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Ayasli A, Khan A, Michaelsen T, Gstir T, Ončák M, Wester R. Imaging Frontside and Backside Attack in Radical Ion-Molecule Reactive Scattering. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37354118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
We report on the reactive scattering of methyl iodide, CH3I, with atomic oxygen anions O-. This radical ion-molecule reaction can produce different ionic products depending on the angle of attack of the nucleophile O- on the target molecule. We present results on the backside and frontside attack of O- on CH3I, which can lead to I- and IO- products, respectively. We combine crossed-beam velocity map imaging with quantum chemical calculations to unravel the chemical reaction dynamics. Energy-dependent scattering experiments in the range of 0.3-2.0 eV relative collision energy revealed that three different reaction pathways can lead to I- products, making it the predominant observed product. Backside attack occurs via a hydrogen-bonded complex with observed indirect, forward, and sideways scattered iodide products. Halide abstraction via frontside attack produces IO-, which mainly shows isotropic and backward scattered products at low energies. IO- is observed to dissociate further to I- + O at a certain energy threshold and favors more direct dynamics at higher collision energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilay Ayasli
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25/3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arnab Khan
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25/3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tim Michaelsen
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25/3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Gstir
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25/3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25/3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roland Wester
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25/3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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2
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Hu Y, Wu X, Xie J. Nucleophilic substitution reactions of microsolvated hydroperoxide anion HOO -(NH 3) n with methyl chloride and comparison between ammonia and water as the solvent. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1947-1956. [PMID: 36541372 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04693h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Similar to microhydrated hydroperoxide anion HOO-(H2O)n, the HOO-(NH3)n=1-3 anion can induce alternative nucleophiles by proton transfer (PT) from the solvent molecule NH3. The PT-induced species NH2-(H2O2)(NH3)n-1 is higher in energy than HOO-(NH3)n, obeying the proton affinity (PA) prediction that HOO- has a higher PA than NH2-. The potential energy profile of HOO-(NH3)n reacting with CH3Cl shows that the transition states of the traditional HOO--SN2 pathway are ∼10 kcal mol-1 lower in energy than those of the PT-induced NH2--SN2 pathway, indicating the latter path is unlikely to compete. The differential solvation energy for reactants and transition states with incremental solvation increases the barrier height of both HOO--/NH2--SN2 pathways and makes the transition structures more product-like. For HOO-(sol)n + CH3Cl → CH3OOH + Cl-(sol)n reactions, the barrier heights for sol = H2O are higher than those for sol = NH3, because H2O is more polar than NH3, and the electrostatic interaction is strengthened, hence H2O molecules stabilize the microsolvated nucleophiles more. In addition, because the H2O molecule is a better proton donor than the NH3 molecule, the PT-induced HO-SN2 pathway is more likely to compete with the HOO-SN2 pathway. The HOMO level of nucleophiles, which negatively correlates with the SN2 barrier heights, is found to be a good descriptor to predict the SN2 barrier height of a microsolvated system with the same attacking nucleophile. This work adds to our understanding of the differential solvent effect on the prototype ion-molecule SN2 reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiangyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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3
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Wentz KE, Molino A, Freeman LA, Dickie DA, Wilson DJD, Gilliard RJ. Systematic Electronic and Structural Studies of 9-Carbene-9-Borafluorene Monoanions and Transformations into Luminescent Boron Spirocycles. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:17049-17058. [PMID: 36259945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the exact spatial arrangement of the alkali metal on the electronic properties of 9-carbene-9-borafluorene monoanions is assessed, and a series of [K][9-CAAC-9-borafluorene] complexes (1-4) have been isolated (CAAC = cyclic(alkyl)(amino) carbene, (2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,4-diethyl-2,2-dimethyl-pyrrolidin-5-ylidene). Compound 1, which contains [B]-K(THF)3 interactions, is compared to charge-separated 2-4, which were prepared by capturing the potassium cations with 18-crown-6, 2.2.2-cryptand, or 1,10-phenanthroline. Notably, the 11B NMR spectra of charge-separated borafluorene monoanions 2-4 show distinct low-field signatures compared to 1. Theoretical calculations indicate that charge separation may be exploited to influence the nucleophilic and electron transfer properties of 9-carbene-9-borafluorene monoanions. When [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][9-CAAC-9-borafluorene] (3) is reacted with 9,10-phenanthrenequinone and 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione, the carbene ligand is displaced, and new air-stable R2BO2 spirocycles are formed (5 and 6, respectively). Remarkably, compounds 5 and 6 display fluorescence under UV light in both the solid and solution phases with quantum yields of up to 20%. In addition, a drastic red-shift in the emission color is observed in 6 because of the presence of the nitrogen atoms on the phenanthroline moiety. Mechanistic insights into the formation of these spirocycles are also described based on density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie E Wentz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22904, Virginia, United States
| | - Andrew Molino
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucas A Freeman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22904, Virginia, United States
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22904, Virginia, United States
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22904, Virginia, United States
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Wu X, Zhao C, Xie J. Microsolvated Ion-Molecule SN2 Reactions with Dual Nucleophiles Induced by Solvent Molecules. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200285. [PMID: 35672884 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Singly-hydrated HOO - anion was found to induce alternative nucleophile HO - via proton transfer from water molecule as react with CH 3 Cl recently. To investigate the generality of this effect, the competition between the solvent-induced HO - -S N 2 pathway and the normal HOO - -S N 2 pathway is studied for the microsolvated HOO - (H 2 O) n=1,2,3 + CH 3 X (X = F, Cl, Br, I) reaction by quantum chemistry calculation. Incremental hydration increases the barrier heights of both pathways and enlarges the barrier difference between them, which favors the HOO - -S N 2 pathway. Interestingly, the barrier difference is insensitive to the leaving group. Calculation shows the water induced HO - -S N 2 pathway is highly suppressed as the degree of hydration increases beyond two. The differential barrier under incremental hydration can be explained by solvent molecules stabilizing the HOMO level of HO - (HOOH)(H 2 O) n-1 nucleophile more than that of HOO - (H 2 O) n nucleophile. Comparison between these HO - -nucleophiles and HOO - -nucleophiles suggests that α-effect exists. Activation strain analysis attributes the barrier differences to the stronger distortion of the TS of HO - -S N 2 pathway than the counterparts of HOO - -S N 2 pathway. This work adds our understanding of the role of individual solvent molecules to induce new nucleophiles of the fundamental organic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wu
- Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Chongyang Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Jing Xie
- Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 8 Liangxiang East Road, Fangshan District, 102488, Beijing, CHINA
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Wu X, Zhang S, Xie J. Investigating the competing E2 and S N2 mechanisms for the microsolvated HO -(H 2O) n=0-4 + CH 3CH 2X (X = Cl, Br, I) reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12993-13005. [PMID: 35582984 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04010c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We characterized the anti-E2, syn-E2, inv-SN2, and ret-SN2 reaction channels for the reaction of microsolvated HO-(H2O)n anions with CH3CH2X (X = Cl, Br, I), using the CCSD(T)/PP/t//MP2/ECP/d level method, to understand how a solvent influences the competing E2 and SN2 reactions. The calculated sequence of barrier for the four channels is ret-SN2 > syn-E2 > anti-E2 > inv-SN2. The barrier heights increase with incremental hydration as the system transfers from the gas phase to microsolvation, and to bulk solvation (using the PCM implicit solvent model). As the degree of hydration n increases, good correlations have been found between barrier heights and several thermodynamic, geometric and charge parameters, including the reaction enthalpy, proton/ethyl-cation affinity of the hydrated nucleophile, geometric looseness (%L‡) and asymmetry (%AS‡) and charge asymmetry (Δq(X-O)) of the transition structures. Under a molecular orbital scheme, the HOMOs of nucleophiles are stabilized by stepwise hydration, explaining the rise in the barriers. Considering the effect of the leaving group, the barrier heights exhibit linear correlation with the halogen electronegativity and H-acidity of substrate CH3CH2X. In terms of E2/SN2 competition, the barrier difference, , first increases then decreases as the number of explicit water molecules increases, under both microsolvation and bulk solvation conditions, but the inv-SN2 pathway is always favored over the anti-E2 pathway. Energy decomposition analysis attributes the increase of barrier difference to the greater geometric distortion in the anti-E2 transition structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shaowen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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6
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Takahashi K. Theoretical analysis on reactions between
syn‐
methyl Criegee intermediate and amino alcohols. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Takahashi
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
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7
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Hamlin TA, Swart M, Bickelhaupt FM. Nucleophilic Substitution (S N 2): Dependence on Nucleophile, Leaving Group, Central Atom, Substituents, and Solvent. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1315-1330. [PMID: 29542853 PMCID: PMC6001448 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The reaction potential energy surface (PES), and thus the mechanism of bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN 2), depends profoundly on the nature of the nucleophile and leaving group, but also on the central, electrophilic atom, its substituents, as well as on the medium in which the reaction takes place. Here, we provide an overview of recent studies and demonstrate how changes in any one of the aforementioned factors affect the SN 2 mechanism. One of the most striking effects is the transition from a double-well to a single-well PES when the central atom is changed from a second-period (e. g. carbon) to a higher-period element (e.g, silicon, germanium). Variations in nucleophilicity, leaving group ability, and bulky substituents around a second-row element central atom can then be exploited to change the single-well PES back into a double-well. Reversely, these variations can also be used to produce a single-well PES for second-period elements, for example, a stable pentavalent carbon species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry andAmsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Swart
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry andAmsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi and Department de QuímicaUniversitat de Girona17003GironaSpain
- ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry andAmsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute of Molecules and Materials (IMM)Radboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Paduani
- DF-UFSC, Florianópolis CEP 88040-900, SC Brazil
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9
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Pedraza-González L, Galindo JF, González R, Reyes A. Revisiting the Dielectric Constant Effect on the Nucleophile and Leaving Group of Prototypical Backside S N2 Reactions: A Reaction Force and Atomic Contribution Analysis. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:8360-8368. [PMID: 27718576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b06517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The solvent effect on the nucleophile and leaving group atoms of the prototypical F- + CH3Cl → CH3F + Cl- backside bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN2) is analyzed employing the reaction force and the atomic contributions methods on the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC). Solvent effects were accounted for using the polarizable continuum solvent model. Calculations were performed employing 11 dielectric constants, ε, ranging from 1.0 to 78.5, to cover a wide spectrum of solvents. The reaction force data reveal that the solvent mainly influences the region of the IRC preceding the energy barrier, where the structural rearrangement to reach the transition state occurs. A detailed analysis of the atomic role in the reaction as a function of ε reveals that the nucleophile and the carbon atom are the ones that contribute the most to the energy barrier. In addition, we investigated the effect of the choice of nucleophile and leaving group on the ΔE0 and ΔE‡ of Y- + CH3X → YCH3 + X- (X, Y = F, Cl, Br, I) in aqueous solution. Our analysis allowed us to find relationships between the atomic contributions to the activation energy and leaving group ability and nucleophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pedraza-González
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Av. Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Johan F Galindo
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Av. Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ronald González
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Av. Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Reyes
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Av. Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogotá, Colombia
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Wang ML, Brahmayya M, Hsieh YM. The novel synthetic route of 3,5-dimethyl-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1H-pyrazole under solid–liquid phase transfer catalysis conditions assisted by an ultrasound application—A study of some kinetic parameters. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Jiang L, Orimoto Y, Aoki Y. Substituent Effects on Menshutkin-Type Reactions in the Gas Phase and Solutions: Theoretical Approach from the Orbital Interaction View. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:4035-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ct4006163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Jiang
- Department of Molecular
and Material Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering
Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga Fukuoka
816-8580, Japan
| | - Yuuichi Orimoto
- Department
of Material Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Yuriko Aoki
- Department
of Material Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Group, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi Center
Building, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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12
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Ding YL, Mu JR, Gong LD. Theoretical Study of Nucleophilic Identity Substitution Reactions at Nitrogen, Silicon and Phosphorus versus Carbon: Reaction Pathways, Energy Barrier, Inversion and Retention Mechanisms. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201100750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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A novel and recyclable catalytic system for propylene carbonate synthesis from propylene oxide and CO2. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang Z, Bu Z, Ren T, Cao T, Yang L. Mechanistic aspects of the cycloaddition of CO2 with propylene oxide using the trans-Ru(py)4Cl2 catalyst. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-011-0301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Wu YX, Cao CZ, Yuan H. Equalized Electronegativity Based on the Valence Electrons and Its Application. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/24/01/31-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Bu Z, Wang Z, Yang L, Cao S. Synthesis of propylene carbonate from carbon dioxide using trans-dichlorotetrapyridineru- thenium(II) as catalyst. Appl Organomet Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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