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Alkan F, Aikens CM. TD-DFT and TD-DFTB Investigation of the Optical Properties and Electronic Structure of Silver Nanorods and Nanorod Dimers. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2018; 122:23639-23650. [PMID: 30364415 PMCID: PMC6196343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b05196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Here, we perform theoretical investigation using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and time-dependent density functional tight binding (TD-DFTB) for the electronic structure and optical properties of silver nanorods. TD-DFTB generally performs well for the accurate description of optical properties with respect to the size and type of dimer assembly of silver nanorods compared to TD-DFT. However, the energies and intensities of the longitudinal and transverse peaks of the nanorods are somewhat underestimated with TD-DFTB compared to the values calculated at the TD-DFT level. By exploiting the computational efficiency of TD-DFTB, we also extend our investigation to longer nanorods and their dimers containing up to ∼2000 atoms. Our results show that the coupling between nanorods and the resulting optical properties of the dimer assemblies are quite dependent on the length of the monomers. In all cases, the energy shifts in dimers as a function of the gap distance deviate significantly from the dipole-dipole interaction model. Moreover, a comparison of the best-fit curves for the dependence of the fractional shifts (Δλ/λ0) on nanorod length indicates that the parameters of the plasmon ruler equation depend on the length of the nanorods and the type of the assembly rather than approaching a universal value. These insights are enabled by the computational efficiency of TD-DFTB and its ability to treat quantum mechanical effects in large nanorod dimer systems.
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2
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Heydariyan S, Nouri MR, Alaei M, Allahyari Z, Niehaus TA. New candidates for the global minimum of medium-sized silicon clusters: A hybrid DFTB/DFT genetic algorithm applied to Sin, n = 8-80. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:074313. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5037159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shima Heydariyan
- Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Nouri
- Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Alaei
- Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Zahed Allahyari
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, 3 Nobel St., Moscow 143026, Russia and Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy Lane, Dolgoprudny City, Moscow Region 141700, Russia
| | - Thomas A. Niehaus
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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3
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Carroll GM, Limpens R, Neale NR. Tuning Confinement in Colloidal Silicon Nanocrystals with Saturated Surface Ligands. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3118-3124. [PMID: 29659285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) are a subject of intense study and continued debate. In particular, Si NC photoluminescence (PL) properties are known to depend strongly on the surface chemistry, resulting in electron-hole recombination pathways derived from the Si NC band-edge, surface-state defects, or combined NC-conjugated ligand hybrid states. In this Letter, we perform a comparison of three different saturated surface functional groups-alkyls, amides, and alkoxides-on nonthermal plasma-synthesized Si NCs. We find a systematic and size-dependent high-energy (blue) shift in the PL spectrum of Si NCs with amide and alkoxy functionalization relative to alkyl. Time-resolved photoluminescence and transient absorption spectroscopies reveal no change in the excited-state dynamics between Si NCs functionalized with alkyl, amide, or alkoxide ligands, showing for the first time that saturated ligands-not only surface-derived charge-transfer states or hybridization between NC and low-lying ligand orbitals-are responsible for tuning the Si NC optical properties. To explain these PL shifts we propose that the atom bound to the Si NC surface strongly interacts with the Si NC electronic wave function and modulates the Si NC quantum confinement. These results reveal a potentially broadly applicable correlation between the optoelectronic properties of Si NCs and related quantum-confined structures based on the interaction between NC surfaces and the ligand binding group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard M Carroll
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , 15013 Denver West Parkway , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Rens Limpens
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , 15013 Denver West Parkway , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Nathan R Neale
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , 15013 Denver West Parkway , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
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Liu XY, Xie XY, Fang WH, Cui G. Photoinduced relaxation dynamics of nitrogen-capped silicon nanoclusters: a TD-DFT study. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1433335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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5
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Ullah N, Chen S, Zhang R. Excited state dynamics study of the self-trapped exciton formation in silicon nanosheets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:29299-29305. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04806a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
After excitation to S1 (1), the exciton takes ∼450–850 femtoseconds to relax into the self-trapped (ST) state (2) with the occurrence of strong localization and a large Stokes shift, due to the significant stretching of the Si–Si bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Ullah
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
| | - Shunwei Chen
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center
- Beijing 100193
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6
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Rüger R, van Lenthe E, Heine T, Visscher L. Tight-binding approximations to time-dependent density functional theory - A fast approach for the calculation of electronically excited states. J Chem Phys 2017; 144:184103. [PMID: 27179467 DOI: 10.1063/1.4948647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a new method of calculating electronically excited states that combines a density functional theory based ground state calculation with a linear response treatment that employs approximations used in the time-dependent density functional based tight binding (TD-DFTB) approach. The new method termed time-dependent density functional theory TD-DFT+TB does not rely on the DFTB parametrization and is therefore applicable to systems involving all combinations of elements. We show that the new method yields UV/Vis absorption spectra that are in excellent agreement with computationally much more expensive TD-DFT calculations. Errors in vertical excitation energies are reduced by a factor of two compared to TD-DFTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Rüger
- Scientific Computing & Modelling NV, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik van Lenthe
- Scientific Computing & Modelling NV, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Heine
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lucas Visscher
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Mazzaro R, Romano F, Ceroni P. Long-lived luminescence of silicon nanocrystals: from principles to applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:26507-26526. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05208a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Understanding parameters affecting the luminescence of silicon nanocrystals will guide the design of improved systems for a plethora of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaello Mazzaro
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”
- University of Bologna, and Interuniversity Center for the Chemical Conversion of Solar Energy (SolarChem)
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Francesco Romano
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”
- University of Bologna, and Interuniversity Center for the Chemical Conversion of Solar Energy (SolarChem)
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”
- University of Bologna, and Interuniversity Center for the Chemical Conversion of Solar Energy (SolarChem)
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
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8
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Rüger R, Niehaus T, van Lenthe E, Heine T, Visscher L. Vibrationally resolved UV/Vis spectroscopy with time-dependent density functional based tight binding. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:184102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4966918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Rüger
- Scientific Computing and Modelling NV, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Niehaus
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Erik van Lenthe
- Scientific Computing and Modelling NV, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Heine
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lucas Visscher
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Dong H, Guo Z, Gilmore K, Du C, Hou T, Lee ST, Li Y. Band gap modulation of Si-C binary core/shell nanowires by composition and ratio. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:275201. [PMID: 26066560 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/27/275201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Core/shell nanowires (CSNWs) composed of Si, C, and SiC are promising systems for optoelectronic devices. Through computational investigations, we find that the band gaps (Eg) of these nanowires can be controlled not only by changing their composition, but also by adjusting the core/shell thickness ratio. For Si/SiC or SiC/C CSNWs with a fixed total number of layers, the dependence of Eg on the core/shell thickness ratio shows a bowing effect. Eg can be tuned from a few eV all the way to zero. These investigations provide direction for designing optoelectronic devices based on Earth-abundant elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilong Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
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Zhong Y, Sun X, Wang S, Peng F, Bao F, Su Y, Li Y, Lee ST, He Y. Facile, Large-Quantity Synthesis of Stable, Tunable-Color Silicon Nanoparticles and Their Application for Long-Term Cellular Imaging. ACS NANO 2015; 9:5958-67. [PMID: 26027458 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We herein introduce a facile, low-cost photochemical method capable of rapid (<40 min) and large-quantity (∼10 g) production of highly fluorescent (quantum yield: 25%) silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) of tunable optical properties (peak emission wavelength in the range of 470-560 nm) under ambient air conditions, by introducing 1,8-naphthalimide as a reducing agent and surface ligands. The as-prepared SiNPs feature robust storage stability and photostability preserving strong and stable fluorescent during long-term (>3 h) high-power UV irradiation, in contrast to the rapid fluorescence quenching within 2 h of conventional organic dyes and II-VI quantum dots under the same conditions. The as-prepared SiNPs serving as photostable nanoprobes are workable for cellular imaging in long-term manners. Our findings provide a powerful method for mild-condition and low-cost, large-quantity production of highly fluorescent and photostable SiNPs for various promising applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Zhong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaotian Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Siyi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Feng Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuanyuan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Youyong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shuit-Tong Lee
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yao He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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11
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Rüger R, van Lenthe E, Lu Y, Frenzel J, Heine T, Visscher L. Efficient Calculation of Electronic Absorption Spectra by Means of Intensity-Selected Time-Dependent Density Functional Tight Binding. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 11:157-67. [DOI: 10.1021/ct500838h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Rüger
- Scientific Computing & Modelling NV, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan
1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik van Lenthe
- Scientific Computing & Modelling NV, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - You Lu
- Scientific Computing & Modelling NV, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Frenzel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, N.W., T2N 1N4 Calgary, Canada
| | - Thomas Heine
- School
of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Lucas Visscher
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan
1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Dohnalová K, Gregorkiewicz T, Kůsová K. Silicon quantum dots: surface matters. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:173201. [PMID: 24713583 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/17/173201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) hold great promise for many future technologies. Silicon is already at the core of photovoltaics and microelectronics, and SiQDs are capable of efficient light emission and amplification. This is crucial for the development of the next technological frontiers-silicon photonics and optoelectronics. Unlike any other quantum dots (QDs), SiQDs are made of non-toxic and abundant material, offering one of the spectrally broadest emission tunabilities accessible with semiconductor QDs and allowing for tailored radiative rates over many orders of magnitude. This extraordinary flexibility of optical properties is achieved via a combination of the spatial confinement of carriers and the strong influence of surface chemistry. The complex physics of this material, which is still being unraveled, leads to new effects, opening up new opportunities for applications. In this review we summarize the latest progress in this fascinating research field, with special attention given to surface-induced effects, such as the emergence of direct bandgap transitions, and collective effects in densely packed QDs, such as space separated quantum cutting.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dohnalová
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Sun PP, Li QS, Yang LN, Sun ZZ, Li ZS. Theoretical investigation on structural and electronic properties of organic dye C258 on TiO2(101) surface in dye-sensitized solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:21827-37. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02951h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electron gets directly transferred from the HOMO of C258 to the bottom conduction band of TiO2 in bidentate bridging adsorption mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis
- School of Chemistry
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Quan-Song Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis
- School of Chemistry
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Li-Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis
- School of Chemistry
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Zhu-Zhu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis
- School of Chemistry
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Ze-Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis
- School of Chemistry
- Beijing Institute of Technology
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An ab initio study of the ground and excited states of mercaptoacetic acid-capped silicon quantum dots. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-013-1020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Wang R, Pi X, Yang D. Surface modification of chlorine-passivated silicon nanocrystals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:1815-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43763e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ruizendaal L, Bhattacharjee S, Pournazari K, Rosso-Vasic M, de Haan LHJ, Alink GM, Marcelis ATM, Zuilhof H. Synthesis and cytotoxicity of silicon nanoparticles with covalently attached organic monolayers. Nanotoxicology 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390903288896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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He Y, Kang ZH, Li QS, Tsang C, Fan CH, Lee ST. Ultrastable, Highly Fluorescent, and Water-Dispersed Silicon-Based Nanospheres as Cellular Probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 48:128-32. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200802230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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He Y, Kang ZH, Li QS, Tsang C, Fan CH, Lee ST. Ultrastable, Highly Fluorescent, and Water-Dispersed Silicon-Based Nanospheres as Cellular Probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200802230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Li QS, Zhang RQ, Lee ST, Niehaus TA, Frauenheim T. Optimal surface functionalization of silicon quantum dots. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:244714. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2940735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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