknown. We have recently investigated basis set convergence of HFCs in d-block complexes and obtained a set of basis functions for the elements Sc-Zn, which were saturated with respect to both the Fermi contact and spin-dipolar components of the hyperfine coupling tensor [Hedegård et al., J. Chem. Theory Comput., 2011, 7, 4077-4087]. Furthermore, a contraction scheme was proposed leading to very accurate, yet efficient basis sets for the elements Sc-Zn. Here this scheme is tested against a larger test set of molecules and a wider range of DFT functionals. We further investigate the regular aug-cc-pVTZ and core-valence correlation aug-cc-pCVTZ basis sets as well as another core-property basis set, CP(PPP). While aug-cc-pVTZ-J provides hyperfine coupling constants that are almost identical to the converged series (aug-cc-pVTZ-Juc), we observe that not only the regular but also the core-valence correlation basis sets provide results far from the converged results. The usage of specialized core-basis sets leads to a large and highly significant improvement of the calculated hyperfine couplings in comparison with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Hedegård
- University of Southern Denmark, Institute for Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Campusvej 55, Odense, Denmark.
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13
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Li X, Rinkevicius Z, Kongsted J, Murugan NA, Ågren H. Binding Mechanism and Magnetic Properties of a Multifunctional Spin Label for Targeted EPR Imaging of Amyloid Proteins: Insight from Atomistic Simulations and First-Principles Calculations. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 8:4766-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ct300606q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry
and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zilvinas Rinkevicius
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry
and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish e-Science Research Center
(SeRC), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry
and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - N. Arul Murugan
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry
and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry
and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Caruso P, Causà M, Cimino P, Crescenzi O, D’Amore M, Improta R, Pavone M, Rega N. Effects of molecular dynamics and solvation on the electronic structure of molecular probes. Theor Chem Acc 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-012-1211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Liao RZ, Thiel W. Comparison of QM-Only and QM/MM Models for the Mechanism of Tungsten-Dependent Acetylene Hydratase. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 8:3793-803. [DOI: 10.1021/ct3000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Zhen Liao
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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16
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Rinkevicius Z, Frecuş B, Murugan NA, Vahtras O, Kongsted J, Ågren H. Encapsulation Influence on EPR Parameters of Spin-Labels: 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-methoxypiperidine-1-oxyl in Cucurbit[8]uril. J Chem Theory Comput 2011; 8:257-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ct200816z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zilvinas Rinkevicius
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry & Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish e-Science Research Center (SeRC), Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bogdan Frecuş
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry & Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N. Arul Murugan
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry & Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olav Vahtras
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry & Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry & Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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