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Alonso F, Useche SA, Gene-Morales J, Esteban C. Compliance, practices, and attitudes towards VTIs (Vehicle Technical Inspections) in Spain: What prevents Spanish drivers from checking up their cars? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254823. [PMID: 34280232 PMCID: PMC8289058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mechanical conditions of vehicles may play a determinant role in driving safety, the reason why vehicle periodical technical inspections (VTIs) are mandatory in many countries. However, the high number of drivers sanctioned for not complying with this regulation is surprisingly high, and there is not much evidence on what kind(s) of motives may explain this concerning panorama. This study aimed to identify the aspects that modulate the relationship between complying (or not) with VTI’s standards in a nationwide sample of Spanish drivers. The study design also addressed the drivers’ awareness regarding different risky behaviors while driving, depending on their sex and their crash record. Methods 1,100 Spanish drivers completed a survey on the aforementioned issues. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni post-hoc adjustment was conducted to assess significant differences (p<0.05) in the study variables. Results Most of the surveyed drivers (99.18%) reported that they always comply with VTI’s requirements. The main reasons to comply were related to compliance with traffic regulation and fear of penalties, while the reasons attributed to its incompliance are, instead, stated as involuntary. Conclusion The findings of this study support the idea that more actions are needed to increase drivers’ awareness of the relevance of VTIs for road safety, as well as warning them about the dangers of neglecting vehicle checking beyond merely punishing measures. For this reason and given the greater prevalence of the issue among younger segments of the driving population, it is suggested that more emphasis on the matter could be made during novice driver’s training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Alonso
- DATS (Development and Advising in Traffic Safety) Research Group, INTRAS (Research Institute on Traffic and Road Safety), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio A. Useche
- DATS (Development and Advising in Traffic Safety) Research Group, INTRAS (Research Institute on Traffic and Road Safety), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Javier Gene-Morales
- DATS (Development and Advising in Traffic Safety) Research Group, INTRAS (Research Institute on Traffic and Road Safety), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- PHES (Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport) Research Group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Esteban
- DATS (Development and Advising in Traffic Safety) Research Group, INTRAS (Research Institute on Traffic and Road Safety), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Martín-delosReyes LM, Lardelli-Claret P, García-Cuerva L, Rivera-Izquierdo M, Jiménez-Mejías E, Martínez-Ruiz V. Effect of Periodic Vehicle Inspection on Road Crashes and Injuries: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126476. [PMID: 34203872 PMCID: PMC8296297 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review was conducted to determine the effect of periodic motor vehicle inspections on road crashes and injuries, compared to less exposure to periodic inspections or no inspections. The Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were used to search the literature. Ecological studies were specifically excluded. A reverse search of the results with these databases and of other identified narrative reviews was also performed. Of the 5065 unique references initially extracted, only six of them met the inclusion criteria and were selected for review: one experimental study, two cohort studies with an internal comparison group, two cohort studies without a comparison group, and one case-control study. Two authors independently extracted the information and assessed the quality of each study. Due to the heterogeneity of the designs and the intervention or comparison groups used, quantitative synthesis of the results was not attempted. Except for the case-control study, which showed a significant association between road crashes and the absence of a valid vehicle inspection certificate, the other studies showed either a small reduction in crash rates (around 9%), no association, or a higher crash rate in vehicles with more inspections. In all observational studies, the risk of residual confounding bias was significant and could have explained the results. Therefore, although the research reviewed here suggests that periodic inspection may be associated with a slight reduction in road crashes, the marked heterogeneity along with probable residual confounding in most reports prevented us from establishing causality for this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Martín-delosReyes
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, Edificio A, 8ª planta, 18016 Granada, Spain; (L.M.M.-d.); (P.L.-C.); (L.G.-C.); (M.R.-I.); (E.J.-M.)
- Doctorate Program in Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Lardelli-Claret
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, Edificio A, 8ª planta, 18016 Granada, Spain; (L.M.M.-d.); (P.L.-C.); (L.G.-C.); (M.R.-I.); (E.J.-M.)
- Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Laura García-Cuerva
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, Edificio A, 8ª planta, 18016 Granada, Spain; (L.M.M.-d.); (P.L.-C.); (L.G.-C.); (M.R.-I.); (E.J.-M.)
| | - Mario Rivera-Izquierdo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, Edificio A, 8ª planta, 18016 Granada, Spain; (L.M.M.-d.); (P.L.-C.); (L.G.-C.); (M.R.-I.); (E.J.-M.)
- Doctorate Program in Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Teaching and Research in Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Eladio Jiménez-Mejías
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, Edificio A, 8ª planta, 18016 Granada, Spain; (L.M.M.-d.); (P.L.-C.); (L.G.-C.); (M.R.-I.); (E.J.-M.)
- Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Teaching and Research in Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Virginia Martínez-Ruiz
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, Edificio A, 8ª planta, 18016 Granada, Spain; (L.M.M.-d.); (P.L.-C.); (L.G.-C.); (M.R.-I.); (E.J.-M.)
- Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Zhang Q, Fan J, Yang W, Ying F, Bao Z, Sheng Y, Lin C, Chen X. Influences of accumulated mileage and technological changes on emissions of regulated pollutants from gasoline passenger vehicles. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 71:197-206. [PMID: 30195678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the influences of accumulated mileage (deterioration) and technological changes (emission standards) on emission factors (EFs) of regulated pollutants (CO, HC, and NOx) from gasoline passenger vehicles were investigated based on Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) data using the chassis dynamometer method. The accumulated mileage of passenger vehicles was significantly linearly correlated with vehicle age. For most cases, the average EFs of CO, HC and NOx were significantly linearly correlated with accumulated mileage, indicating that emission deterioration had a significant impact on pollutant EFs. Implemented emission standards markedly influenced the EFs of regulated pollutants, and EFs markedly decreased with progressing emission standards. The present study also compared EFs of regulated pollutants between this study and the International vehicle emission (IVE) model, and marked differences in EFs were seen with variations in emission standards, vehicle types and accumulated mileage; NOx EFs in this study were higher than in the IVE model. The results provide new insight into estimating regulated pollutant emissions using the IVE model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resources Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Juwang Fan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resources Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weidong Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resources Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fang Ying
- Hangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Zhen Bao
- Hangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Yi Sheng
- Hangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Cheng Lin
- Hangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Guevara M, Tena C, Soret A, Serradell K, Guzmán D, Retama A, Camacho P, Jaimes-Palomera M, Mediavilla A. An emission processing system for air quality modelling in the Mexico City metropolitan area: Evaluation and comparison of the MOBILE6.2-Mexico and MOVES-Mexico traffic emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:882-900. [PMID: 28129908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the High-Elective Resolution Modelling Emission System for Mexico (HERMES-Mex) model, an emission processing tool developed to transform the official Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) emission inventory into hourly, gridded (up to 1km2) and speciated emissions used to drive mesoscale air quality simulations with the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. The methods and ancillary information used for the spatial and temporal disaggregation and speciation of the emissions are presented and discussed. The resulting emission system is evaluated, and a case study on CO, NO2, O3, VOC and PM2.5 concentrations is conducted to demonstrate its applicability. Moreover, resulting traffic emissions from the Mobile Source Emission Factor Model for Mexico (MOBILE6.2-Mexico) and the MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator for Mexico (MOVES-Mexico) models are integrated in the tool to assess and compare their performance. NOx and VOC total emissions modelled are reduced by 37% and 26% in the MCMA when replacing MOBILE6.2-Mexico for MOVES-Mexico traffic emissions. In terms of air quality, the system composed by the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) coupled with the HERMES-Mex and CMAQ models properly reproduces the pollutant levels and patterns measured in the MCMA. The system's performance clearly improves in urban stations with a strong influence of traffic sources when applying MOVES-Mexico emissions. Despite reducing estimations of modelled precursor emissions, O3 peak averages are increased in the MCMA core urban area (up to 30ppb) when using MOVES-Mexico mobile emissions due to its VOC-limited regime, while concentrations in the surrounding suburban/rural areas decrease or increase depending on the meteorological conditions of the day. The results obtained suggest that the HERMES-Mex model can be used to provide model-ready emissions for air quality modelling in the MCMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guevara
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, Earth Sciences Department, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - C Tena
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, Earth Sciences Department, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Soret
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, Earth Sciences Department, Barcelona, Spain
| | - K Serradell
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, Earth Sciences Department, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Guzmán
- Secretaría del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de México, Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad del Aire, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - A Retama
- Secretaría del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de México, Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad del Aire, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - P Camacho
- Secretaría del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de México, Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad del Aire, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - M Jaimes-Palomera
- Secretaría del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de México, Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad del Aire, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - A Mediavilla
- Secretaría del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de México, Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad del Aire, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Schifter I, Díaz L, Rodríguez R, González-Macías C. The contribution of evaporative emissions from gasoline vehicles to the volatile organic compound inventory in Mexico City. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:3969-3983. [PMID: 24526614 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3672-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The strategy for decreasing volatile organic compound emissions in Mexico has been focused much more on tailpipe emissions than on evaporative emissions, so there is very little information on the contribution of evaporative emissions to the total volatile organic compound inventory. We examined the magnitudes of exhaust and evaporative volatile organic compound emissions, and the species emitted, in a representative fleet of light-duty gasoline vehicles in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City. The US "FTP-75" test protocol was used to estimate volatile organic compound emissions associated with diurnal evaporative losses, and when the engine is started and a journey begins. The amount and nature of the volatile organic compounds emitted under these conditions have not previously been accounted in the official inventory of the area. Evaporative emissions from light-duty vehicles in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City were estimated to be 39 % of the total annual amount of hydrocarbons emitted. Vehicles built before 1992 (16 % of the fleet) were found to be responsible for 43 % of the total hydrocarbon emissions from exhausts and 31 % of the evaporative emissions of organic compounds. The relatively high amounts of volatile organic compounds emitted from older vehicles found in this study show that strong emission controls need to be implemented in order to decrease the contribution of evaporative emissions of this fraction of the fleet.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Schifter
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Dirección de Investigación y Posgrado, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas No. 152, San Bartolo Atepehuacan, 07730, México, D.F., Mexico,
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Schifter I, Díaz L, López-Salinas E. Assessment of new vehicles emissions certification standards in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2006; 114:419-32. [PMID: 16570219 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-5030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Light duty gasoline vehicles account for most of CO hydrocarbons and NOx emissions at the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (MAMC). In order to ameliorate air pollution from the beginning of 2001, Tier 1 emission standards became mandatory for all new model year sold in the country. Car manufacturers in Mexico do not guarantee the performance of their exhaust emissions systems for a given mileage. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the Tier 1 vehicles will stand the certification values for at least 162000 km with the regular fuel available at the MAMC. Mileage accumulation and deterioration show that certified carbon monoxide emissions will stand for the useful life of the vehicles but in the case of non-methane hydrocarbons will be shorter by 40%, and nitrogen oxides emissions above the standard will be reached at one third of the accumulated kilometers. The effect of gasoline sulfur content, on the current in use Tier 1 vehicles of the MAMC and the impact on the emissions inventory in year 2010 showed that 31000 extra tons of NOx could be added to the inventory caused by the failure of the vehicles to control this pollutant at the useful life of vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Schifter
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Competencia de Estudios Ambientales, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas No 152, México, DF, Mexico.
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