1
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Li J, Tan YS, Verma CS. Dissecting the geometric and hydrophobic constraints of stapled peptides. Proteins 2024. [PMID: 38196284 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Stapled peptides are a promising class of molecules with potential as highly specific probes of protein-protein interactions and as therapeutics. Hydrocarbon stapling affects the peptide properties through the interplay of two factors: enhancing the overall hydrophobicity and constraining the conformational flexibility. By constructing a series of virtual peptides, we study the role of each factor in modulating the structural properties of a hydrocarbon-stapled peptide PM2, which has been shown to enter cells, engage its target Mouse Double Minute 2 (MDM2), and activate p53. Hamiltonian replica exchange molecular dynamics (HREMD) simulations suggest that hydrocarbon stapling favors helical populations of PM2 through a combination of the geometric constraints and the enhanced hydrophobicity of the peptide. To further understand the conformational landscape of the stapled peptides along the binding pathway, we performed HREMD simulations by restraining the peptide at different distances from MDM2. When the peptide approaches MDM2, the binding pocket undergoes dehydration which appears to be greater in the presence of the stapled peptide compared with the linear peptide. In the binding pocket, the helicity of the stapled peptide is increased due to the favorable interactions between the peptide residues as well as the staple and the microenvironment of the binding pocket, contributing to enhanced affinity. The dissection of the multifaceted mechanism of hydrocarbon stapling into individual factors not only deepens fundamental understanding of peptide stapling, but also provides guidelines for the design of new stapled peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Li
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yaw Sing Tan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chandra S Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Maity A, Choudhury AR, Chakrabarti R. Effect of Stapling on the Thermodynamics of mdm2-p53 Binding. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:1989-2000. [PMID: 33830760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interaction (PPI) is one of the key regulatory features driving biomolecular processes and hence is targeted for designing therapeutics against diseases. Small peptides are a new and emerging class of therapeutics owing to their high specificity and low toxicity. For achieving efficient targeting of the PPI, amino acid side chains are often stapled together, resulting in the rigidification of these peptides. Exploring the scope of these peptides demands a comprehensive understanding of their working principle. In this work, two stapled p53 peptides have been considered to delineate their binding mechanism with mdm2 using computational approaches. The addition of stapling agent protects the secondary structure of the peptides even in the case of thermal and chemical denaturation. Although the introduction of a stapling agent increases the hydrophobicity of the peptide, the enthalpic stabilization decreases. This is overcome by the lowering of the entropic penalty, and the overall binding affinity improves. The mechanistic insights into the benefit of peptide stapling can be adopted for further improvement of peptide therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Asha Rani Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rajarshi Chakrabarti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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3
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Tan YS, Mhoumadi Y, Verma CS. Roles of computational modelling in understanding p53 structure, biology, and its therapeutic targeting. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 11:306-316. [PMID: 30726928 PMCID: PMC6487789 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p53 plays pivotal roles in numerous biological processes, including the suppression of tumours. The rich availability of biophysical data aimed at understanding its structure–function relationships since the 1990s has enabled the application of a variety of computational modelling techniques towards the establishment of mechanistic models. Together they have provided deep insights into the structure, mechanics, energetics, and dynamics of p53. In parallel, the observation that mutations in p53 or changes in its associated pathways characterize several human cancers has resulted in a race to develop therapeutic modulators of p53, some of which have entered clinical trials. This review describes how computational modelling has played key roles in understanding structural-dynamic aspects of p53, formulating hypotheses about domains that are beyond current experimental investigations, and the development of therapeutic molecules that target the p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Sing Tan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore
| | - Yasmina Mhoumadi
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore
| | - Chandra S Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore
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4
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Cornillie SP, Bruno BJ, Lim CS, Cheatham TE. Computational Modeling of Stapled Peptides toward a Treatment Strategy for CML and Broader Implications in the Design of Lengthy Peptide Therapeutics. J Phys Chem B 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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5
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Kim D, Lee C, Lee S, Kim K, Han JJ, Cha E, Lim J, Cho Y, Hong S, Han K. The Mechanism of p53 Rescue by SUSP4. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Do‐Hyoung Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Chewook Lee
- Genome Editing Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Si‐Hyung Lee
- Genome Editing Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Kyung‐Tae Kim
- Molecular Epidemology Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center 323 Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do 10408 Korea
| | - Joan J. Han
- Genome Editing Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Korea
- College of Human Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Eun‐Ji Cha
- Genome Editing Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Ji‐Eun Lim
- Genome Editing Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Ye‐Jin Cho
- Genome Editing Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics University of Science and Technology 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejoen 34113 Korea
| | - Seung‐Hee Hong
- Division of Food Science and Culinary Art, Food and Nutrition Major Shinhan University 95 Hoam-ro, Uijeongbu-si Gyeonggi-do 11644 Korea
| | - Kyou‐Hoon Han
- Genome Editing Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics University of Science and Technology 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejoen 34113 Korea
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6
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Morrone JA, Perez A, Deng Q, Ha SN, Holloway MK, Sawyer TK, Sherborne BS, Brown FK, Dill KA. Molecular Simulations Identify Binding Poses and Approximate Affinities of Stapled α-Helical Peptides to MDM2 and MDMX. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:863-869. [PMID: 28042965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, computing the binding affinities of proteins to even relatively small and rigid ligands by free-energy methods has been challenging due to large computational costs and significant errors. Here, we apply a new molecular simulation acceleration method called MELD (Modeling by Employing Limited Data) to study the binding of stapled α-helical peptides to the MDM2 and MDMX proteins. We employ free-energy-based molecular dynamics simulations (MELD-MD) to identify binding poses and calculate binding affinities. Even though stapled peptides are larger and more complex than most protein ligands, the MELD-MD simulations can identify relevant binding poses and compute relative binding affinities. MELD-MD appears to be a promising method for computing the binding properties of peptide ligands with proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Morrone
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Alberto Perez
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Qiaolin Deng
- Department of Structural Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sookhee N Ha
- Department of Structural Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - M Katharine Holloway
- Department of Structural Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Tomi K Sawyer
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Bradley S Sherborne
- Department of Structural Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Frank K Brown
- Department of Structural Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Ken A Dill
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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7
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Morrone JA, Perez A, MacCallum J, Dill KA. Computed Binding of Peptides to Proteins with MELD-Accelerated Molecular Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:870-876. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Morrone
- Laufer
Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Alberto Perez
- Laufer
Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Justin MacCallum
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ken A. Dill
- Laufer
Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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8
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Kim D, Lee C, Lee S, Kim K, Han JJ, Cha E, Lim J, Cho Y, Hong S, Han K. The Mechanism of p53 Rescue by SUSP4. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:1278-1282. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Do‐Hyoung Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Chewook Lee
- Genome Editing Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Si‐Hyung Lee
- Genome Editing Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Kyung‐Tae Kim
- Molecular Epidemology Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center 323 Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do 10408 Korea
| | - Joan J. Han
- Genome Editing Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Korea
- College of Human Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Eun‐Ji Cha
- Genome Editing Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Ji‐Eun Lim
- Genome Editing Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Ye‐Jin Cho
- Genome Editing Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics University of Science and Technology 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejoen 34113 Korea
| | - Seung‐Hee Hong
- Division of Food Science and Culinary Art, Food and Nutrition Major Shinhan University 95 Hoam-ro, Uijeongbu-si Gyeonggi-do 11644 Korea
| | - Kyou‐Hoon Han
- Genome Editing Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics University of Science and Technology 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejoen 34113 Korea
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9
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Jiang Z, Xu W, Dan G, Liu Y, Xiong J. P53 and Murine Double Mimute 2 (MDM2) Expression Changes and Significance in Different Types of Endometrial Lesions. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:4786-4793. [PMID: 27924072 PMCID: PMC5158131 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endometrial lesions are common in obstetrics and gynecology, including endometrial polyps, uterine adenomyosis, and malignant endometrial adenocarcinoma. Endometrial lesions seriously affect women’s health, fertility, quality of life, and life safety. As a pro-apoptosis gene, p53 is considered to be closely related with human tumors. Murine double mimute 2 (MDM2) is an oncogene that can promote tumor occurrence and development. P53 and MDM2 expression and significance in different types of endometrial lesions have not been fully elucidated. Material/Methods Normal endometrium, endometrial polyps, uterine adenomyosis, and endometrial adenocarcinoma tissue samples were collected. Real-time PCR was used to detect p53 and MDM2 mRNA expression. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis were applied to test p53 and MDM2 protein expression. Their correlation with clinical staging of endometrial adenocarcinoma was analyzed. Results P53 and MDM2 mRNA and protein expression were significantly elevated in the endometrial polyps group and the endometrial adenocarcinoma group compared with the normal control group (P<0.05). Their levels increased more obviously in endometrial adenocarcinoma compared with endometrial polyps (P<0.05). P53 and MDM2 mRNA and protein expression were slightly enhanced in uterine adenomyosis compared with normal controls, but this difference lacked statistical significance (P>0.05). P53 and MDM2 mRNA and protein level showed a positive correlation. Significantly higher expression of p53 or MDM2 was observed in patients with stage III compared to those in patients with stage II. Higher expression was also observed in patients with stage II than in patients with stage I. Conclusions P53 and MDM2 mRNA and protein were elevated in endometrial polyps and endometrial adenocarcinoma and their expressions were correlated with clinical staging of endometrial adenocarcinoma. They can promote cancer occurrence and development, and can be treated to assist diagnosis and provide a reference for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyong Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu Military District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Wanqing Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu Military District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Gang Dan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu Military District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu Military District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu Military District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
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10
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Ciemny MP, Debinski A, Paczkowska M, Kolinski A, Kurcinski M, Kmiecik S. Protein-peptide molecular docking with large-scale conformational changes: the p53-MDM2 interaction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37532. [PMID: 27905468 PMCID: PMC5131342 DOI: 10.1038/srep37532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-peptide interactions are often associated with large-scale conformational changes that are difficult to study either by classical molecular modeling or by experiment. Recently, we have developed the CABS-dock method for flexible protein-peptide docking that enables large-scale rearrangements of the protein chain. In this study, we use CABS-dock to investigate the binding of the p53-MDM2 complex, an element of the cell cycle regulation system crucial for anti-cancer drug design. Experimental data suggest that p53-MDM2 binding is affected by significant rearrangements of a lid region - the N-terminal highly flexible MDM2 fragment; however, the details are not clear. The large size of the highly flexible MDM2 fragments makes p53-MDM2 intractable for exhaustive binding dynamics studies using atomistic models. We performed extensive dynamics simulations using the CABS-dock method, including large-scale structural rearrangements of MDM2 flexible regions. Without a priori knowledge of the p53 peptide structure or its binding site, we obtained near-native models of the p53-MDM2 complex. The simulation results match well the experimental data and provide new insights into the possible role of the lid fragment in p53 binding. The presented case study demonstrates that CABS-dock methodology opens up new opportunities for protein-peptide docking with large-scale changes of the protein receptor structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Pawel Ciemny
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | | | - Marta Paczkowska
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kolinski
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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11
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Stapled peptide design: principles and roles of computation. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1642-1653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Pantelopulos GA, Mukherjee S, Voelz VA. Microsecond simulations of mdm2 and its complex with p53 yield insight into force field accuracy and conformational dynamics. Proteins 2015; 83:1665-76. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.24852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudipto Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry; Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19122
| | - Vincent A. Voelz
- Department of Chemistry; Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19122
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13
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Cromm PM, Spiegel J, Grossmann TN. Hydrocarbon stapled peptides as modulators of biological function. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1362-75. [PMID: 25798993 DOI: 10.1021/cb501020r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-based drug discovery has experienced a significant upturn within the past decade since the introduction of chemical modifications and unnatural amino acids has allowed for overcoming some of the drawbacks associated with peptide therapeutics. Strengthened by such features, modified peptides become capable of occupying a niche that emerges between the two major classes of today's therapeutics-small molecules (<500 Da) and biologics (>5000 Da). Stabilized α-helices have proven particularly successful at impairing disease-relevant PPIs previously considered "undruggable." Among those, hydrocarbon stapled α-helical peptides have emerged as a novel class of potential peptide therapeutics. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the development and applications of hydrocarbon stapled peptides discussing the benefits and limitations of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M. Cromm
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Technical University Dortmund, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jochen Spiegel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Technical University Dortmund, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tom N. Grossmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Technical University Dortmund, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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14
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Sim AYL, Verma C. How does a hydrocarbon staple affect peptide hydrophobicity? J Comput Chem 2015; 36:773-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adelene Y. L. Sim
- Bioinformatics Institute (A*STAR); 30 Biopolis Street #07-01 Matrix 138671 Singapore
| | - Chandra Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute (A*STAR); 30 Biopolis Street #07-01 Matrix 138671 Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University; 60 Nanyang Drive 637551 Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; 14 Science Drive 4 Singapore 117543
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