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Froitzheim T, Kunze L, Grimme S, Herbert JM, Mewes JM. Benchmarking Charge-Transfer Excited States in TADF Emitters: ΔDFT Outperforms TD-DFT for Emission Energies. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:6324-6335. [PMID: 39028862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Charge-transfer (CT) excited states are crucial to organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), particularly to those based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). However, accurately modeling CT states remains challenging, even with modern implementations of (time-dependent) density functional theory [(TD-)DFT], especially in a dielectric environment. To identify shortcomings and improve the methodology, we previously established the STGABS27 benchmark set with highly accurate experimental references for the adiabatic energy gap between the lowest singlet and triplet excited states (ΔEST). Here, we diversify this set to the STGABS27-EMS benchmark by including experimental emission energies (Eem) and use this new set to (re)-evaluate various DFT-based approaches. Surprisingly, these tests demonstrate that a state-specific (un)restricted open-shell Kohn-Sham (U/ROKS) DFT coupled with a polarizable continuum model for perturbative state-specific nonequilibrium solvation (ptSS-PCM) provides exceptional accuracy for predicting Eem over a wide range of density functionals. In contrast, the main workhorse of the field, Tamm-Dancoff-approximated TD-DFT (TDA-DFT) paired with the same ptSS-PCM, is distinctly less accurate and strongly functional-dependent. More importantly, while TDA-DFT requires the choice of two very different density functionals for good performance on either ΔEST or Eem, the time-independent U/ROKS/PCM approaches deliver excellent accuracy for both quantities with a wide variety of functionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Froitzheim
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Kunze
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jan-Michael Mewes
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- beeOLED GmbH, Niedersedlitzer Str. 75 C, 01257 Dresden, Germany
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2
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Knysh I, Raimbault D, Duchemin I, Blase X, Jacquemin D. Assessing the accuracy of TD-DFT excited-state geometries through optimal tuning with GW energy levels. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:144115. [PMID: 38602292 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We study the accuracy of excited state (ES) geometries using optimally tuned LC-PBE functionals with tuning based on GW quasiparticle energies. We compare the results obtained with the PBE, PBE0, non-tuned, and tuned LC-PBE functionals with available high-level CC reference values as well as experimental data. First, we compare ES geometrical parameters obtained for three different types of systems: molecules composed of a few atoms, 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN), and conjugated dyes. To this end, we used wave-function results as benchmarks. Next, we evaluate the accuracy of the theoretically simulated spectra as compared to the experimental ones for five large dyes. Our results show that, besides small compact molecules for which tuning LC-PBE does not allow obtaining geometries more accurate than those computed with standard functionals, tuned range-separated functionals are clearly to be favored, not only for ES geometries but also for 0-0 energies, band shapes, and intensities for absorption and emission spectra. In particular, the results indicate that GW-tuned LC-PBE functionals provide improved matching with experimental spectra as compared to conventionally tuned functionals. It is an open question whether TD-DFT with GW-tuned functionals can qualitatively mimic the actual many-body Bethe-Salpeter (BSE/GW) formalism for which analytic ionic gradients remain to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Knysh
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Denez Raimbault
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Ivan Duchemin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-MEM-L_Sim, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Xavier Blase
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut, Néel F-38042, Grenoble
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
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3
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Shi Q, Gao L, Li W, Wang J, Shi Z, Li Y, Chen J, Ji Y, An T. Oligomerization Mechanism of Methylglyoxal Regulated by the Methyl Groups in Reduced Nitrogen Species: Implications for Brown Carbon Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1563-1576. [PMID: 38183415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Uncertain chemical mechanisms leading to brown carbon (BrC) formation affect the drivers of the radiative effects of aerosols in current climate predictions. Herein, the aqueous-phase reactions of methylglyoxal (MG) and typical reduced nitrogen species (RNSs) are systematically investigated by using combined quantum chemical calculations and laboratory experiments. Imines and diimines are identified from the mixtures of methylamine (MA) and ammonia (AM) with MG, but not from dimethylamine (DA) with the MG mixture under acidic conditions, because deprotonation of DA cationic intermediates is hindered by the amino groups occupied by two methyl groups. It leads to N-heterocycle (NHC) formation in the MG + MA (MGM) and MG + AM (MGA) reaction systems but to N-containing chain oligomer formation in the MG + DA (MGD) reaction system. Distinct product formation is attributed to electrostatic attraction and steric hindrance, which are regulated by the methyl groups of RNSs. The light absorption and adverse effects of NHCs are also strongly related to the methyl groups of RNSs. Our finding reveals that BrC formation is mainly contributed from MG reaction with RNSs with less methyl groups, which have more abundant and broad sources in the urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Shi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenjian Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhang Shi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yixin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jiangyao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuemeng Ji
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Soltani Nejad M, Alipour M. How does theory compare to experiment for oscillator strengths in electronic spectra? Proposing range-separated hybrids with reliable accountability. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:879-894. [PMID: 38087910 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04793h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
As an important quantity in atomic and molecular spectroscopy, oscillator strength should be mentioned. Oscillator strength is linked to the transition dipole moment and consequently to the transition probability between two states, where its magnitude is directly connected to the intensity of the peaks in ultraviolet-visible spectra. However, accurately accounting for oscillator strengths still remains one of the greatest challenges in theory and experiment. Given previous efforts in the context of investigations into oscillator strengths, the related theoretical treatments are relatively limited and have proven to be challenging. In this work, the oscillator strengths in the electronic spectra of organic compounds have thoroughly been investigated with the help of optimally tuned range-separated hybrids (OT-RSHs). In particular, variants of the OT-RSHs combined with the polarizable continuum model (PCM), OT-RSHs-PCM, as well as their screened versions accounting for the screening effects by the electron correlation through the dielectric constant, OT-SRSHs-PCM, are proposed for reliable prediction of the oscillator strengths. The role of the involved ingredients in the proposed methods, namely the underlying density functional approximations, short-range and long-range Hartree-Fock (HF) exchange, as well as the range-separation parameter, has been examined in detail. It is shown that any combination of the parameters in the proposed approximations does not render the reliable oscillator strengths, but a particular compromise among them is needed to describe the experimental data well. Perusing all the results of our developed methods, the best ones are found to be the generalized gradient approximation-based OT-RSHs-PCM, coupled with the linear response theory in the non-equilibrium solvation regime, with the correct asymptotic behavior and incorporating no (low) HF exchange contributions in the short-range part. The best proposed approximations also reveal superior performances not only with respect to their standard counterparts with the default parameters but also as compared to earlier range-separated functionals. Finally, the applicability of the best approximation is also put into broader perspective, where it is used for predicting the oscillator strengths in other sets of compounds not included in the process of developing the approximations. Hopefully, our proposed method can function as an affordable alternative to the expensive wave function-based methods for both theoretical modeling and confirming the experimental observations in the field of electronic spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Soltani Nejad
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946-84795, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Alipour
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946-84795, Iran.
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Putro PA, Sakti AW, Ahmad F, Nakai H, Alatas H. Quantum mechanical assessment on the optical properties of capsanthin conformers. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:2319-2331. [PMID: 37548072 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
As optical properties, the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra of capsanthin-based red natural dye are a decisive parameter for their usage in various applications. Thus, accurately predicting the maximum UV-Vis wavelength (λ max ) values is critical in designing dye-conjugated material. Extensive metadynamics simulations were carried out to generate capsanthin conformers at various levels of the extended tight-binding method. Benchmarking the time-dependent density-functional theory (TD-DFT) methods help understand the results of a particular functional and allows a comparison between results obtained with different functional. The long-range correction (LC) scheme in LC-TD-DFT-D4/ωB97X/def2-SVP has been found to reproduce the experimentalλ max , and exhibited the effect of conformational changes to the calculated wavelengths. On the other hand, an inexpensive yet efficient LC-TD-DFTB method reproduced the experimentalλ max insensitive to conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Permono Adi Putro
- Theoretical Physics Division, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universitas Mandiri, Subang, Indonesia
- Indonesia Computational-Research Consortium on Renewable Energy (ICRC-RE), IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Aditya Wibawa Sakti
- Theoretical Physics Division, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Indonesia Computational-Research Consortium on Renewable Energy (ICRC-RE), IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Global Center for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Computer, Universitas Pertamina, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Faozan Ahmad
- Theoretical Physics Division, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Indonesia Computational-Research Consortium on Renewable Energy (ICRC-RE), IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Hiromi Nakai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Husin Alatas
- Theoretical Physics Division, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Indonesia Computational-Research Consortium on Renewable Energy (ICRC-RE), IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Center for Transdisciplinary & Sustainability Sciences (CTSS), IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
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6
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Rohman S, Kar R. Understanding Photophysical Properties of Molecules Relevant in Organic Semiconductor Laser Diodes from Electron Localization Function-Tuned and Solvent-Tuned Range-Separated Functionals. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9069-9081. [PMID: 37862688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor laser diodes (OSLDs) are prevalent in optoelectronics because of their sustainable energy applications. Organic molecules used in such diodes are usually large; hence, their studies are computationally challenging with high-end benchmark methods. Computational methods with reliable accuracy and efficiency are always indispensable. In the present work, we have applied our computationally inexpensive, nonempirically tuned [electron localization function (ELF*) and solvent (Sol*)] range-separated (RS) functionals to study five molecules used in OSLDs. The emission energies in three different environments [toluene, CBP (4,4'-bis(n-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl) film, and gas] have been computed with the tuned functionals and compared with the experimental emission energies. ELF* and Sol* functionals can accurately reproduce emission energies in toluene and CBP film environments. On the other hand, both ELF* and IP-tuned functionals with excited-state geometry (IP*) perform better in the gas phase. In addition, a comparative study is performed between time-dependent density functional theory and the Tamm-Dancoff approximation. Along with the emission energy, oscillator strength values have also been reported. Different IP-tuned RS parameters were obtained with the ground- and excited-state geometries. Interestingly, it has been observed that the optimally tuned RS parameter with excited-state geometry (IP*) performs better compared to that with ground-state geometries (IP). Fractional occupation calculations show that the tuned functionals exhibit less localization and delocalization error. The study envisages that ELF* and Sol* functionals can be used to design future candidates for OSLDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satter Rohman
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004, India
| | - Rahul Kar
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004, India
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7
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O'Connor MS, Bragg ZT, Dearworth JR, Hendrickson HP. Quantum Mechanics/Molecular mechanics calculations predict A1, not A2, is present in melanopsin (Opn4m) of red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). Vision Res 2023; 209:108245. [PMID: 37290221 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2023.108245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Melanopsin is a photopigment that plays a role in non-visual, light-driven, cellular processes such as modulation of circadian rhythms, retinal vascular development, and the pupillary light reflex (PLR). In this study, computational methods were used to understand which chromophore is harbored by melanopsin in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). In mammals, the vitamin A derivative 11-cis-retinal (A1) is the chromophore, which provides functionality for melanopsin. However, in red-eared slider turtles, a member of the reptilian class, the identity of the chromophore remains unclear. Red-eared slider turtles, similar to other freshwater vertebrates, possess visual pigments that harbor a different vitamin A derivative, 11-cis-3,4-didehydroretinal (A2), making their pigments more sensitive to red-light than blue-light, therefore, suggesting the chromophore to be the A2 derivative instead of the A1. To help resolve the chromophore identity, in this work, computational homology models of melanopsin in red-eared slider turtles were first constructed. Next, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations were carried out to compare how A1 and A2 derivatives bind to melanopsin. Time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations were then used to determine the excitation energy of the pigments. Lastly, calculated excitation energies were compared to experimental spectral sensitivity data from responses by the irises of red-eared sliders. Contrary to what was expected, our results suggest that melanopsin in red-eared slider turtles is more likely to harbor the A1 chromophore than the A2. Furthermore, a glutamine (Q622.56) and tyrosine (Y853.28) residue in the chromophore binding pocket are shown to play a role in the spectral tuning of the chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, United States
| | - Zoey T Bragg
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, United States
| | - James R Dearworth
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, United States
| | - Heidi P Hendrickson
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, United States.
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8
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Villot C, Huang T, Lao KU. Accurate prediction of global-density-dependent range-separation parameters based on machine learning. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:044103. [PMID: 37486048 DOI: 10.1063/5.0157340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we develop an accurate and efficient XGBoost machine learning model for predicting the global-density-dependent range-separation parameter, ωGDD, for long-range corrected functional (LRC)-ωPBE. This ωGDDML model has been built using a wide range of systems (11 466 complexes, ten different elements, and up to 139 heavy atoms) with fingerprints for the local atomic environment and histograms of distances for the long-range atomic correlation for mapping the quantum mechanical range-separation values. The promising performance on the testing set with 7046 complexes shows a mean absolute error of 0.001 117 a0-1 and only five systems (0.07%) with an absolute error larger than 0.01 a0-1, which indicates the good transferability of our ωGDDML model. In addition, the only required input to obtain ωGDDML is the Cartesian coordinates without electronic structure calculations, thereby enabling rapid predictions. LRC-ωPBE(ωGDDML) is used to predict polarizabilities for a series of oligomers, where polarizabilities are sensitive to the asymptotic density decay and are crucial in a variety of applications, including the calculations of dispersion corrections and refractive index, and surpasses the performance of all other popular density functionals except for the non-tuned LRC-ωPBE. Finally, LRC-ωPBE (ωGDDML) combined with (extended) symmetry-adapted perturbation theory is used in calculating noncovalent interactions to further show that the traditional ab initio system-specific tuning procedure can be bypassed. The present study not only provides an accurate and efficient way to determine the range-separation parameter for LRC-ωPBE but also shows the synergistic benefits of fusing the power of physically inspired density functional LRC-ωPBE and the data-driven ωGDDML model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Villot
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, USA
| | - Tong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, USA
| | - Ka Un Lao
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, USA
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9
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Reza-González FA, Villatoro E, Reza MM, Jara-Cortés J, García-Ortega H, Blanco-Acuña EF, López-Cortés JG, Esturau-Escofet N, Aguirre-Soto A, Peon J. Two-photon isomerization properties of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5783-5794. [PMID: 37265740 PMCID: PMC10231324 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01223a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) are important photo-responsive molecules that undergo electrocyclic reactions after light absorption. From these properties, DASAs have received extensive attention as photo-switches with negative photochromism. Meanwhile, several photochemical applications require isomerization events to take place in highly localized volumes at variable depths. Such focused photoreactions can be achieved if the electronic excitation is induced through a non-linear optical process. In this contribution we describe DASAs substituted with extended donor groups which provide them with significant two-photon absorption properties. We characterized the photo-induced transformation of these DASAs from the open polymethinic form to their cyclopentenic isomer with the use of 800 nm femtosecond pulses. These studies verified that the biphotonic excitation produces equivalent photoreactions as linear absorbance. We also determined these DASAs' two-photon absorption cross sections from measurements of their photoconverted yield after biphotonic excitation. As we show, specific donor sections provide these systems with important biphotonic cross-sections as high as 615 GM units. Such properties make these DASAs among the most non-linearly active photo-switchable molecules. Calculations at the TDDFT level with the optimally tuned range-separated functional OT-CAM-B3LYP, together with quadratic response methods indicate that the non-linear photochemical properties in these molecules involve higher lying electronic states above the first excited singlet. This result is consistent with the observed relation between their two-photon chemistry and the onset of their short wavelength absorption features around 400 nm. This is the first report of the non-linear photochemistry of DASAs. The two-photon isomerization properties of DASAs extend their applications to 3D-photocontrol, non-linear lithography, variable depth birefringence, and localized drug delivery schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Villatoro
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Mariana M Reza
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Jesús Jara-Cortés
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Básicas e Ingenierías, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit Tepic 63155 Mexico
| | - Héctor García-Ortega
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Edgard F Blanco-Acuña
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - José G López-Cortés
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Nuria Esturau-Escofet
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Alan Aguirre-Soto
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey Monterey Nuevo Leon Mexico
| | - Jorge Peon
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México Mexico
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10
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Kshirsagar AR, Poloni R. Assessing the Role of the Kohn-Sham Density in the Calculation of the Low-Lying Bethe-Salpeter Excitation Energies. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2618-2627. [PMID: 36913525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
We adopt the GW many-body perturbation theory in conjunction with the Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE) to compute 57 excitation energies of a set of 37 molecules. By using the PBEh global hybrid functional and a self-consistent scheme on the eigenvalues in GW, we show a strong dependence of the BSE energy on the starting Kohn-Sham (KS) density functional. This arises from both the quasiparticle energies and the spatial localization of the frozen KS orbitals employed to compute the BSE. In order to address the arbitrariness in the mean field choice, we adopt an orbital-tuning scheme where the amount of Fock exchange, α, is tuned to impose that the KS HOMO matches the GW quasiparticle eigenvalue, thus fulfilling the ionization potential theorem in DFT. The performance of the proposed scheme yields excellent results and it is similar to M06-2X and PBEh with α = 75%, consistent with tuned values of α ranging between 60% and 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Poloni
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble-INP, SIMaP, 38000 Grenoble, France
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11
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Kretz B, Egger D. Accurate Non-Adiabatic Couplings from Optimally-Tuned Range-Separated Hybrid Functionals. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:101104. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0099854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise theoretical calculations of non-adiabatic couplings, which describe the interaction between two Born-Oppenheimer surfaces, are important for the modeling of radiationless decay mechanisms in photochemical processes. Here, we demonstrate that accurate non-adiabatic couplings can be calculated in the framework of linear-response time-dependent density functional theory by using non-empirical, optimally-tuned range-separated hybrid (OT-RSH) functionals. We focus on molecular radicals, in which ultrafast non-radiative decay plays a crucial role, to find that the OT-RSH functional compares well to wave-function based reference data and competes with the accuracy of semi-empirical CAM-B3LYP calculations. Our findings show that the OT-RSH approach provides very accurate non-adiabatic couplings and, therefore, provides a computationally efficient alternative to wave-function based techniques.
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12
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Rohman S, Kar R. Excited-State Properties of Some Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters: Quest for an Accurate and Reliable Computational Method. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3452-3462. [PMID: 35609339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) finds application in organic light-emitting diodes. The molecules exhibiting TADF are characterized by small singlet-triplet energy gaps that help reverse intersystem crossing. Recently, ionization potential (IP)-tuned range-separated (RS) density functionals have been well accepted for studying excited-state properties. In the present work, two efficient descriptor-based tuning schemes [electron localization function (ELF) and Sol] of RS density functionals have been used to accurately reproduce the excited-state properties of TADF emitters by performing a single self-consistent field calculation. The lowest singlet vertical excitation energies (EVA(S1)) and the vertical singlet-triplet energy gaps (ΔEVST) are computed with ELF-, Sol-, and IP-tuned RS functionals (LC-BLYP, ωB97, ωB97X, and ωB97XD). Encouraging mean absolute deviations from the experimental values with ELF*-, Sol*-, and IP-tuned functionals are observed. Consistent performance of the non-empirical tuned functionals is noted in different solvent dielectrics. In addition to these, fractional occupation calculations have shown that our tuned functionals almost satisfy the energy linearity curve. Thus, ELF*- and Sol*-tuned functionals are promising and reliable alternatives in computing the excited-state properties. Considering the small experimental singlet-triplet gap, we recommend ELF* to calculate EVA(S1) and Sol* to calculate ΔEVST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satter Rohman
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004, India
| | - Rahul Kar
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004, India
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13
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Morgante P, Ludowieg HD, Autschbach J. Comparative Study of Vibrational Raman Optical Activity with Different Time-Dependent Density Functional Approximations: The VROA36 Database. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2909-2927. [PMID: 35512708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A new database, VROA36, is introduced to investigate the performance of computational approaches for vibrational Raman optical activity (VROA) calculations. The database is composed of 36 molecules with known experimental VROA spectra. It includes 93 conformers. Normal modes calculated with B3LYP-D3(BJ)/def2-TZVP are used to compute the VROA spectra with four functionals, B3LYP-D3(BJ), ωB97X-D, M11, and optimally tuned LC-PBE, as well as several basis sets. SimROA indices and frequency scaling factors are used to compare calculated spectra with each other and with experimental data. The four functionals perform equally well independently of the basis set and usually achieve good agreement with the experimental data. For molecules in near- or at-resonance conditions, the inclusion of a complex (damped) linear response approach is important to obtain physically meaningful VROA intensities. The use of any of the tested functional approximations with the def2-SVPD Gaussian-type basis set, or a basis of similar flexibility, can be recommended for efficient and reliable theoretical VROA studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Morgante
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Herbert D Ludowieg
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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14
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Alipour M, Damiri S. Excited-state properties of organic semiconductor dyes as electrically pumped lasing candidates from new optimally tuned range-separated models. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8003-8014. [PMID: 35315460 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05363a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Even though many efforts have been devoted to optical lasing in recent years, the realization of lasing by direct electrical excitation of organic semiconductors is hampered mainly due to optical losses from electrical contacts and electrical losses induced by triplets and polarons at high current densities. Hereby, accurately accounting for the electrically pumped organic semiconductor laser diodes (OSLDs) still remains one of the greatest challenges in optoelectronics. In this work, the excited-state characteristics of the organic semiconductor dyes used in the electrically pumped OSLDs have thoroughly been investigated using optimally tuned range-separated hybrids (OT-RSHs). Considering several experimentally known compounds of the electrically pumped OSLDs as working models, several variants of OT-RSHs, their combination forms with the polarizable continuum model (PCM), OT-RSH-PCM, as well as their screened versions accounting for the screening effects by the electron correlation through the scalar dielectric constant, OT-SRSHs, have been proposed for reliable prediction of their emission energies and oscillator strengths in both the gas and solvent phases. The role of involved ingredients in the models, namely, the underlying density functional approximations, short- and long-range exact-like exchange, as well as the range-separation parameter, has been examined in detail. It is shown that the newly designed OT-RSHs with the correct behavior of asymptotic exchange-correlation potential outperform the standard RSHs and other density functionals with both fixed and interelectronic distance-dependent exact-like exchange for describing the excite-state properties of compounds of the electrically pumped OSLDs. Concerning the computational cost of the models, it is unveiled that performing both the optimal tuning procedure and subsequent excited-state computations using OT-RSHs in the gas phase can be considered as a more reliable and affordable framework. Finally, the applicability of the proposed models is also put into a broader perspective for the computational design of several compounds as promising candidates to be used in the OSLD materials. Hopefully, our recommended OT-RSHs can function as efficient models for both the related theoretical modeling and confirming the experimental observations in the field of electrically pumped OSLDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Alipour
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946-84795, Iran.
| | - Samaneh Damiri
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946-84795, Iran.
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15
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Nohara I, Wegeberg C, Devereux M, Prescimone A, Housecroft CE, Constable EC. The surprising effects of sulfur: achieving long excited-state lifetimes in heteroleptic copper(i) emitters. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:3089-3102. [PMID: 35340713 PMCID: PMC8870442 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc05591g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of heteroleptic [Cu(N^N)(P^P)][PF6] complexes is reported in which N^N is a di(methylsulfanyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (2,9-, 3,8- or 4,7-(MeS)2phen) or di(methoxy)-1,10-phenanthroline (2,9-, 3,8- or 4,7-(MeO)2phen) and P^P is bis(2-(diphenylphosphano)phenyl)ether (POP) or 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphano)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (xantphos). The effects of the different substituents are investigated through structural, electrochemical and photophysical studies and by using DFT and TD-DFT calculations. Introducing methylsulfanyl groups in the 2,9-, 3,8- or 4,7-positions of the phen domain alters the composition of the frontier molecular orbitals of the [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ complexes significantly, so that ligand-centred (LC) transitions become photophysically relevant with respect to metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT). Within this series, [Cu(2,9-(MeS)2phen)(POP)][PF6] exhibits the highest photoluminescence quantum yield of 15% and the longest excited-state lifetime of 8.3 μs in solution. In the solid state and in frozen matrices at 77 K, the electronic effects of the methylsulfanyl or methoxy substituents are highlighted, thus resulting in luminescence lifetimes of 2 to 4.2 ms at 77 K with predominantly LC character for both the 3,8- and 4,7-(MeS)2phen containing complexes. The results of the investigation give new guidelines on how to influence the luminescence properties in [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ complexes which will aid in the development of new sustainable and efficient copper(i) emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaak Nohara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096 Mattenstrasse 24a CH-4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Christina Wegeberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096 Mattenstrasse 24a CH-4058 Basel Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Mike Devereux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 80 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096 Mattenstrasse 24a CH-4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096 Mattenstrasse 24a CH-4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096 Mattenstrasse 24a CH-4058 Basel Switzerland
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16
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Ju CW, French EJ, Geva N, Kohn AW, Lin Z. Stacked Ensemble Machine Learning for Range-Separation Parameters. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9516-9524. [PMID: 34559964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory-based high-throughput materials and drug discovery has achieved tremendous success in recent decades, but its power on organic semiconducting molecules suffered catastrophically from the self-interaction error until the nonempirical but expensive optimally tuned range-separated hybrid (OT-RSH) functionals were developed. An OT-RSH transitions from a short-range (semi)local functional to a long-range Hartree-Fock exchange at a distance characterized by a molecule-specific range-separation parameter (ω). Herein, we propose a stacked ensemble machine learning model that provides an accelerated alternative of OT-RSH based on system-dependent structural and electronic configurations. We trained ML-ωPBE, the first functional in our series, using a database of 1970 molecules with sufficient structural and functional diversity, and assessed its accuracy and efficiency using another 1956 molecules. Compared with nonempirical OT-ωPBE, ML-ωPBE reaches a mean absolute error of 0.00504a0-1 for optimal ω's, reduces the computational cost by 2.66 orders of magnitude, and achieves comparable predictive power in optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Ju
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ethan J French
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Nadav Geva
- Advanced Micro Devices Inc., Boxborough, Massachusetts 01719, United States
| | - Alexander W Kohn
- Blizzard Entertainment Inc., Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - Zhou Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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17
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Marshburn RD, Ashley DC, Curtin GM, Sultana N, Liu C, Vinueza NR, Ison EA, Jakubikova E. Are all charge-transfer parameters created equally? A study of functional dependence and excited-state charge-transfer quantification across two dye families. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20583-20597. [PMID: 34505848 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03383b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule organic dyes have many potential uses in medicine, textiles, forensics, and light-harvesting technology. Being able to computationally predict the spectroscopic properties of these dyes could greatly expedite screening efforts, saving time and materials. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) has been shown to be a good tool for this in many instances, but characterizing electronic excitations with charge-transfer (CT) character has historically been challenging and can be highly sensitive to the chosen exchange-correlation functional. Here we present a combined experimental and computational study of the excited-state electronic structure of twenty organic dyes obtained from the Max Weaver Dye Library at NCSU. Results of UV-vis spectra calculations on these dyes with six different exchange-correlation functionals, BP86, B3LYP, PBE0, M06, BH and HLYP, and CAM-B3LYP, were compared against their measured UV-vis spectra. It was found that hybrid functionals with modest amounts (20-30%) of included Hartree-Fock exchange are the most effective at matching the experimentally determined λmax. The interplay between the observed error, the functional chosen, and the degree of CT was analyzed by quantifying the CT character of λmax using four orbital and density-based metrics, Λ, Δr, SC and DCT, as well as the change in the dipole moment, Δμ. The results showed that the relationship between CT character and the functional dependence of error is not straightforward, with the observed behavior being dependent both on how CT was quantified and the functional groups present in the molecules themselves. It is concluded that this may be a result of the examined excitations having intermediate CT character. Ultimately it was found that the nature of the molecular "family" influenced how a given functional behaved as a function of CT character, with only two of the examined CT quantification methods, Δr and DCT, showing consistent behavior between the different molecular families. This suggests that further work needs to be done to ensure that currently used CT quantification methods show the same general trends across large sets of multiple dye families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel C Ashley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Spelman College, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - Gregory M Curtin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Nadia Sultana
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Nelson R Vinueza
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Elon A Ison
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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18
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Maria Ranieri A, Vezzelli M, Leslie KG, Huang S, Stagni S, Jacquemin D, Jiang H, Hubbard A, Rigamonti L, Watkin ELJ, Ogden MI, New EJ, Massi M. Structure illumination microscopy imaging of lipid vesicles in live bacteria with naphthalimide-appended organometallic complexes. Analyst 2021; 146:3818-3822. [PMID: 34036982 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00363a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of molecular probes for imaging bacteria, in comparison to the array of such tools available for the imaging of mammalian cells. Here, organometallic molecular probes have been developed and assessed for bacterial imaging, designed to have the potential to support multiple imaging modalities. The chemical structure of the probes is designed around a metal-naphthalimide structure. The 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide moiety, covalently appended through a pyridine ancillary ligand, acts as a luminescent probe for super-resolution microscopy. On the other hand, the metal centre, rhenium(i) or platinum(ii) in the current study, enables techniques such as nanoSIMS. While the rhenium(i) complex was not sufficiently stable to be used as a probe, the platinum(ii) analogue showed good chemical and biological stability. Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) imaging on live Bacillus cereus confirmed the suitability of the probe for super-resolution microscopy. NanoSIMS analysis was used to monitor the uptake of the platinum(ii) complex within the bacteria and demonstrate the potential of this chemical architecture to enable multimodal imaging. The successful combination of these two moieties introduces a platform that could lead to a versatile range of multi-functional probes for bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Ranieri
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, WA, Australia.
| | - Matteo Vezzelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Kathryn G Leslie
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Song Huang
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, Univsersity of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stefano Stagni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università degli Studi di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Universit8 de Nantes, 2 Rue de la HoussiniHre, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, Univsersity of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alysia Hubbard
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, Univsersity of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Luca Rigamonti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Elizabeth L J Watkin
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley 6102 WA, Australia
| | - Mark I Ogden
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, WA, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth J New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, WA, Australia.
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19
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Maier TM, Ikabata Y, Nakai H. Assessing locally range-separated hybrid functionals from a gradient expansion of the exchange energy density. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:214101. [PMID: 34240986 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Locally range-separated hybrid (LRSH) functionals feature a real-space-dependent range separation function (RSF) instead of a system-independent range-separation parameter, which thus enables a more flexible admixture of exact exchange than conventional range-separated hybrid functionals. In particular, the development of suitable RSF models and exploring the capabilities of the LRSH approach, in general, are tasks that require further investigations and will be addressed in this work. We propose a non-empirical scheme based on a detailed scaling analysis with respect to a uniform coordinate scaling and on a short-range expansion of the range-separated exchange energy density to derive new RSF models from a gradient expansion of the exchange energy density. After optimizing a small set of empirical parameters introduced to enhance their flexibility, the resulting second- and fourth-order RSFs are evaluated with respect to atomic exchange energies, atomization energies, and transition barrier heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Maier
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yasuhiro Ikabata
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakai
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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20
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Hofmann OT, Zojer E, Hörmann L, Jeindl A, Maurer RJ. First-principles calculations of hybrid inorganic-organic interfaces: from state-of-the-art to best practice. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8132-8180. [PMID: 33875987 PMCID: PMC8237233 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06605b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The computational characterization of inorganic-organic hybrid interfaces is arguably one of the technically most challenging applications of density functional theory. Due to the fundamentally different electronic properties of the inorganic and the organic components of a hybrid interface, the proper choice of the electronic structure method, of the algorithms to solve these methods, and of the parameters that enter these algorithms is highly non-trivial. In fact, computational choices that work well for one of the components often perform poorly for the other. As a consequence, default settings for one materials class are typically inadequate for the hybrid system, which makes calculations employing such settings inefficient and sometimes even prone to erroneous results. To address this issue, we discuss how to choose appropriate atomistic representations for the system under investigation, we highlight the role of the exchange-correlation functional and the van der Waals correction employed in the calculation and we provide tips and tricks how to efficiently converge the self-consistent field cycle and to obtain accurate geometries. We particularly focus on potentially unexpected pitfalls and the errors they incur. As a summary, we provide a list of best practice rules for interface simulations that should especially serve as a useful starting point for less experienced users and newcomers to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Hofmann
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 16/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Egbert Zojer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 16/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Lukas Hörmann
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 16/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Andreas Jeindl
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 16/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Reinhard J Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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21
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Hashemi Z, Leppert L. Assessment of the Ab Initio Bethe-Salpeter Equation Approach for the Low-Lying Excitation Energies of Bacteriochlorophylls and Chlorophylls. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2163-2172. [PMID: 33656894 PMCID: PMC8028335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriochlorophyll and chlorophyll molecules are crucial building blocks of the photosynthetic apparatus in bacteria, algae, and plants. Embedded in transmembrane protein complexes, they are responsible for the primary processes of photosynthesis: excitation energy and charge transfer. Here, we use ab initio many-body perturbation theory within the GW approximation and Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE) approach to calculate the electronic structure and optical excitations of bacteriochlorophylls a, b, c, d, and e and chlorophylls a and b. We systematically study the effects of the structure, basis set size, partial self-consistency in GW, and the underlying exchange-correlation approximation and compare our calculations with results from time-dependent density functional theory, multireference RASPT2, and experimental literature results. We find that optical excitations calculated with GW+BSE are in excellent agreement with experimental data, with an average deviation of less than 100 meV for the first three bright excitations of the entire family of (bacterio)chlorophylls. Contrary to state-of-the-art time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) with an optimally tuned range-separated hybrid functional, this accuracy is achieved in a parameter-free approach. Moreover, GW+BSE predicts the energy differences between the low-energy excitations correctly and eliminates spurious charge transfer states that TDDFT with (semi)local approximations is known to produce. Our study provides accurate reference results and highlights the potential of the GW+BSE approach for the simulation of larger pigment complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Hashemi
- Institute of Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Linn Leppert
- Institute of Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany.,MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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22
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Ahn DH, Song JW. Assessment of long-range corrected density functional theory on the absorption and vibrationally resolved fluorescence spectrum of carbon nanobelts. J Comput Chem 2021; 42:505-515. [PMID: 33349942 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Time-dependent (TD) density functional theory (DFT) and Franck-Condon Hertzberg-Teller (FCHT) calculations of various DFT functionals [B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, ωB97XD, and optimally tuned (OT) long-range corrected (LC)-BLYP] were performed to examine how well DFT functionals can predict the experimental absorption and fluorescence spectra of a 12-carbon nanobelt (CNB). OT-LC-BLYP reproduced the experimental absorption spectrum well in terms of the peak position and intensity in the case of using a basis set with a diffuse function, such as 6-31+G(d,p) and 6-311+G(d,p), whereas B3LYP showed a red-shift in the peak positions and CAM-B3LYP and ωB97XD, which have a long-range HF exchange, showed blue shifts. Regarding the fluorescence spectrum calculations with FCHT using 6-311+G(d,p), the OT-LC-BLYP reproduced both the peak intensities and positions closest to the experimental spectrum. B3LYP, however, showed red-shifted peaks, and ωB97XD showed blue-shifted peaks. CAM-B3LYP provided less blue-shifted peaks, but the relative peak intensities mismatched the experimental ones. Furthermore, calculations of the absorption and vibrationally resolved fluorescence spectra of 16-CNB and 24-CNB using OT-LC-BLYP/6-311+G(d,p) showed absorption and fluorescence spectra close to the experimental spectra with high accuracy. Moreover, the application of a polarizable continuum model (dichloromethane) produced a red shift in the peak positions of the absorption spectrum with increasing intensity but an increase in the peak intensities of the fluorescence calculations without shifting the peak position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hwan Ahn
- Department of Chemistry Education, Daegu University, Gyeongsan-si, 113-8656, South Korea
| | - Jong-Won Song
- Department of Chemistry Education, Daegu University, Gyeongsan-si, 113-8656, South Korea
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23
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Kretz B, Egger DA. Accurate Molecular Geometries in Complex Excited-State Potential Energy Surfaces from Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:357-366. [PMID: 33284603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The interplay of electronic excitations and structural changes in molecules impacts nonradiative decay and charge transfer in the excited state, thus influencing excited-state lifetimes and photocatalytic reaction rates in optoelectronic and energy devices. To capture such effects requires computational methods providing an accurate description of excited-state potential energy surfaces and geometries. We suggest time-dependent density functional theory using optimally tuned range-separated hybrid (OT-RSH) functionals as an accurate approach to obtain excited-state molecular geometries. We show that OT-RSH provides accurate molecular geometries in excited-state potential energy surfaces that are complex and involve an interplay of local and charge-transfer excitations, for which conventional semilocal and hybrid functionals fail. At the same time, the nonempirical OT-RSH approach maintains the high accuracy of parametrized functionals (e.g., B3LYP) for predicting excited-state geometries of small organic molecules showing valence excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Kretz
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David A Egger
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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24
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Electric field effects on organic photovoltaic heterojunction interfaces: The model case of pentacene/C60. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.112914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Brémond É, Pérez-Jiménez ÁJ, Sancho-García JC, Adamo C. Range-separated hybrid and double-hybrid density functionals: A quest for the determination of the range-separation parameter. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:244124. [PMID: 32610956 DOI: 10.1063/5.0010976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently derived a new and simple route to the determination of the range-separation parameter in range-separated exchange hybrid and double-hybrid density functionals by imposing an additional constraint to the exchange-correlation energy to recover the total energy of the hydrogen atom [Brémond et al., J. Chem. Phys. 15, 201102 (2019)]. Here, we thoroughly assess this choice by statistically comparing the derived values of the range-separation parameters to the ones obtained using the optimal tuning (OT) approach. We show that both approaches closely agree, thus, confirming the reliability of ours. We demonstrate that it provides very close performances in the computation of properties particularly prone to the one- and many-electron self-interaction errors (i.e., ionization potentials). Our approach arises as an alternative to the OT procedure, conserving the accuracy and efficiency of a standard Kohn-Sham approach to density-functional theory computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éric Brémond
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Carlo Adamo
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS), FRE 2027, F-75005 Paris, France
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26
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Alipour M, Damiri S. Unveiling the role of short-range exact-like exchange in the optimally tuned range-separated hybrids for fluorescence lifetime modeling. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:204301. [PMID: 32486652 DOI: 10.1063/5.0007767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose and validate several variants of the optimally tuned range-separated hybrid functionals (OT-RSHs) including different density functional approximations for predicting the fluorescence lifetimes of different categories of fluorophores within the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) framework using both the polarizable continuum and state-specific solvation models. Our main idea originates from performing the optimal tuning in the presence of a contribution of the exact-like exchange at the short-range part, which, in turn, leads to the small values of the range-separation parameter, and computing the fluorescence lifetimes using the models including no or small portions of the short-range exact-like exchange. Particular attention is also paid to the influence of the geometries of emitters on fluorescence lifetime computations. It is shown that our developed OT-RSHs along with the polarizable continuum model can be considered as the promising candidates within the TD-DFT framework for the prediction of fluorescence lifetimes for various fluorophores. We find that the proposed models not only outperform their standard counterparts but also provide reliable data better than or comparable to the conventional hybrid functionals with both the fixed and interelectronic distance-dependent exact-like exchanges. Furthermore, it is also revealed that when the excited state geometries come into play, more accurate descriptions of the fluorescence lifetimes can be achieved. Hopefully, our findings can give impetus for future developments of OT-RSHs for computational modeling of other characteristics in fluorescence spectroscopy as well as for verification of the related experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Alipour
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946-84795, Iran
| | - Samaneh Damiri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946-84795, Iran
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27
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Wang J, Durbeej B. How accurate are TD‐DFT excited‐state geometries compared to DFT ground‐state geometries? J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1718-1729. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFMLinköping University Linköping Sweden
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Facultat de CiènciesUniversitat de Girona Girona Spain
| | - Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFMLinköping University Linköping Sweden
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28
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Fabrizio A, Meyer B, Corminboeuf C. Machine learning models of the energy curvature vs particle number for optimal tuning of long-range corrected functionals. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:154103. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0005039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fabrizio
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Meyer
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clemence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Narsaria AK, Ruijter JD, Hamlin TA, Ehlers AW, Guerra CF, Lammertsma K, Bickelhaupt FM. Performance of TDDFT Vertical Excitation Energies of Core-Substituted Naphthalene Diimides. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1448-1455. [PMID: 32142173 PMCID: PMC7317478 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We have evaluated the performance of various density functionals, covering generalized gradient approximation (GGA), global hybrid (GH) and range‐separated hybrid (RSH), using time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) for computing vertical excitation energies against experimental absorption maximum (λmax) for a set of 10 different core‐substituted naphthalene diimides (cNDI) recorded in dichloromethane. The computed excitation in case of GH PBE0 is most accurate while the trend is most systematic with RSH LCY‐BLYP compared to λmax. We highlight the importance of including solvent effects for optimal agreement with the λmax. Increasing the basis set size from TZ2P to QZ4P has a negligible influence on the computed excitation energies. Notably, RSH CAMY‐B3LYP gave the least error for charge‐transfer excitation. The poorest agreement with λmax is obtained with semi‐local GGA functionals. Use of the optimally‐tuned RSH LCY‐BLYP* is not recommended because of the high computational cost and marginal improvement in results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush K Narsaria
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julian D Ruijter
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas W Ehlers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Célia Fonseca Guerra
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Koop Lammertsma
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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30
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Hirao K, Chan B, Song J, Bhattarai K, Tewary S. Excitation energies expressed as orbital energies of Kohn–Sham density functional theory with long‐range corrected functionals. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1368-1383. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiko Hirao
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science Chuo‐ku Kobe Japan
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental ChemistryKyoto University Sakyo‐ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Bun Chan
- Graduate School of EngineeringNagasaki University Nagasaki Japan
| | - Jong‐Won Song
- Department of Chemistry EducationDaegu University Gyeongsan South Korea
| | - Kamala Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry EducationDaegu University Gyeongsan South Korea
| | - Subrata Tewary
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science Chuo‐ku Kobe Japan
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31
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Loos PF, Lipparini F, Boggio-Pasqua M, Scemama A, Jacquemin D. A Mountaineering Strategy to Excited States: Highly Accurate Energies and Benchmarks for Medium Sized Molecules. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:1711-1741. [PMID: 31986042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Following our previous work focusing on compounds containing up to 3 non-hydrogen atoms [J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2018, 14, 4360-4379], we present here highly accurate vertical transition energies obtained for 27 molecules encompassing 4, 5, and 6 non-hydrogen atoms: acetone, acrolein, benzene, butadiene, cyanoacetylene, cyanoformaldehyde, cyanogen, cyclopentadiene, cyclopropenone, cyclopropenethione, diacetylene, furan, glyoxal, imidazole, isobutene, methylenecyclopropene, propynal, pyrazine, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, tetrazine, thioacetone, thiophene, thiopropynal, and triazine. To obtain these energies, we use equation-of-motion/linear-response coupled cluster theory up to the highest technically possible excitation order for these systems (CC3, EOM-CCSDT, and EOM-CCSDTQ) and selected configuration interaction (SCI) calculations (with tens of millions of determinants in the reference space), as well as the multiconfigurational n-electron valence state perturbation theory (NEVPT2) method. All these approaches are applied in combination with diffuse-containing atomic basis sets. For all transitions, we report at least CC3/aug-cc-pVQZ vertical excitation energies as well as CC3/aug-cc-pVTZ oscillator strengths for each dipole-allowed transition. We show that CC3 almost systematically delivers transition energies in agreement with higher-level methods with a typical deviation of ±0.04 eV, except for transitions with a dominant double excitation character where the error is much larger. The present contribution gathers a large, diverse, and accurate set of more than 200 highly accurate transition energies for states of various natures (valence, Rydberg, singlet, triplet, n → π*, π → π*, ...). We use this series of theoretical best estimates to benchmark a series of popular methods for excited state calculations: CIS(D), ADC(2), CC2, STEOM-CCSD, EOM-CCSD, CCSDR(3), CCSDT-3, CC3, and NEVPT2. The results of these benchmarks are compared to the available literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Loos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, CNRS et Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Filippo Lipparini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 3, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Martial Boggio-Pasqua
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, CNRS et Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Anthony Scemama
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, CNRS et Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM Lab, UMR 6230, Université de Nantes, CNRS, F-44000 Nantes, France
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32
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Kronik L, Kümmel S. Piecewise linearity, freedom from self-interaction, and a Coulomb asymptotic potential: three related yet inequivalent properties of the exact density functional. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:16467-16481. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02564j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Three properties of the exact energy functional of DFT are important in general and for spectroscopy in particular, but are not necessarily obeyed by approximate functionals. We explain what they are, why they are important, and how they are related yet inequivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeor Kronik
- Department of Materials and Interfaces
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- Rehovoth 76100
- Israel
| | - Stephan Kümmel
- Theoretical Physics IV
- University of Bayreuth
- 95440 Bayreuth
- Germany
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33
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Boruah A, Borpuzari MP, Kar R. Performance of Range Separated Density Functional in Solvent Continuum: Tuning Long‐range Hartree–Fock Exchange for Improved Orbital Energies. J Comput Chem 2019; 41:295-304. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Boruah
- Department of ChemistryDibrugarh University Dibrugarh Assam 786004 India
| | | | - Rahul Kar
- Department of ChemistryDibrugarh University Dibrugarh Assam 786004 India
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34
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Yamamoto Y, Diaz CM, Basurto L, Jackson KA, Baruah T, Zope RR. Fermi-Löwdin orbital self-interaction correction using the strongly constrained and appropriately normed meta-GGA functional. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:154105. [PMID: 31640373 DOI: 10.1063/1.5120532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of density functional approximations (DFAs) in describing the electronic properties of many-electron systems, the most widely used approximations suffer from self-interaction errors (SIEs) that limit their predictive power. Here, we describe the effects of removing SIE from the strongly constrained and appropriately normed (SCAN) meta-generalized gradient approximation using the Fermi-Löwdin Orbital Self-Interaction Correction (FLOSIC) method. FLOSIC is a size-extensive implementation of the Perdew-Zunger self-interaction correction (PZ-SIC) formalism. We find that FLOSIC-SCAN calculations require careful treatment of numerical details and an integration grid that yields reliable accuracy with this approach. We investigate the performance of FLOSIC-SCAN for predicting a wide array of properties and find that it provides better results than FLOSIC-LDA and FLOSIC-PBE in nearly all cases. It also gives better predictions than SCAN for orbital energies and dissociation energies where self-interaction effects are known to be important, but total energies and atomization energies are made worse. For these properties, we also investigate the use of the self-consistent FLOSIC-SCAN density in the SCAN functional and find that this DFA@FLOSIC-DFA approach yields improved results compared to pure, self-consistent SCAN calculations. Thus, FLOSIC-SCAN provides improved results over the parent SCAN functional in cases where SIEs are dominant, and even when they are not, if the SCAN@FLOSIC-SCAN method is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoh Yamamoto
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA
| | - Carlos M Diaz
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA
| | - Luis Basurto
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA
| | - Koblar A Jackson
- Physics Department and Science of Advanced Materials Program, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 48859, USA
| | - Tunna Baruah
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA
| | - Rajendra R Zope
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA
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35
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Fu CY, Chen L, Wang X, Lin LR. Synthesis of Bis-β-Diketonate Lanthanide Complexes with an Azobenzene Bridge and Studies of Their Reversible Photo/Thermal Isomerization Properties. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:15530-15538. [PMID: 31572854 PMCID: PMC6761611 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The ligand, bis-β-diketone with an azobenzene bridge (4,4'-(4,4,4-trifluoro-1,3-butanedione)azobenzene, H 2 L), was prepared for the synthesis of a series of dinuclear lanthanide complexes with the formula [Ln 2 L 3 (DMSO) 4 ] (Ln = Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, and DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide). X-ray crystallographic analysis reveals that the three complexes are triple-stranded dinuclear structures formed by three bis-β-diketonate ligands with two lanthanide ions (Ln3+). The trans-to-cis photoisomerization rates of the azobenzene group of the three [Ln 2 L 3 (DMSO) 4 ] complexes in ethanol and acetonitrile solutions are similar to those of the pure H 2 L ligand and other azobenzene-containing mononuclear lanthanide complexes, but the trans-to-cis quantum yields (Φt→c = 10-3) are 1 order of magnitude smaller. The first-order rate constant for the cis-to-trans thermal isomerization at 50 °C of the H 2 L ligand is similar to those of azobenzene derivatives, while those for the [Ln 2 L 3 (DMSO) 4 ] complexes (k iso = 10-4 s-1) are higher than those of the mononuclear azobenzene-containing lanthanide complexes. Furthermore, as the lanthanide ionic radius becomes smaller from Eu3+ to Gd3+ to Tb3+, the thermal isomerization rate constant decreases and the half-life increases. All these results are proposed to arise from the rigidity at both ends of the azo group by coordination to the dinuclear lanthanide ions and the different isomerization mechanisms. These are the first examples of bis-β-diketonate dinuclear lanthanide complexes with an azobenzene bridge and help illustrate the mechanism of azobenzene isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ye Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen
University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen
University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen
University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Li-Rong Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen
University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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36
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Fang C, Durbeej B. Calculation of Free-Energy Barriers with TD-DFT: A Case Study on Excited-State Proton Transfer in Indigo. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8485-8495. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Fang
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering (CORE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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37
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Deng GH, Wei Q, Han J, Qian Y, Luo J, Harutyunyan AR, Chen G, Bian H, Chen H, Rao Y. Vibronic fingerprint of singlet fission in hexacene. J Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5110263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Hua Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
| | - Qianshun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Jian Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yuqin Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
| | - Jun Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | | | - Gugang Chen
- Honda Research Institute USA, Inc., San Jose, California 95134, USA
| | - Hongtao Bian
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Hanning Chen
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Yi Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre‐François Loos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique QuantiquesUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM – UMR CNRS 6230Université de Nantes 2 Rue de la Houssinière BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
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39
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Zaleśny R, Szczotka N, Grabarz A, Ośmiałowski B, Jacquemin D. Design of Two‐Photon‐Excited Fluorescent Dyes Containing Fluoroborylene Groups. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zaleśny
- Department of Physical and Quantum ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryWrocław University of Science and Technology Wyb. Wyspianśkiego 27 PL-50370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Nina Szczotka
- Department of Physical and Quantum ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryWrocław University of Science and Technology Wyb. Wyspianśkiego 27 PL-50370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Anna Grabarz
- Department of Physical and Quantum ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryWrocław University of Science and Technology Wyb. Wyspianśkiego 27 PL-50370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Borys Ośmiałowski
- Faculty of ChemistryNicolaus Copernicus University Gagarina 7 PL-87100 Toruń Poland
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230Université de Nantes 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP92208 44322 Cedex 3 Nantes France
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40
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Giovannini T, Puglisi A, Ambrosetti M, Cappelli C. Polarizable QM/MM Approach with Fluctuating Charges and Fluctuating Dipoles: The QM/FQFμ Model. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:2233-2245. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chiara Cappelli
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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41
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Loos PF, Jacquemin D. Chemically Accurate 0–0 Energies with Not-so-Accurate Excited State Geometries. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:2481-2491. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Loos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM - UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 Rue de la Houssiniére, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes, Cedex 3, France
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42
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Muchová E, Slavíček P. Beyond Koopmans' theorem: electron binding energies in disordered materials. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:043001. [PMID: 30524069 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaf130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The topical review focuses on calculating ionization energies (IE), or electronic polarons in quasi-particle terminology, in large disordered systems, e.g. for a solute dissolved in a molecular solvent. The simplest estimate of the ionization energy is provided by one-electron energies in the Hartree-Fock theory, but the calculated quantities are not accurate. Density functional theory as many-body theory provides a principal opportunity for calculating one-electron energies including correlation and relaxation effects, i.e. the true energies of electronic polarons. We argue that such a principal possibility materializes within the concept of optimally tuned range-separated hybrid functionals (OT-RSH). We describe various schemes for optimal tuning. Importantly, the OT-RSH scheme is investigated for systems capped with dielectric continuum, providing a consistent picture on the QM/dielectric boundary. Finally, some limitations and open issues of the OT-RSH approach are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Muchová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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43
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Lin Z, Van Voorhis T. Triplet Tuning: A Novel Family of Non-Empirical Exchange–Correlation Functionals. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:1226-1241. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Structures of the neutral and positively charged forms of the 4,4',4″-tris(N,N-phenyl-3-methylphenylamino)triphenylamine (m-MTDATA) molecule and its dimer, and charge localization in the corresponding cationic species. J Mol Model 2018; 24:345. [PMID: 30488130 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3881-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The structures of the 4,4',4″-tris(N,N-phenyl-3-methylphenylamino)triphenylamine (m-MTDATA) molecule and its dimer in their neutral and positively charged forms were studied by performing quantum-chemical calculations at the Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) levels of theory using several exchange-correlation functionals (PBE, PBE0, BHANDHLYP, and M06-HF) with different percentages of HF exchange. It was found that there are at least four possible isomeric structures of m-MTDATA with different (planar or perpendicular) arrangements of the peripheral diphenylamino groups. The charge localization in the monomeric and dimeric cationic species was also determined. The results indicated that the charge on the dimeric cation is localized on the central region or on the side fragment of the cationic part of the dimer, depending on the dimer structure. DFT calculations showed a tendency to overestimate the charge delocalization over the molecule, irrespective of the percentage of HF exchange applied. Graphical abstract Structure of an m-MTDATA dimer cation.
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Kronik L, Kümmel S. Dielectric Screening Meets Optimally Tuned Density Functionals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706560. [PMID: 29665112 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A short overview of recent attempts at merging two independently developed methods is presented. These are the optimal tuning of a range-separated hybrid (OT-RSH) functional, developed to provide an accurate first-principles description of the electronic structure and optical properties of gas-phase molecules, and the polarizable continuum model (PCM), developed to provide an approximate but computationally tractable description of a solvent in terms of an effective dielectric medium. After a brief overview of the OT-RSH approach, its combination with the PCM as a potentially accurate yet low-cost approach to the study of molecular assemblies and solids, particularly in the context of photocatalysis and photovoltaics, is discussed. First, solvated molecules are considered, with an emphasis on the challenge of balancing eigenvalue and total energy trends. Then, it is shown that the same merging of methods can also be used to study the electronic and optical properties of molecular solids, with a similar discussion of the pros and cons. Tuning of the effective scalar dielectric constant as one recent approach that mitigates some of the difficulties in merging the two approaches is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeor Kronik
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
| | - Stephan Kümmel
- Theoretical Physics IV, Universität Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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Abstract
Ab initio calculation of electronic excitation energies with chemical accuracy (ca. 1 kcal·mol-1 or 0.043 eV with respect to experiment) is a long-standing challenge in electronic structure theory. Indeed, the most advanced theories can, in practice, only be used to estimate vertical transition energies that cannot be measured experimentally, whereas the calculation of 0-0 energies requires excited-state structures and vibrations for both the ground and excited states, which drastically restrains the number of applicable methods. In this Letter, we present a composite computational protocol able to deliver chemically accurate theoretical 0-0 energies, with a mean absolute deviation of 0.018 eV for a set of 35 singlet valence states. Such accuracy, achievable for the valence states of small- and medium-sized molecules only, allows pinpointing questionable experimental assignments with very high confidence and constitutes a step toward quantitative prediction of excited-state properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Loos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques , Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS , 31013 Toulouse Cedex 6 , France
| | - Nicolas Galland
- Laboratoire CEISAM - UMR CNR 6230 , Université de Nantes , 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 , 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 , France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM - UMR CNR 6230 , Université de Nantes , 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 , 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 , France
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Ghosh S, Verma P, Cramer CJ, Gagliardi L, Truhlar DG. Combining Wave Function Methods with Density Functional Theory for Excited States. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7249-7292. [PMID: 30044618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We review state-of-the-art electronic structure methods based both on wave function theory (WFT) and density functional theory (DFT). Strengths and limitations of both the wave function and density functional based approaches are discussed, and modern attempts to combine these two methods are presented. The challenges in modeling excited-state chemistry using both single-reference and multireference methods are described. Topics covered include background, combining density functional theory with single-configuration wave function theory, generalized Kohn-Sham (KS) theory, global hybrids, range-separated hybrids, local hybrids, using KS orbitals in many-body theory (including calculations of the self-energy and the GW approximation), Bethe-Salpeter equation, algorithms to accelerate GW calculations, combining DFT with multiconfigurational WFT, orbital-dependent correlation functionals based on multiconfigurational WFT, building multiconfigurational wave functions from KS configurations, adding correlation functionals to multiconfiguration self-consistent-field (MCSCF) energies, combining DFT with configuration-interaction singles by means of time-dependent DFT, using range separation to combine DFT with MCSCF, embedding multiconfigurational WFT in DFT, and multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Pragya Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Christopher J Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
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Maier TM, Arbuznikov AV, Kaupp M. Local hybrid functionals: Theory, implementation, and performance of an emerging new tool in quantum chemistry and beyond. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toni M. Maier
- Institut für Chemie Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie Technische Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering Waseda University Tokyo Japan
| | - Alexei V. Arbuznikov
- Institut für Chemie Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie Technische Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institut für Chemie Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie Technische Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
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Brémond E, Savarese M, Adamo C, Jacquemin D. Accuracy of TD-DFT Geometries: A Fresh Look. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:3715-3727. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Brémond
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086, Université Paris Diderot, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baı̈f, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Marika Savarese
- D3 Compunet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia via Morego, 30 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, PSL Research University, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Cedex 3 Nantes, France
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Frau J, Glossman-Mitnik D. Computational study of the chemical reactivity of the Blue-M1 intermediate melanoidin. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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